Net Margin Research Articles

Optimizing the Use of Operating Rooms by Transitioning Common Hand Surgeries Into the Office Setting

The purpose of this study was to examine the true monetary implications, at the health system level, of moving simple hand procedures, performed with wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet surgery, from the ambulatory surgery center (ASC) to office setting. We analyzed the costs, revenues, case times, and patient demographics for 2 cohorts of patients who underwent hand and non-hand surgical procedures over a 2-year period. We calculated the mean margin per minute for the top 5 procedures in non-hand orthopedic surgery subgroups, complex plastics hand, and non-hand plastic surgery. We then calculated the following: (1) hours operating room or ASC time gained by moving hand procedures to the office, (2) additional subgroup patients theoretically treated by using the ASC hours gained, and (3) net margin (in dollars) because of additional procedures. Six board-certified hand surgeons performed 623 simple ASC and 808 in-office procedures, consisting of 795 carpal tunnel releases, 84 first dorsal compartment releases, and 446 trigger finger releases. The net margin per minute for simple ASC and in-office hand procedures was $25.01/min and $5.63/min, respectively. In the office setting, hand surgery freed up 821 hours of ASC time, which could be theoretically used to treat over 300 additional patients awaiting outpatient orthopedic hand or plastic surgery. Depending on the subspecialty and type of substituted cases, the theoretical net margin varied from-$150,413 to $3.9 million. Transitioning simple hand operations out of ASCs realized a mean cost savings of 82% per case ($1,137 vs $206) and effectively opened 821 additional hours of operating room time over a 2-year period. Transitioning simple hand operations out of the operating room setting and into the office setting reduces the cost of hand surgical care, improves operating room access for alternate procedures or patients, and validates the sustainability of safe and effective wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet surgery from a hospital system's financial standpoint.

Determinants of Marketing Margin and Efficiency of Wholesale Marketing of Cocoyam in Southeast, Nigeria

Cocoyam is highly seasonal and perishable. An efficient wholesale marketing system makes its consumption, round the year possible, reduces postharvest losses for greater marketing margin. This study examined the determinants of marketing margin and efficiency of wholesale marketing of cocoyam in Southeast, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of cocoyam wholesale marketers, estimate the marketing margin and efficiency of the wholesale marketing of cocoyam and examine the socio-economic factors of the wholesalers affecting their net marketing margin. Multistage, purposive and random sampling techniques were used to generate relevant data using a structured questionnaire administered to 216 cocoyam wholesale marketers in 18 markets in three states of the southeast (Anambra, Enugu and Imo). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Gross margin and Efficiency Analysis and Multiple Regression) were used to analyse the data. Result on the socio economic characteristics of cocoyam wholesale marketers shows that no marketer was below the age 20 years and above 60 years with the mean age of 46 years. Majority (80%) of the marketers were married with mean family size of 5. The high gross margin of ₦20,387,212 and net marketing margin of ₦2,817,524 indicates profitability and the efficiency coefficient value of 84% indicates a high level of efficiency. The results of the influence of socio-economic variables of the respondents on the net marketing margin shows that six variables (age, marketers` experience, years of formal education, selling price, purchase price and quantity of cocoyam sold) were statistically significant while the remaining variables were not. The R2 value of 0.875 implied that 88% of variation in the net marketing income realized by the marketers was due to variations in the independent variables and the remaining 12% was as a result of stochastic noise. The F-value of 189.390 was statistically significant at 5% level of probability. This implied that socio-economic variables of the respondents together significantly influenced net marketing income, and that regression model was a good fit. It is recommended that adequate facilities such as good road network be provided especially to the rural areas (production site), storage and processing facilities should be subsidized by government for efficient marketing of agricultural produce, especially cocoyam.

CLASIFICACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS SISTEMAS FAMILIARES DE PRODUCCIÓN BOVINA DE LA REGIÓN FRAILESCA DE CHIAPAS, MEXICO, CON BASE EN EL APORTE DE LA GANADERÍA AL INGRESO FAMILIAR

<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent decades, many peasant regions of southeastern Mexico, have undergone an expansion of cattle raising. This has led to farmers transitioning from crop agriculture toward mixed production or specializing in cattle raising. Characterizing livestock systems using a multidimensional perspective allows for identifying strategies for increasing their sustainability. <strong>Objective:</strong> To classify and characterize family cattle farming systems (FCFS) of the Frailesca region of Chiapas, Mexico taking into account the contribution of cattle raising to family income, and using a multidimensional perspective. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Eighty family units in two areas of the Frailesca region - valley (40) and highlands (40) - were evaluated. Information was obtained through application of questionnaires to farmers. According to the percentage of contribution of cattle raising to family income, a K-means clustering analysis was carried out in each area to differentiate FCFS. Average values of technical, economic, environmental, and social indicators were compared among systems using ANOVA or Kruskall Wallis tests. <strong>Results:</strong> Two FCFS were identified in each of two areas of the Frailesca region: (I) mixed family systems (MFS) and (II) family systems specialized in cattle raising (FSSC). Average percentages of contribution of cattle raising to family income were: (1) valley MFS = 32.5%; (2) valley FSSC = 80.5%; (3) highland MFS = 38.5%; and (4) highland FSSC = 71.7%. The valley FSSC followed an intensive-technified cattle raising with high use of external inputs and had the highest values of the economic indicators: calves produced per ha, milk production per cow, and net margin per hectare. The valley MFS practiced semi-intensive-technified cattle raising with low use of external inputs which led it had lower economic profitability than that of the valley FSCC. In both highland systems, farmers followed extensive cattle raising with low use of external inputs. For the economic dimension, these were similar to that of the valley MFS. Nevertheless, for the environmental dimension both highland systems were better (diversity of grasses, backyard animals, cattle breeds, and woody fodder crops) than the valley systems. Particularly, the highlands MFS had the greatest proportion of forested land and grasslands with scattered trees, as well as the abundance of wild fauna. For the social dimension, both the FSSC had a higher level of technical assistance and training, less dependence on subsidies, and a greater capacity to cover their basic purchased-food costs than the two MFS. The highlands MFS had the highest number of family beneficiaries, while the highlands FSSC had a higher level of membership in farmers´ organizations than did both types of valley systems. <strong>Implications: </strong>The valley farmers should reduce their environmental impacts and maintain and even increase productivity, in the case of the mixed family system. The highlands farmers should increase productivity, and reduce their dependence on subsidies. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> In order to overcome the multidimensional limitations and increase the sustainability of family cattle raising systems, it is necessary that external social actors promote agroecology and silvopastoral systems, as well as the famers´ co-responsibility and active participation along the process. </p>

Performance Analysis of PT Usaha Loka Malang

This research was conducted to analyze financial performance with analytical tools using Liquidity Ratios, Solvency Ratios, and Profitability Ratios. The population in this study is PT Usaha Loka. The data used are quantitative data (primary data) obtained from PT Usaha Loka. The study focused on examining liquidity, solvency and profitability in the 2018 to 2020 PT Usaha Loka Financial Statements which have been determined by purposive sampling. The results of the Liquidity Ratio analysis show that the average Current Ratio is 637.65% in good condition (200% standard) and the Quick Ratio is 96.30% in unfavorable conditions (150% standard). The Solvability Ratio analysis shows that the average Debt to Asset Ratio is 52.51% and the Debt to Equity Ratio is 1302.48%, in a bad condition because the value is above the industry standard (standard DAR 35%, DER 80%). Profitability ratios also show an average Net Margin Profit of -19.53%, Return On Assets of 2.31%, and Return On Equity of -58.24% in unfavorable condition because it is below industry standards (NPM standard 20%. , ROA 30%, ROE 40%).

