Net National Product Research Articles

Social, economic, and health indexes affecting epidemiology of preterm birth: A cross-sectional study.

Preterm birth (PTB) accompanies with morbidities and mortality among newborns. This study aimed to show that different factors such as economic (adjusted net national income and gross domestic product [GDP] per capita), human developmental (human developmental index), and health (overall health performance, pregnancy prenatal care rate, and modeled estimated maternal mortality rate) indexes might influence the prevalence of PTB. To this, the top 10 countries with the highest and lowest prevalence of PTB were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease report for PTB. Then, we have gathered some common indexes for economic (adjusted net national income and GDP per capita), health-related (overall health performance, pregnancy prenatal care rate, and modeled estimated maternal mortality rate), and combined developmental (human developmental index) factors from different resources including World Bank and United Nations for those countries. The truncated Bayesian linear regression model, decision tree, and k-means clustering algorithms were used for data analysis. The results showed Pregnancy Prenatal Care Rate index has a significant effect on the PTB rate in the top 10 countries with the highest prevalence of PTB. Also, for the top 10 less prevalent countries for PTB, it was shown that modeled estimated maternal mortality rate, human developmental index rank, and pregnancy prenatal care rate have significant effects on PTB rate. In addition, the clustering based on the similarities in socioeconomic, human developmental, and health indexes were approximately like with the clustering of the countries based on the PTB rates (Rand index = 0.823). The results showed studies on the epidemiology of PTB (either worldwide or nation-based) should consider these confounder factors to obtain accurate results.

An investigation of causal relation between public debt and economic growth in Nigeria

Economic growth has been described as sustained increase in per capita national output or net national product over a long period of time. Public debt is the total amount of disbursed funds and contractual liabilities of residents of a country to repay principal and other related obligations to non-residents meanwhile public debt by and large refers to total national debt, also include the debt owed by states, provinces and municipalities/local government. Meanwhile granger causality was employed for this study as the estimator techniques. The data covered the period of 1970 – 2019, sources of data were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Annual Statistical Bulletin and index mundi. The study concluded that there exists positive significance causal relationship between public debt and economic growth unidirectional coming from the Economic Growth to Public Debt which means that economic growth can be achieved if the Public Debt is increased and he suggested that More ways of achieving economic growth.

Етапи і ефекти розвитку економіки Італії в історичному вимірі

The article analyzes the stages of the economic development of Italy from the mid-nineteenth century to the world economic and financial crisis in period 2007–2009. The economy of Italy is an interesting example among developed capitalist countries. In the post-war years, Italy, starting from a low level, quickly became one of the industrial powers in the world. The 1950s and 1960s were a period of dynamic industrialization of this country, which resulted in the expansion of a number modern industries, especially chemical and machine industries. Italy was even considered an example of an «economic miracle». The main feature of this period was the rapid growth of gross (GNP) and net (PNN) national product, which was accompanied by a high investment rate, dynamic export growth, a significant reduction in unemployment and profound changes in the employment structure. Since the mid-1990s, their economy has been developing significantly slower than the EU average. In 2019, GDP (nominal) in this country amounted to 1,988 billion dollars, which allowed Italy to take eighth place in the world ranking of the largest economies and despite the crisis, the fourth economy in Europe (after Germany, Great Britain and France). The economic problem is significant unemployment (9.8% in 2020) and the country's internal debt amounting to 134.8% of GDP (in 2019). The interdependence of export-investment-economic growth was historically the driving mechanism of the economic development of Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the 1970s, or even slightly earlier, the period of dynamic development ended. The aforementioned driving mechanism of the economy has ceased to function.

Valuation of Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services in India

Coastal and marine ecosystems provide a host of services that are of vital importance to human well-being. We estimate the values of several provisioning, regulating, and recreational services using a combination of valuation methods. We find that the total value of these services in India was approximately ₹1.9 trillion (or US$0.11 trillion in purchase price parity [PPP] terms) in 2012–13, which constitutes about 2.4% of India’s net national product that year. Recreational services account for the largest share (45%), followed by regulating services (35%) and provisioning services (20%). These estimates do not include all the services provided by coastal and marine ecosystems; therefore, our estimates should be treated as a conservative underestimate of their total economic value. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such attempt at the national level in India.

