Sweep Nets Research Articles

Species-Enriched Grass-Clover Mixtures Can Promote Bumblebee Abundance Compared with Intensively Managed Conventional Pastures

(1) Land use intensification has led to serious declines in biodiversity, including in forage production systems for dairy cows. Agri-environmental schemes, such as enriching grasslands in floral species, were shown to be an effective tool to promote biodiversity in higher trophic levels. Here, we studied an innovative pasture-based dairy production system with floral-species-enhanced temporary grasslands, with respect to the effect on wild bee abundance and species richness. (2) We studied three grass-clover mixtures with perennial ryegrass and clover species with different levels of plant diversity for flower cover and wild bees. The grass-clover pastures were rotationally stocked with cattle and parts of the pastures were excluded from grazing. Intensively managed conventional permanent grasslands were studied as the common land use type. Wild bees were caught by sweep netting. Wild bee diversity was analysed with a general linear mixed model. For species richness, an incidence-based coverage estimator was calculated. (3) In total, 541 wild bees from 10 species were found. No wild bees were caught on the conventional grasslands. Wild bee abundance and species richness did not differ among the three grass-clover mixtures, but with increasing flower cover of white clover (Trifolium repens), wild bee abundance increased. Except for one solitary wild bee individual, the recorded community exclusively consisted of bumblebees. While generalist species that are commonly found on farmland dominated, rare long-tongued bumblebees made up 10% on the grazed sites of the multispecies mixture and made up 20% on the ungrazed strips of the binary mixture and multispecies mixture. (4) We conclude that multispecies mixtures can provide resources for generalist bumblebee species, especially when compared with conventional grasslands that offer no resources. Considering that the multispecies mixture has been also shown to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and nitrate leaching, while maintaining high forage yields, our findings add to the potential to promote a wide range of ecosystem services. Yet, should their full potential be enfolded, grazing should partially be excluded, and the mixture should be extended by plant species with more open flowers, suitable for solitary wild bees.

Odonatofauna in the freshwater system of Kibalabag, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines

Abstract. Guadalquiver DME, Nuneza OM, Villanueva RJT. 2022. Odonatofauna in the freshwater system of Kibalabag, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines. Biodiversitas 23: 1857-1863. Despite the critical importance of freshwater ecosystems to human populations and biodiversity, many anthropogenic practices continue to imperil such habitats. An excellent way to monitor the integrity of these ecosystems is through bioindicator organisms like insects of order Odonata, which are highly sensitive to environmental changes. In Malaybalay City, Philippines, the freshwater system in barangay Kibalabag is the primary source of potable water. Thus, to gain insight into its integrity and health, the present study seeks to determine adult Odonata species composition and diversity in the area. Opportunistic sampling using sweep netting and handpicking was conducted in four sampling sites. Twenty-five species were identified, comprising 230 individuals under nine families and 21 genera. Endemism of 65% (17 species) was recorded, with five species exclusive to Mindanao Island and three species classified as threatened. A high ratio of Zygopterans to Anisopterans, indicative of pristine conditions, was observed. Computation of biodiversity indices revealed that Site 2 (Wetland) is the most diverse (H’: 2.582) due to habitat variability. Cluster analysis also showed that Sites 1 (Kibalabag falls) and 2 were most similar. Species assemblage in these sites and high richness in Site 1 demonstrated high habitat integrity and good water quality, whereas the species assemblage in Sites 3 and 4 connotes habitat disturbance. The high endemicity and moderate diversity showed that the area is a healthy and suitable habitat for Odonata, emphasizing the need for its conservation and proper management.

Diversity and DNA Barcode Analysis of Chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Large Rivers in South Korea.