Market Share and Price-Setting Behaviour in Bilateral Areas: Evidence from Bambara Groundnut Markets in Nigeria

Marketing activities within the Bambara groundnut subsector may tend to become sub-standard because of production price uncertainty and production risk which may ejaculate into inefficiency in the market. In this respect, the study analyzed market share and Price-setting Behaviour in Bilateral areas: evidence from Bambara Groundnut Markets in Nigeria. The population of the study comprised marketers of Bambara groundnut in South-east, Nigeria. Of the five states in south-east region of Nigeria, two States were chosen purposively so as to ascertain the movement of prices between the two states. This was done in order to establish fair prices comparison between the production zone and consumption zone. The choice of the two states was based on the predominance of Bambara groundnut marketers. A two-stage random sampling technique was adopted in selecting 221 respondents that was interviewed for the study. Information for this study was obtained from primary sources employing a well-structured questionnaire, oral interviews and direct observations of Bambara groundnut marketers and was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of multivariate analysis (ANOVA) showing the variations in price margins, marketing cost and net marketing margins showed that across the eight markets sampled within the study area, there was no vital significant distinction (F= 0.381; P=0.130, F=2.558; P=0.414 and F=1.725; P=0.217) within the price margins, costs and net margins. The velocity of rural retail prices results indicated that on the average, retail prices of Bambara groundnut was enhanced at a monthly rate of N5.586853 in the rural markets of Abia State with a standard deviation of N0.8089196. Although, the modal price alteration was N5.2300 whereas the minimum price increment was N3.6610, however, the utmost increment was N7.845 per month in the rural Bambara groundnut markets in Abia State. Similarly, for urban prices of Bambara groundnut in Abia State markets, the result showed slight variations in monthly prices. Specifically, for urban retail prices in Abia State markets, Bambara groundnut monthly prices was enhanced by N5.87178274 on the average, though, the modal and minimum values of N5.496730 and N3.847711 existed respectively. The result also showed that the rural and urban prices of Bambara groundnut changed monthly by N5.9040 and N6.2051228 respectively, per month. The result additional discovered the rural/urban retail merchant price in Enugu Abia and Enugu to be N5.72931798 with variance of N0.840113346 and N1.32771324 respectively. In relation to price velocity of wholesalers in Abia and Enugu states, wholesale price velocity of N34.471035 and N36.4364033 and standard deviation of N4.99221480 and N7.05381314, minimum of N22.59371 and N19.62524 and maximum of N 48.41510 and N 49.24824 respectively was observed. However, the results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there existed significant distinction (F=4.771; P ≤ 0.05) and (F=0.048; P ≤ 4.19) between rural and urban retail price velocities in Enugu and Abia State markets, respectively. The moderately high variation of prices with time necessitates governments’ action in prices stabilization to shield farmers economically. Guarantee minimum price for producers as an incentive for assured output markets can increase supply volume and promotion of Bambara groundnut industries.

Custos de produção e indicadores econômicos no ciclo completo de bezerros mestiços leiteiros

Abstract The complete rearing cycle of dairy calves is not yet widely adopted by rural producers, possibly because they do not perceive these animals as potential meat producers or are unaware of their production capabilities. This study aimed to assess the economic viability of rearing dairy calves through their entire growth cycle. Sixteen Holstein × Gyr crossbred animals were assessed, originating from dairy farming, with an average initial weight of 40.67 ± 5.27 kg and slaughtered at 10 months of age, reaching a final weight of 320.4 ± 45.87 kg. These calves were reared in a feedlot system and received a mash diet without the inclusion of roughage. The experiment was conducted on a farm primarily focused on dairy farming, situated in the municipality of Turvânia, GO, Brazil. Economic evaluations were conducted at the conclusion of the production cycle, with the calculation of the value of the arroba (@ = 15 kg) produced. Data were analyzed using a production cost structure methodology, which included effective operating cost, total operating cost, and total cost. The following economic indicators were examined: gross revenue, gross margin, net margin, and the break-even point. Results were highly promising, demonstrating a profit from raising dairy male calves, with a net margin per animal of BRL 321.50. Additionally, these animals displayed noteworthy potential for weight gain and carcass quality. A total of 149.19 @ were produced, averaging 9.32 @ per animal, with a production cost of BRL 105.52, encompassing expenses such as milk consumption, concentrate diet, and labor, which amounted to BRL 1.18 per month per animal. These findings underscore the economic feasibility of this rearing system.