Envelope Theorems in Economics: Historical Development and Modern Cost-Benefit Applications

This paper reviews some historical development and modern applications of the envelope theorems in economics from a static to a dynamic context. First, we show how the static version of the theorem surfaced in economics, which had eventually lead to the well-known Shephard’s lemma in microeconomics. Second, we present its dynamic version in terms of the classical calculus of variations and optimal control theory via the optimized Hamiltonian function. Third, we show some applications of the theorem for deriving dynamic cost-benefifit rules with special reference to environmental projects involving the green or comprehensive net national product (CNNP). Finally, we illustrate how to extend the cost-benefifit rules to a stochastic economic growth setting.

Investment rules and time invariance under population growth

We propose an adaptation of Hartwick’s investment rule to models with population growth and show that following Hartwick’s rule is equivalent to a time-invariant real per capita net national product. In the so-called DHSS model of capital accumulation and resource depletion the proposed Hartwick’s rule equates the accumulation of per capita capital, net of the capital dilution effect of population growth, to the value of the depletion of the resource, gross of the capital dilution effect. We investigate why this asymmetry arises by analyzing a general model with multiple capital goods, in which we obtain a formulation of Hartwick’s investment rule where capital gains play a role if population growth is positive. Since capital gains accrue only to the resource but not to capital, we get the apparent asymmetry in the DHSS model. In both models we obtain as a corollary that keeping the value of net investments equal to zero leads to constant consumption if population is constant.

Útflutningur hráefna: Hagræn áhrif

Ein af meginniðurstöðum hagfræðinnar er að óheft alþjóðaviðskipti bæti nýtingu framleiðsluþátta og auki heimsframleiðslu. Með vísan til hennar hefur verið lögð á það nokkur áhersla í efnahagsskipulagi heimsins að gera milliríkjaviðskipti sem frjálsust. Frjáls milliríkjaviðskipti krefjast þess að þjóðir sem búa yfir verðmætum hráefnum svo sem jarðefnum, orkulindum eða fiskistofnum selji þessi hráefni hæstbjóðanda. Sá er oft staðsettur erlendis þar sem iðnvæðing er háþróuð og markaðir stórir. Heimaríkið verður því iðulega útflutningsland hráefna, en úrvinnsla þeirra fer fram erlendis. Í þessari grein verður reynt að varpa ljósi á ýmsar hagrænar hliðar á útflutningi hráefna. Nánar tiltekið verður leitað svara við eftirtöldum spurningum: Er útflutningur hráefna til þess fallin að auka landsframleiðslu í útflutningslandinu? Sé svo munu þá allir hagnast? Mun útflutningslandið eflast á aðra mælikvarða, t.d. fólksfjölda? Eykur svona útflutningur heimsframleiðsluna? Niðurstöðurnar eru í megindráttum að óheft alþjóðaviðskipti leiði til þess að samanlögð landsframleiðsla útflutningslands og innflutningslands vaxi, en vera kunni að landsframleiðsla í útflutningslandi hráefna lækki og fólki fækki. Seljendur hráefnanna muni á hinn bóginn ávallt hagnast.

Relationship between Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption in India: A Re-Investigation

This paper attempts to re-examine the relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption in India for the period 1971-72 – 2016-17 for the country as a whole and for the agricultural and industrial sectors separately. Using gross value added (GVA) and per capita net national product (NNP) as indicators of economic growth techniques like cointegration, error correction model and Granger causality tests are applied for the study. The results indicate that there is a long run positive relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption when GVA is the indicator of growth. However, the short run coefficients are not statistically significant. Per capita NNP does not have any long run relationship with per capita electricity consumption but there is a unidirectional Granger-cause from log per capita NNP to log per capita electricity consumption when lag length is three. There is unidirectional Granger-causality from log GVA to log electricity consumption in the agricultural sector also. For the industrial sector, however, neither variable Granger causes the other. The cross section analysis for thirty two states and union territories of India reveals that per capita net state domestic product (NSDP) positively and significantly affects per capita electricity consumption of states in each of the years from 2012-13 to 2016-17. But the responsiveness of electricity consumption with respect to NSDP declines over the years.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Quiz Team Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Ekonomi Peserta Didik Kelas XI IPS 2 SMAN 8 Kediri Di Semester Ganjil Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019