Simple SummaryWe aimed to identify chironomid species collected from four large rivers in South Korea, construct a corresponding DNA barcode library, and examine the distribution and community structure of the identified riverine species. Adult chironomids were identified morphologically, and their COI nucleotide sequences were used to verify species identification and construct a DNA barcode library. The resulting COI library effectively discriminated >90% of riverine Chironomidae in South Korea. The distributional aspects of chironomid species in the four large rivers of South Korea are also discussed.Most large rivers in South Korea run through major cities, which often experience many environmental problems, including outbreaks of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). However, chironomid species inhabiting large rivers have not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to identify chironomid species collected from the four main large rivers in South Korea, construct a corresponding DNA barcode library, and examine the distribution and community structure of the identified riverine species. Adult chironomids were collected from nine sites along the rivers by using sweep nets and light traps during June and August 2015. Adults were morphologically identified, and COI nucleotide sequences were generated to verify the species identification and construct a DNA barcode library. The distribution and community structure of the identified species were also analyzed. A total of 124 COI sequences were established from 37 species belonging to 19 genera, and the resulting DNA barcode library effectively discriminated >90% of riverine Chironomidae in South Korea. Ten species, which are considered indicator species for large rivers, were collected from all four rivers. In addition, members of the subfamily Chironominae were collected more frequently than members of other subfamilies, with Tanytarsus tamagotoi being the most common and widespread chironomid species in South Korea. The DNA barcode library developed in this study will facilitate environmental studies of large rivers, such as biomonitoring chironomid larvae.

Harmful and Beneficial Insect Species and Their Distributions in Wheat Areas in Van Province

Wheat is one of the most important crops globally in cultivation and production. Insects, which are among the factors that cause quality and quantity losses in wheat production, are among the pest groups that should be monitored and kept under control. This study was carried out in Van province and its districts (Bahçesaray, Başkale, Çaldıran, Çatak, Edremit, Erciş, Gevaş, Gürpınar, Muradiye, Özalp, Saray and Tusba) in May-August 2017 and insect species found in wheat fields were determined. The samplings of harmful and beneficial species were carried out using standard sweep nets and by hand collection. At the end of the study, 66 species belonging to 7 orders and 39 families were found in 165 different localities. Distributions of the species were recorded as 26 species belonging to 12 families in Coleoptera, 19 species belonging to 10 families in Hemiptera, 9 species belonging to 8 families in Diptera, 6 species belonging to 5 families in Hymenoptera, 2 species belonging to 2 family in Orthoptera, 2 species belonging to 1 family in Neuroptera, and 1 species in Thysanoptera. With this study, for the first time, comprehensive information was obtained about the pest species found in the wheat fields in and around Van, their distributions, densities, and the presence of their natural enemies in the region.

Floral turnover and climate drive seasonal bee diversity along a tropical elevation gradient

AbstractThe contribution of seasonality in species communities to elevational diversity of tropical insects remains poorly understood. We here assessed seasonal patterns and drivers of bee diversity in the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot, Kenya, to understand the contribution of seasonality to elevational biodiversity patterns. Bee species and plant species visited by bees were recorded on 50 study plots in regrowth vegetation across four major seasons along two elevation gradients from 525 to 2530 m above sea level. Bees were sampled by transect walks using sweep nets and aspirators. We examined how local species richness (α‐diversity) and seasonal changes in local species communities (β‐diversity) contribute to species richness across seasons (γ‐diversity) along elevation gradients. Using a multimodel inference framework, we identified the contribution of climate and floral seasonality to elevational patterns in bee diversity. We found that both α‐ and γ‐diversity decreased with elevation. Seasonal β‐diversity decreased with elevation and the high turnover of species across seasons contributed to a considerably higher γ‐ than α‐diversity on study plots. A combination of seasonality in climate and the seasonal turnover of floral resources best explained the seasonality in bee species communities (seasonal β‐diversity). We, therefore, conclude that, despite the more stable, and favorable climatic conditions in the tropics (in comparison to temperate regions), climatic seasonality and its influence on bees' floral resources largely determined seasonal patterns of bee species diversity along elevation gradients on tropical mountains.