Analysis of value chain of live goats and meat in Tamil Nadu, India

This paper identifies the production and marketing systems of live goats and meat by mapping and analyzing the value chains in Tamil Nadu. Qualitative and quantitative data on value chain stakeholders (farmers, aggregators, retailers and restaurants) and their interactions were collected through personal interviews. The study showed that aggregators played a pivotal role in the marketing system by accounting for two-thirds of the total flow (76.66%) of live goats to animal market. Retailers procured animals from livestock markets and farmers at the farm level and sold their meat to consumers and restaurants. Eighty percent of animals brought to the markets were purchased by retailers. Retailers' net margin per kg carcass weight was higher (Rs. 21.17) than aggregators (Rs. 5.98). Marketing efficiency analysis showed that direct sale by farmers to retailers at the animal market was most efficient (15.07) than sale at doorsteps (4.87). It was concluded that farmers get better prices when they sell their animals to retailers in the animal markets but due to logistics issues, most of the farmers prefer to sell their animals at their doorsteps to aggregators at lower prices.

Determinante neto kamatnog prihoda banaka - primer Srbije

Net interest income represents one of the main indicators of banks' profitability. In practice, return on assets (ROA) and return on capital (ROE) indicators are most often used as indicators, but the topic of this study is the investigation of determinants, that have the greatest impact on the net interest income of banks in the Serbian market. The research is based on numerous previous analyzes of factors that have effects on the profitability of banks in many countries. This study covers the period from 2014 to 2021 and includes a total of 22 banks currently operating in the Serbian market. The data used for the purposes of the research were taken from the financial reports of the banks themselves, as well as the World Bank database. In the research, the authors take Net Interest Margin (NIM) as a dependent variable, while as independent variables they take indicators of Net Non-Interest Margin (NNIM), Liquidity (LIQ), Debts (LOAN), Bank Size (SIZE), Non-performing loans (NPL) and Unemployment (UNEM). In the analysis, the authors analyzed the correlation matrix, the Levin, Lin & Chu unit root test, the variance inflation index, as well as the derivation of regression models based on fixed and random effects. The findings showed a negative effect of liquidity and bank size factors on direction of net interest margin, while debt and unemployment indicators showed a positive influence.

The effect of banking channels and efficiency indicators on bank profitability

This article proposes two models to analyze profitability banking. Using panel data methodology it’s analized the relationship between operational efficiency indicators and banking access channels alternative to the branch with ROA and ROE. The main findings are that Net Operating Margin (MNO) has a direct relationship. Net noninterest Margin (MNNI) and Asset Utilization (RA) have a negative impact on ROA. Regarding access channels, Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) have a positive, albeit weak, impact. Point of Sale Terminals (POS) are significant but in reverse. As for ROE, MNO and MNNI are related in the same sense as ROA. The Capital Multiplier (MC) presents a negative relationship. Mobile Banking (NBM) and POS show a significant inverse relationship, while ATM is direct.

Impact of certification on market performance of cocoa industry in OSUN State, Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of certification on the market performance of the cocoa industry using primary data from a cross-sectional survey of 240 cocoa marketers. Considering counterfactual scenarios, this study analyzed the effects of certification on the net marketing margin of cocoa marketers using the endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) and for the robustness evaluation, inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) was utilized. Results showed that about 92% of the cocoa marketers were Licensed Buying Agents (LBAs) then the exporter (7%) and the least were cooperatives with about 3%. The results showed that 28% of the Licensed Buying Agents (LBAs) were certified while 35% of the exporters were certified. Also, the results revealed that 3 different marketing channels were used in the study area. The cost and return analysis revealed that certified marketers are efficient and more productive in their business compared to uncertified marketers. The ESRM treatment impact suggested that the average net marketing margin of certified cocoa marketers is higher than those that were uncertified. The study concluded that certification has helped to improve the marketing of cocoa marketers in the study.