Economic Learning in SMAN 8 Kediri specifically in class XI IPS 2, so far it is still being agreed by the teacher. The student's questioning activity is still low. Mostly, students do not understand the concepts and the interrelationships between economic concepts. The researcher chose the Quiz Team learning method. Researchers chose the Quiz learning model because learning with the opinion of Silberman. The Quiz Team is a technique to increase participants' responsibility for what they do in a fun and non-scary way. This active learning type of Quiz Team is a technique to increase the responsibility of students towards what they improve through fun and non-frightening ways. In this study, researchers used the action research design model Kemmis and Mc. In the research design there are four stages of research namely planning (planning), action (implementation), observation (observing) and reflection (reflection). In cycle 1, researchers divided 3 large groups, A, B, and C, each group consisting of 11 students. The researcher chooses three topics which will be presented in three segments. The results of the study increased the number of students who achieved minimal completeness in each cycle. In cycle 2, researchers divided the group into smaller ones, in cycle II there were 6 groups, A, B, C, D, E and F. In cycle II, researchers divided into 6 national income calculation concepts namely the concept: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Net National Income (NNI), Personal Income (PI), Disposible Income (DI). Indicators Success in improving student learning outcomes in this study was seen from 80% of students completing KKM (with a value of 77). The results of the study increased the number of students who achieved minimal completeness in each cycle. At the 42% level (14) students complete KKM. In cycle 1 Approximately 61% (20) of students have completed KKM. In cycle 2, around 82% or 26 students completed KKM. The data has increased from pre-cycle to cycle 2.
 Keywords: Learning Outcomes, Class XI IPS 2, National Revenue, Quiz Team.

Long-Term Correlations between the Development of Rail Transport and the Economic Growth of the German Reich (1872-1913)

Purpose: This study is part of the trend of researching new economic history using econometric analysis (the new economic history paradigm), still not very popular in Europe and the world (outside the USA and UK). The main purpose of the article was to use the Granger cointegration test to confirm the long-term correlations between the level of economic growth and the development of the German Reich railways. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the field of theoretical analysis, a review of international literature on the study of the interdependence of economic growth and the development of transport, including rail transport, was carried out. The empirical analysis was based on available statistical data for the period of 1872–1913. Econometric methods were used, including: stationary test using ADF and KPSS tests, Engle-Granger cointegration test, as well as the analysis of the impulse response function. Findings: The results of the research received confirm that there was a long-term correlation between the level of economic growth in Germany (expressed as Net National Product (NNP) and the level of rail freight symbolizing the development of railways. Practical Implications: The Granger causality test allows the elimination of economic variables that are not in a causal relationship, which in turn leads to a better explanation of the studied economic phenomenon. A special case in VAR auto-regression models when the analysed time series are integrated in the first degree I(1). Originality/Value: Considering the importance of transport for the economy, it is particularly important to examine whether the development of transport had an impact on the level of economic growth, and whether economic growth led to the development of the transport industry, and perhaps this relationship was two-way. The obtained results are the foundation for the construction of vector-autoregressive models (VAR) and the study of long-term relationships.

The Crafts–Harley view of German industrialization: an independent estimate of the income side of net national product, 1851–1913

AbstractNovel information on land rent is used to estimate the income side of German net national product (NNP) in 1851–1913 without recourse to output side aggregates. The new series shows higher values during the initial part of the period of observation, which narrows the wedge that opens up between existing estimates of NNP before the 1880s. The results support a modified Crafts–Harley view of the first phase of German industrialization: despite rapid catch-up growth of industrial leading sectors from the 1840s to the 1870s, the pace of aggregate growth accelerated only gradually. The initially small size of the modern sector and the simultaneity of the first phase of industrialization and the first wave of globalization account for this paradox. The labor share remained largely constant; the decline of the land share in NNP was compensated by a rise of the capital share.

An assessment of impact of globalization on Indian IT and ITES exports

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the growth trends in IT industry after the period of globalization in 1990s and to investigate the short-run and long-run dynamics between IT software and service exports, globalization and economic growth in India.Design/methodology/approachAnnual time series data on IT exports, net national product and openness index have been collected from National Association of Software and Service Companies, the Reserve Bank of India database on Indian economy and the World Bank for the present study. The methodology adopted for studying the first objective are growth trend models, descriptive statistics and graphs prepared on the basis of data from the IT sector. Growth trends in key performance variables, such as total output, export, domestic output and employment have been analyzed. In the case of second objective, vector auto regression model has been used based on variance decomposition and impulse response function to capture the short-run and long-run dynamics between IT exports, globalization and economic growth in India.FindingsResults of the growth trend model show the relative growth performance of software services receipts shows its strong advancement compared to the other sub-components of current account of balance of payments of India. It is found that economic growth responds positively to the shocks in IT exports and openness of economy. Further, IT software and service exports and openness index contribute to economic growth more in the long-run rather than in the short run.Research limitations/implicationsThe IT software and service exports is dynamic field of economic activity amid heavy dependence on both domestic and external economic and political environment; hence, the rate of change is so rapid, and the relevance of factors may change over time.Practical implicationsThe paper has implications for achieving sustainability in IT software and service exports growth. It is recommended that economic growth can be enhanced by implementing policies that not only improve the efficiency of the sector but also focus on optimization of the potential of the Indian IT industry.Originality/valueThis paper focuses on originality in delineating the growth trends and analysis of capturing the short-run and long-run dynamics between IT exports, globalization and economic growth in India.