Butterfly diversity and composition at Chemerong Amenity Forest, Terengganu, Malaysia

A study of butterfly species diversity was conducted in Chemerong Amenity Forest, Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 939 individuals from 198 butterfly species were obtained using fruit-baited sweep nets and modified VanSomeren-Rydon cylinder traps. The biodiversity of butterflies in the study area was considered high, with a Shannon index (H’) of 4.1, Simpson’s index (DSimpson) of 0.042, and Margalef index (IMargalef) of 28.78. Individuals within the community were not evenly distributed among the species (EShannon= 0776). Nymphalidae was found to be the most dominant family (48.5%), and Lexias dirtea merguia was the most abundant species recorded with 114 individuals (12%). From the total of eight species protected under Malaysia legislation, one species Trogonoptera brookiana was also listed under CITES Appendix II, while only one protected species Agatasa calydonia calydonia of the family Nymphalidae (the brush-footed or four-footed) was considered rare. Other rare species found in this study included Arhopala lucida, Curetis saronis sumatrana, Miletus nymphis fictus of the family Lycaenidae (the blues, coppers, & hairstreaks), Amathusia perakana perakana, Bassarona teuta goodrichi, Elymnias saueri saueri, Elymnias nesaea, Mycalesis horsfieldi hermana, Mycalesis distanti, Ypthima pandocus tahanensis of the family Nymphalidae (the brush-footed or four-footed), Celaenorrhinus ladana, Erionota sybirita, Matapa aria, Matapa cresta, Matapa druna, Pseudokerana fulger, Taractrocera ardonia, Taractrocera luzonensis, Telicota linna, and Unkana mytheca mytheca of the family Hesperiidae (the skippers). The dominance of family Nymphalidae may be due to several factors, including high species diversity, widespread distribution and occurrence, as well as the type of bait used in this study. Besides the Genting Highlands and Taman Negara Johor Endau Rompin, butterfly species at Chemerong Amenity Forest are more diverse than other study sites in Malaysia such as Gunung Serambu, Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, Setiu Wetlands, Kuala Lompat, Bukit Hampuan Forest Reserve, Sungai Imbak Forest Reserve, Tabin Wildlife Reserve, and Ulu Senagang Substation. Further investigation of aspects such as stratification distribution patterns, host plants and forest dwelling species are recommended for better understanding of butterfly communities in the Chemerong Amenity Forest.

Diversity and turnover of wild bee and ornamental plant assemblages in commercial plant nurseries

In human-modified landscapes, understanding how habitat characteristics influence the diversity and composition of beneficial organisms is critical to conservation efforts and modeling ecosystem services. Assessing turnover, or the magnitude of change in species composition across sites or through time, is crucial to said efforts, yet is often overlooked. For pollinators such as wild bees, variables influencing temporal turnover, particularly across seasons within a year, remain poorly understood. To investigate how local and landscape characteristics correlate with bee diversity and turnover across seasons, we recorded wild bee and flowering ornamental plant assemblages at 13 plant nurseries in California between spring and autumn over 2 years. Nurseries cultivate a broad diversity of flowering plant species that differ widely across sites and seasons, providing an opportunity to test for correlations between turnover and diversity of plants and bees. As expected, we documented strong seasonal trends in wild bee diversity and composition. We found that local habitat factors, such as increased cultivation of native plants, were positively associated with bee diversity in sweep netting collections, whereas we detected moderate influences of landscape level factors such as proportion of surrounding natural area in passive trap collections. We also detected a moderate positive correlation between the magnitude of turnover in plant species and that of bee species (as number of taxa gained) across consecutive seasons. Our results have implications for the conservation of wild bees in ornamental plant landscapes, and highlight the utility of plant nurseries for investigating hypotheses related to diversity and turnover in plant-pollinator systems.

Bumble Bee (Bombus spp.) Abundance in New York Highway Roadsides across Levels of Roadside Mowing and Road Traffic

Bombus spp. (Bumble bees) face population declines, in part due to habitat loss. Roadside rights-of-way (ROWs) are potential habitats; however, they are highly disturbed due to roadside mowing and on-road traffic. We investigated whether these factors are associated with variation in abundance of bumble bees in highway roadside ROWs across New York State. We used sweep netting and photography along 30 highways with different mowing pattern (control, reduced) and traffic level (low, medium, high) treatments in 2019 and 2020. Very few bumble bees were observed (98% of n = 916 observations found 0). This result was potentially due to insufficient foraging plants or nesting areas. Further investigation is needed to understand how highway roadside ROWs can be high quality habitat for bumble bees.