Marketing System of Broccoli in Selected Areas of Mymensingh District in Bangladesh

Broccoli, a member of the cabbage family and a popular winter vegetable, is the focus of our study. We aimed to investigate the marketing system for broccoli in specific areas of Mymensingh district. We gathered data through face-to-face interviews with 100 respondents, selected using purposive sampling. Our study identified four distinct marketing channels within the region, involving various market participants such as farmers, Aratdar, wholesalers, Aratdar cum wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. Furthermore, our study revealed that most farmers considered the cost of production as their primary challenge, while intermediaries cited a lack of market information as their main issue. Notably, we found that wholesalers incurred the highest marketing cost per piece of broccoli (Tk. 2.46), while retailers had the lowest cost (Tk. 1.58 per piece). Transportation costs accounted for the largest share of expenses (52.14%), with electricity bills being the smallest (0.59%). When it came to net margins, retailers emerged as the highest earners (Tk. 3.43 per piece), while wholesalers received the lowest net marketing margin (Tk. 1.66 per piece). Therefore, policymakers should consider implementing policies to address these challenges and promote overall development in the broccoli marketing system in Bangladesh, including raising awareness about broccoli consumption among the population.

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MAJOR VEGETABLES IN BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL

This study was conducted to analyze the economics of production and marketing of major vegetables in Bhaktapur district of Nepal. Primary data for the household survey were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from sixty sampled respondents, from two municipalities namely, Madhyapur thimi municipality, Suryabinayak municipality by using simple random sampling method. The methodological tools such as household survey using pre-tested survey schedule, key informant interview, focus group discussion and different secondary data sources were used to collect the information. The primary data obtained from field survey were coded, tabulated and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 25.0 and Microsoft Excel. Secondary data were collected through scientific journals, articles, and publications from agricultural organizations, projects, and programs. Simple indexing method was used for ranking of problems and identifying major determinant of production and benefit cost ratio, gross margin, net margin was calculated by using formula. Average area under vegetable cultivation was found to be 4.29 ropani. The cost of production per ropani for tomato, cauliflower and radish was NRs. 71,521, NRs. 32,930 and NRs. 27,900 respectively. The BC ratio was higher for tomato (1.9) followed by radish (1.70) and cauliflower (1.64). B: C ratio of all the vegetables under study was higher than one which implies that vegetable farming in the study area is profitable farm business. The marketing margin per kg of tomato, cauliflower and radish was NRs. 31.00, NRs. 39.50 and NRs. 19.00, respectively whereas the producer’s share was found to be higher for tomato (55.71%) followed by radish (52.50%) and cauliflower (46.97%). Middlemen had major influence on pricing of vegetables. Analysis of the study showed that the major constraints in production and marketing of vegetables were incidence of disease/pest and low farm gate.

Addressing Suicide Risk in Primary Care: Cost Savings Associated with Diverting Patients From Emergency Departments.

Integrating behavioral health into primary care ambulatory clinics can improve management of patients presenting with suicidality in medical practices. To date, financial outcomes associated with managing suicidality in integrated care have not been documented. This study sought to evaluate both course of treatment (e.g., the patient is discharged home and referred to emergency departments [EDs]) and financial outcomes (e.g., cost to medical center) for patients presenting with suicidality in integrated pediatric primary care. Medical record review was conducted across a 6-month period. Demographics, course of treatment, and financial data were collected. Financial data were extracted using EPSi software using a cost accounting model. We documented the amount in dollars billed to the patient/insurance company and the amount reimbursed to the medical center and then calculated net margins associated with each course of treatment. Participants were 103 youth (aged 7-24 years). The results demonstrate that the integrated model of care diverted 93% of participants from the ED and that the highlighted model of care yielded cost savings for the medical center. After reimbursement, patients seen in the ED for suicide evaluations cost the medical center an average of 16 times more than patients who were managed in the primary care setting. The results document the magnitude of cost savings associated with an integrated care model for treating high-risk youth.