Public Debt, Economic Growth and Fiscal Balance: Alternative Measures of Sustainability in the Indian Context

This article has examined the impact of public expenditure on economic growth and viability of fiscal policy when the deficit in budget is financed by public borrowing. A number of alternative criteria have been used as indicators of solvency in fiscal balance. The study is based on the theoretical framework and supported by the results of time series analysis in the Indian context. It is found that the share of revenue expenditure (RE) of the government has significantly increased over time and many of the components of RE are non-developmental in nature. The article argues that if growth suffers, it will put adverse impact on fiscal balance. The ratio of gross fiscal deficit (GFD) to net national product (NNP) and growth of NNP are co-integrated, and the ratio is found to increase with increase in NNP indicating deterioration in fiscal balance. The increase in total expenditure of the government has caused rise of the ratio of revenue deficit to total spending. Interest payment on public debt has led to the increase of the ratio of GFD to income. These results are indicators of non-viability of fiscal policy in India at least in the short run.

Problem definisanja i merenja održivog dohotka

The standard way to measure economic success is by measuring economic growth, as the sole goal of the economic policy based on the principles of neoclassical economics. Growth, together with the enlargement of the material base, is inevitable in order to increase employment and provide preconditions for development and technological advancement. Conventional indicators of the economic performance, such as a net national product, reflect consumption rather than sustainable income, as it determines the amount that can currently be used, without reducing the stock of capital. Conventional net national product or Hicks income will underestimate sustainable income in a model with explicit knowledge as a form of capital. When knowledge, not validated by the market, as a type of capital stock, is not included in capital accumulation accounts, sustainable income will vary even from the most accurately measured net national product.

Measurement of social development: evidence from India

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the progress of social development in terms of social development index (SDI) of India in the pre- and post-reforms period.Design/methodology/approachThis study used the methodology of Ray (1989, 2008) for the construction of composite index for social development, i.e. SDI. The study also used the ordinary least squares method of regression analysis for checking the impact of development expenditure, non-development expenditure and Per Capita Net National Product (PCNNP) on the SDI value.FindingsThe results show an increasing trend in social development. The findings of this study also suggest that there is a sharp increase in the index over the period between 2002/2003 and 2010/2011. But in the remaining period, sluggish improvement in social development has been observed. Though there has been growth in the social sector, but it is not much heartening and perhaps more efforts need to be done in the social sector in India. The results also exhibit that development expenditure, non-development expenditure and PCNNP are significantly affecting the SDI value.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that the government should focus more on social sector programs and there is an urgent need to increase development and non-development expenditures to improve the overall social condition of the country.Originality/valueThe work is different in terms of number of development variables from the already existing literature in India. The author constructed the SDI by using the weighted sum of 12 transformed social variables which has not been studied previously.

New Financing for Sustainable Development

We propose that national governments could issue bonds whose interest payments are linked to green net national product (gNNP) or, almost equivalently, to inclusive wealth. The main intention of this new financial instrument is to entice investors and the national government to invest in human and natural capital for which the corresponding financial assets currently do not exist. As the concept of wealth expands to include human and natural capital, so should the corresponding assets side in the balance sheet of nations. While the argument for gross national product (GNP)–linked bonds focuses on trimming public debt toward fiscal sustainability, the proposed bonds aim to ensure long-term sustainability. The theoretical link associated with welfare economics is also more plausible. Moreover, it could lead to the virtuous cycle of increased government expenditure directed toward inclusive wealth, expanding tax revenue, increased coupon payment to investors, and increased social well-being.