Sweep netting samples, but not sticky trap samples, indicate beneficial arthropod abundance is negatively associated with landscape wide insecticide use

Abstract Insecticide use and landscape context are major drivers for the abundance of beneficial arthropods, such as predators, parasitoids and pollinators. However, the relative importance of local and landscape‐wide insecticide use is not well understood, and it is unclear to what extent impacts of insecticides on beneficial arthropod populations are moderated by landscape composition. We collected and analysed data on beneficial arthropod abundance and local and landscape‐wide insecticide use across 38 Dutch landscapes. We used regression to study the associations between beneficial arthropod abundance (response), insecticide use and landscape factors. Insects were sampled by sweep netting and yellow sticky traps in field margins (‘sampling sites’) in the summer of 2017 and 2018. We paired organic and conventional sites in the same landscape setting. We used three indicators of insecticide use: management (organic vs. conventional), Treatment Frequency Index of insecticides applied in the field adjacent to the sampling site, and the estimated landscape‐wide average quantity of insecticides applied per ha within a 1 km radius around the sampling site. Abundances of beneficial arthropods in field margins, assessed by sweep netting, were negatively associated with the estimated quantity insecticide applied in the surrounding landscape, while arthropod sampling by sticky traps did not show this relationship. Pollinator abundance was negatively associated with conventional management and with the frequency of insecticide applications in the adjacent field, while predator and parasitoid abundance did not show significant associations with local insecticide use indicators. Negative impacts of insecticide use were not moderated in more diverse landscapes with higher proportions of semi‐natural habitats. Policy implications. Insecticide impacts on arthropod populations extend beyond the fields in which they are used. Awareness of the potential landscape‐wide effects of pesticides, either through drift of pesticides or insect movement, may encourage land managers to adopt practices to reduce insecticide drift and the frequency of insecticide applications, thereby reducing the impacts of landscape‐wide exposure on arthropods that provide services to agriculture. Risk assessments of insecticides and pesticide use regulations need to account for potential spill‐over effects and consider landscape‐scale consequences associated with the source–sink dynamics of arthropods.

Seasonal variation in population and biochemical contents of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

Aim: The present study was undertaken on population dynamics and estimation of protein, water-soluble carbohydrates and glycogen contents in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens to explore their migratory behaviour. Methodology: Brown planthopper populations were monitored and collected using sweep nets from 23rd standard meteorological week (SMW) to 47th SMW during 2017 and 2018 rainy seasons to understand population dynamics of the pest. The protein, water-soluble carbohydrates and glycogen contents were estimated from the pest samples collected during 36th to 44th SMW in 2017 and 2018 rainy seasons. Results: Brown planthopper population were not observed in rice farm during 23rd SMW to 28th SMW during two years of study. However, macropterous form of the pest first appeared in the farm during 29th SMW and peaked during 43rd SMW. Thereafter, population declined and disappeared after 47th SMW during both the years. Water-soluble carbohydrates and glycogen contents varied significantly different weeks which remained low during 36th-39th SMW, however, increased gradually towards the end of the rainy season 2017 and 2018. On the other hand, protein content significantly varied among different weeks unlike the trend of water-soluble carbohydrates and glycogen. Interpretation: The study revealed the absence of brown plant hopper during summer season preceding rainy season, and the accumulation of bio-chemical compounds towards the end of rainy season under Delhi environment is perhaps suggestive of migration of the pest from unknown areas during rainy season to Delhi and likely preparedness of the pest for emigration to safer areas from Delhi, respectively.

Diptera (Dryomyzidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Piophilidae) Associated With Pig Carcasses in a Forest Habitat of Poland: Sex-Related Patterns of Visitation and Effectiveness of Sampling Methods.

Our knowledge on many necrophilous dipterans was limited for a long time mainly due to taxonomic issues. Therefore, findings on the sex-related associations with pig carcasses in Dryomyzidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Piophilidae are presented. Moreover, the effectiveness of pitfall traps and sweep nets in fly sampling were compared, since the correct method of collecting insects is critical for the development and application of entomological tools for forensic purposes. The trapped numbers of all species differed significantly in respect to both sexes. The sex ratios were strongly female-biased in most species of Muscidae and in Fanniidae. More females were also collected in Piophilidae, but the proportion of males was higher when compared to muscids. Within Dryomyzidae, the sex ratio differed according to species. Only Dryomyza flaveola (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Dryomyzidae) and Muscina pascuorum (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Muscidae) had male-biased sex ratios. Differences in residency patterns between sexes in Stearibia nigriceps (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Piophilidae), Liopiophila varipes (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera: Piophilidae), and D. flaveola were statistically insignificant. All studied species were recorded for each sampling method. The effect of the sampling method on the number of individuals was statistically significant for all dipterans but Piophilidae. Pitfall traps outcompeted the aerial sweep net in representing Dryomyzidae and Muscidae, whereas both methods were almost equally effective in the collection of Piophilidae. A varied effectiveness of sampling methods was observed in Fanniidae. The sampling method significantly affected the determination of the appearance time of flies on carcasses, but the effect of species and sampling method was insignificant. Implications for forensic entomology are discussed.

Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.

Sucking pests are major threat to cotton field crop which cause unbearable losses to the crop yield. Aim of the current study was to record seasonal dynamics of major sucking insect pests including whitefly, jassid, thrips and their natural arthropod predators i.e. green lacewings and spiders in cotton field plots. The effects of surrounding field crops on pests' density and predatory efficiency of predators were also recorded. For sampling and survey of insects, the visual counting was found to be the most efficient method for recording the abundance of insects, trailed by net sweeping and tapping. Whitefly was the most dominant sucking pest found on the vegetative stage of cotton, followed by jassid and thrips. Fluctuated populations of predatory arthropods, spiders and green lacewings were also recorded during whole cropping season however, the densities of pests and predators varied with crop phenology. Spiders' population was encouraging at both vegetative and flowering stage and also the same trend of jassid and whitefly were observed at both stages of the crop. Surrounding habitats showed non-significant effect on population densities of insect pests and predators. For abiotic factors, the spiders showed strong positive correlation with humidity and temperature. However, green lacewing was only positively correlated with humidity. On the other hand, the populations of whitefly, jassid and thrips showed non-significant correlation with both temperature and humidity. Overall densities of sucking insect pests were found above economic threshold level. The plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats effect on the population fluctuation of pests as well as the predators' abundance. The future studies are also warranted to investigate the altered habitats and multiple trap cropping to find out their impact on unattended insect predators and parasitoids in cotton crop.

Chronological association of foliage insects among specific olericulture crops i.e. mustard, beet root and kale

Olericulture crops are none woody leafy vegetables that contain high nutrients, vitamins, and iron. Foliage insects show chronological association with their specific host vegetable such as Mustard leaves beat root and kale were the main olericulture crops that were selected to estimate the prevalence and variety of foliage insects. Samples were collected by aerial nets, direct handpicking, and sweep nets and with the help of forceps. Larvae of the many insects were voracious eaters. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera were the major foliage insects order that directly or indirectly affect these vegetables. The result indicates that foliage insects show sequential association with their host vegetable. Maximum dominance and variety of insects were found in kale and the least abundance was recorded in Mustard leaves because mustard leaves secretes some toxins that repels the insects. Common insects among 3 of them were flea beetles.

Role of Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) Adult Feeding on Deformation of Blackberry Fruits

Role of <i>Lygus hesperus</i> (Hemiptera: Miridae) Adult Feeding on Deformation of Blackberry Fruits

Diversity and distribution of Dragonfly in District Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan

The present research was organized with the objective to explore the diversity and distribution of dragonfly (Odonata; Insecta) in district Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. The capturing was done during 2019 from 16 chosen localities of all four tehsils including Sialkot, Sambrial, Daska and Pasroor. Total of 185 specimens of dragonfly was captured with the help of sweep nets and handpicking. Identified specimens up to species level and then preserved. There are 10 species of dragonfly belonging to 7 genera and 2 families pinpointed from collected data. Pantala flavescens, Crocothemis erythraea, Crocothemis survilia, Neurothemis fluctuans, Acisoma panorpoids, Acisoma variegatum, Orthetrum pruinosum, Orthetrum sabina which comes under Pantala, Crocothemis, Ascisoma, Neurorothemis and Orthetrum genera of family Libellulidae. The prevailing 2 species, Anax indicus and Hemianax ephippiger come under Anax and Hemianax genera of family Aeshnidae. Family Libellulidae exceptionally commanding over family Aeshnidae. Head Marala is the most plentiful point because 12.3% of specimens were assembled and Qila Tek Singh is least plentiful point with 4.1% of total specimen assemblage. Pantala flavescens is the most bountiful species with 22.2% found nearly in all the localities and Orthetrum sabina is least bountiful species with just 3.8%. The Simpson species index is 0.8707 which far from 0 and nearer to 1 and Shannon-Weinberg diversity index is 2.1353 representing great diversity. The species richness 0.9274. Dragonfly is an agile flier, playing some indispensable role as a biological control agent and are good bio-indicators. After this research, it is concluded that Sialkot is rich with dragonfly diversity. Keywords: Aeshnidae; Bioindicators; Dragonfly; Libellulidae; Sambrial; Head Marala; Pantala flavescens http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100103

Diversity and abundance of tabanids in Northern Spain

Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) are large haematophagous flies that cause both direct (by biting nuisance) and indirect (primarily by mechanical transmission of diseases) damage to host species. Research studies on this family have received little attention in some parts of Europe. Our aims were to characterise the species richness, abundance, and peak of activity of tabanid fly species in a region of Northern Spain. Home-made canopy traps, sweep nets, and Malaise traps were employed for the collection of tabanids across four cattle farms, two equestrian centres, and two golf courses during a 3-month period in the summer of 2020. A total of 300 specimens of 27 tabanid species belonging to eight genera were identified. The most prevalent species were Haematopota pluvialis (23.3%), Tabanus eggeri (20.0%), and Tabanus bromius (8.0%). The former species was recorded biting humans and therefore should be considered of relevance to public health. Tabanids were more diverse and abundant in scrubland and grazing pastures [relative abundance (RA) = > 10%; species richness (S) = 8-12; Shannon-Index (H´) = 1.5 - 2.1] compared to crop landscapes (RA = < 1%; S = 0-1; H´ = 0) according to canopy traps. The tabanid population dynamics was determined to be short, with the greatest abundance and diversity concentrated in mid-late July. This study updates the checklist of this Diptera group in the Northern Spain from nine known extant species to 31 species, providing the first data on the summer peaks of activity of tabanids for this region.

Spatial Distribution of Insect Diversity in Selected Locations within Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; With the increase in the rate of tree removal and construction of buildings within the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria premises, there has been concomitant rise in habitat modification. These changes in habitat composition affect the insect population. This study therefore investigated the insect species diversity and abundance within some selected locations within FRIN with the view to determining different insect species available in FRIN premises. Sweep nets were used to trap the insects along a predetermined line transect. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Paleontological Statistics were used for the data analysis. Descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and species diversity and composition were all assessed. A total number of 1073 individual insects belonging to 6 orders, 27 families and 34 species were recorded across the three locations. Out of this, Order Lepidoptera had the highest relative abundance (53%), followed by Coleoptera (22%), then by Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Heteroptera and Diptera with 10%, 9%, 4% and 2% relative abundance respectively. The result of ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference in species composition/richness across the locations at probability level of 5%. The insect species diversity, evenness and richness also varied across the locations. This study therefore, brings to the fore the diversity and abundance of insects within FRIN premises and highlighted the need for a more intensive study by the entomology section and for sustainable actions to be taken in conserving beneficial rare species while, managing the abundant pestiferous ones.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

First report of the cuckoo wasp Chrysidea falsa (Hymenoptera) from India

Only two species of Chrysidea Bischoff, 1913 have been reported from India: C. furiosa (Cameron, 1897) from West Bengal and C. pumila (Klug, 1845) from Maharashtra. Here, we report the first record of a third species, C. falsa Rosa &amp; Xu, 2015 from India, previously recorded only from China, Malaysia, and the Philippines, and thereby extending the known range of this species. We randomly collected chrysidids from Kasaragod and Calicut Districts in Kerala, which lies in the south-western part of India. Six specimens of C. falsa were collected using sweep nets. Five of them were from two sacred groves in Kasaragod District, Edayilakkad Kavu and Koyithatta Sree Dharma Shastha Kavu. One specimen was collected at Vadakara, Calicut District. The specimens from Kasaragod and Vadakara were found in small rock crevices and on the brick walls of an old abandoned house respectively.