Women Employee Rights in Garment Industry, Tirupur

Women are playing a vital role in earning even net national product of the country through their income. This study is undertaken to study about how the women are utilizing their rights properly especially in garment industry. The reason to choose the industry is that the women participation in the industry is 70,000 especially in Tirupur. This research is undertaken to analyze about the women’s rights in garment industry in the area of Tirupur. This study is undertaken to make an analysis of how women are working in their working area and also regarding the facilities provided in the working environment such as crèche facilities, ventilation facilities and payment benefits, work enrichment opportunities. The prime objective of the present study is to evaluate the Women Employee Rights in garment industry in Tirupur. The study was conducted on the basis of descriptive research. The employees have been selected by using non-probability convenience sample method from various departments. Totally 200 sample respondents were selected and analysed using t-Test, Chi-Square test and Garrett’s ranking method.Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-3, issue-2: 119-124

Estimating Green Net National Product for Puerto Rico: An Economic Measure of Sustainability.

This paper presents the data sources and methodology used to estimate Green Net National Product (GNNP), an economic metric of sustainability, for Puerto Rico. Using the change in GNNP as a one-sided test of weak sustainability (i.e., positive growth in GNNP is not enough to show the economy is sustainable), we measure the movement away from sustainability by examining the change in GNNP from 1993 to 2009. In order to calculate GNNP, we require both economic and natural capital data, but limited data for Puerto Rico require a number of simplifying assumptions. Based on the environmental challenges faced by Puerto Rico, we include damages from air emissions and solid waste, the storm protection value of mangroves and the value of extracting crushed stone as components in the depreciation of natural capital. Our estimate of GNNP also includes the value of time, which captures the effects of technological progress. The results show that GNNP had an increasing trend over the 17 years studied with two periods of negative growth (2004-2006 and 2007-2008). Our additional analysis suggests that the negative growth in 2004-2006 was possibly due to a temporary economic downturn. However, the negative growth in 2007-2008 was likely from the decline in the value of time, suggesting the island of Puerto Rico was moving away from sustainability during this time.

Key indicators of rice production and consumption, correlation between them and supply-demand prediction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish correlations among the input variables of production within themselves and input variables of consumption within themselves and to forecast the production and consumption of the rice. Design/methodology/approach – The production and consumption of rice crop is governed by diverse variables. In the present study five key input variables for production of rice based on literature review and the authenticated data available from agricultural sources have been selected. These variables are area sown, agricultural workers (AW), area irrigated, growth rate and yield per hectare. On similar basis four key input variables responsible for consumption of rice are considered, namely, price of rice, population, poverty ratio and per capita net national product (NNP). Findings – Correlation analysis showed that priority wise production of rice depends upon yield per hectare, percentage irrigation, AW and area sown. The growth rate is found to be having insignificant correlation with other variables of production and hence was omitted from subsequent study. Correlation analysis also showed that priority wise consumption depends upon whole sale price per ton, population and the per capita NNP. The poverty ratio is found to be having insignificant correlation with other variables of consumption and hence was omitted from subsequent study. The outcomes of the correlation analysis are utilized for designing rule base for fuzzy inference system (FIS) to forecast the production and consumption of the rice. Subsequently Bayesian technique is used to forecast production and consumption and its results are compared with the results of fuzzy inference analysis. Originality/value – There are many techniques used for forecasting purpose but FIS and Bayesian technique outperform others. In the present study, the authors therefore focussed on these two techniques. Bayesian technique takes into account the expert opinion at the current conditions whereas FIS uses previously designed rule base. Besides discussing the appropriateness of these two techniques for forecasting production and consumption of rice, their forecasting outcomes will help in logistical and operational planning of the resources at national level, farmers’ level and traders’ level.

A Study of Co-variation and Convergence of Alternative Measures of Sustainability on the Basis of Panel Data

The study highlights the need for creating alternative indicators of sustainability for considering a well guarded view about sustainable development of a country. The aim of the study is (1) to focus on different alternative measures of sustainability, (2) to assess whether these alternative measures move in the same direction which indicates peoples’ wellbeing as well as maintenance of environmental health and (3) to ascertain whether there has been some tendency towards convergence among the considered countries based on the alternative sustainability measures. Four alternative sustainability indicators like Green Net National Product, Ecological Footprint, Sustainable Human Development Index and Pollution Sensitive Human Development Index, for 22 developing countries have been constructed. Correlation matrix has been considered to focus on the extent of consistency between alternative indices. Unit root test has been done to ensure the stationarity of time series of such indices. The issue of convergence of different sustainability indices has been analysed by use of beta and sigma convergence employing pooled OLS and fixed effect model. It has been found that the different indices are more or less mutually consistent and stationary and over time they have converged across the considered countries. The results indicate that despite convergence coherent with Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, the level of environmental degradation when linked to GDP per capita gives rise to an N-shaped pattern. The study suggests the need for diverse economic pollution control instruments to avoid degradation of the environment.