Faunistic analysis of insects of Deva Vatala National Park and agroecosystem of Gujrat Pakistan

Insect biodiversity drives ecological functioning and provides ecosystem services in different landscapes. Protected areas with the least anthropogenic disturbances provide resources with the least disturbance in habitat favouring insect species belonging to different guilds to coexist and contribute to the ecosystem processes. Studies have highlighted the significance of anthropogenic landscapes including agricultural ecosystems for harboring rich native biodiversity. To understand the species composition and abundance agricultural landscape, we explored insect fauna in Deva Vatala National Park (DVNP), Bhimber (Azad Kashmir), and associated croplands of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. We aimed to assess the abundance, richness and diversity of the insect orders, families and species found in the two habitats i.e. national park and croplands. Fortnightly surveys were conducted during 2017-2019. Sampling methodology consisted of handpicking, using sweep nets, light traps, pitfall traps and insect collection was identified by using taxonomic keys. A total of 239 insect species representing 10 orders and 69 families were collected and identified from both habitat types. For both diversity and abundance, we detected a significant difference in community composition at species, family and order levels. Several insect orders and families demonstrated significant differences (p&lt; 0.05) in either abundance or richness or both between the two types of habitats. Several families of Coleoptera, which contains dung beetles, ground beetles, ladybird beetles showed greater richness in DVNP. However, we also detected that several insect orders showed greater richness in the croplands of Gujrat. But we observed the pattern of the greater abundance of insect orders in DVNP. Both types of habitat can have important consequences on insect fauna having great importance in the ecosystem services and functions. Protected areas nearby associated croplands have the potential to contribute immensely to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision both at the local scale and the landscape scale.

A comparative study on the abundance and diversity of butterflies in disturbed and undisturbed habitats in a tertiary institution in central Nigeria

Butterflies are among the most widely spread taxa whose distribution cut across all the continents of the world except the Antarctica. Many butterfly species are comparatively easy to sample and recognize both as individuals and as species than many other insect groups. They are extremely sensitive to changes in vegetation composition and structure in the environment. As a result of this; butterflies have widely been used as a model species to evaluate the health of the environment and changes in the environment. We investigated and compared the butterfly abundance and diversity within a newly established tertiary institution in Central Nigeria in April, 2016 using transects with the aid of sweep nets. Four transects were laid in each of the disturbed and undisturbed habitats of Federal University of Lafia (FULafia). Transects were visited in the morning and evening. An overall total of three hundred and one butterflies were seen. However, only 160 were caught which spread across 5 families, 21 genera and 25 species. The most abundant family of butterflies caught was Pieridae 49 (30.63%) followed by Lycaenidae 42 (26.25%), Nymphalidae 34 (21.25%), Papilionidae 34 (21.25%), while Hesperiidae 1 (0.63%) was the least and scarce in the study area. The most abundant genera of butterflies recorded were Eurema 29 (18.13%), Papilio 27 (16.88%) and Hypolycaena 23 (14.38%). The mean abundance of butterflies seen in relation to disturbed and undisturbed habitats showed a very high significant difference (t = -4.1952, df = 94.682, P &lt; 0.0001). Time of day showed a very high significant difference (t = 6.2208, df = 82.469, P &lt; 0.0001) in the mean abundance of butterflies. The undisturbed habitat was more diversified (H´ = 2.6) in butterfly diversity than the disturbed habitat (H´ = 2.5). This study being the first effort in exploring the butterfly wealth of FULafia clearly shows that the ongoing building construction in the Permanent Site of the University may have some impact on the abundance and diversity of butterflies. Hence, the Management of the Institution should ensure that the area designated for Zoological Garden is well safe guarded for biodiversity conservation amidst ongoing sustainable development.