Local Proximity Cheeses: Choices That Guiding Consumers and Orienting Producers—Case Studies

In Italy, in ten years, the national production of sheep’s cheese has gone from 60 thousand tons to almost 80 thousand tons at present, a sign of a lively dynamism of the sector mainly due to a growth in demand. The significant leap in production is accompanied by that of consumption and is mainly due to pecorino (fresh and seasoned), which, together with fresh ricotta, is gaining acceptance in the national and international markets. The objective of the paper is to examine, in a study area of southern Italy, consumer preferences for locally produced pecorino cheese near kilometer zero and the profit margins of the dairy companies producing pecorino. The interviews with consumers made it possible to explore purchasing preferences based on the reasons for choosing and the points of sale where consumers buy the cheese. The interviews with the manufacturing companies highlighted a different business organization of the single production units whose economic results show, despite the difficulties, the resilience of the companies. The company’s net margins per quintal of processed milk are more or less satisfactory and supported by the positive interest of consumers. As for the latter, they show increasingly pushed trends towards the purchase of niche products at Km0, made with more sustainable production systems.

Feasibility Assessment of on Farm Water Harvesting Structures for Livelihood Security of Small and Marginal Farmers

The present study was taken up in the black clay soil zone of Manthani mandal of Peddapalli district Telangana state in which series of on farm water harvesting structures were taken up by small and marginal farmers. The sizes of water harvesting structures, season wise cropping pattern, crop yields, cost of cultivation and net margins were collected from randomly selected farmers.
 Thereafter, techno economic feasibility of taking up water harvesting structures was assessed. The field study revealed that these structures are technically feasible and financially viable for effective rainwater harvesting, providing critical irrigation to crops, enhancing crop yields and cropping intensity, resulting in resilience to adverse effects of climate change and consequent improvement in livelihood security of farmers.

Can money supply endogeneity influence bank stock returns? A case study of South Asian economies.

This study tests the Post-Keynesian theory regarding bank stock returns and money supply endogeneity in the context of South Asian countries. This study uses panel data set from different sources over twenty-eight (28) years. The research uses different econometric techniques before switching to the generalized method of moments (GMM). The empirical results indicate a significant positive effect of net interest rate margins on bank loans in South Asian countries, whereas a positive relationship exists between foreign to local interest rates and the money supply. The findings depict that positive associations exist between inflation and money supply of banks, and between the money supply and bank stock returns. More specifically, the GMM results show that the money supply has positively affected the stock prices of banks suggesting strong policies for the stakeholders of these economies for the sake of economic growth and sustainable development.

COVID-19 AND THE PERFORMANCE OF ISLAMIC BANKS IN INDONESIA

Covid-19 has an impact on the profitability of Islamic Banks in Indonesia. Islamic banks' profitability in Indonesia tends to decline during a covid-19 outbreak. Although declining, the profitability indicators measured by Return on Asset and Net Operating Margin are more stable than Return on Equity. The average Return on Equity declined sharply in the fourth quarter of 2021. This study aims to analyze the determinants of the profitability of Islamic banks, including internal bank factors and macroeconomic indicators during the covid-19 outbreak. This study uses a quantitative approach with the fixed effect method. This study employs panel data from 8 Islamic commercial banks from 2020q1 to 2021q4. The results show that capital adequacy, disbursed financing, and operational efficiency has a negative and significant effect on the profitability of Islamic banks. Financing risk and bank size have no significant effect on the profitability of Islamic banks. Macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth, inflation, interest rates, and exchange rates have no significant effect on the profitability of Islamic banks. During the covid-19 pandemic, to increase profitability, banks need to reduce the capital and financing provided to customers. On the other hand, to increase profitability, Islamic banks need to reduce unnecessary costs so that income is not eroded. Macroeconomic indicators do not influence the performance of Islamic banks. This shows that Islamic commercial banks are more resistant to economic turbulence.

Field Performance and Profitability of Bingawan Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown Under Various Production Systems

The growing trend towards healthy lifestyle among consumers led to the production of nutritious and organic staples. Black rice (Oryza sativa L. Bingawan cultivar) is known to be both. While most studies on rice are conducted through conventional approach, this experiment aimed to assess the response of black rice to various organic production systems on productivity and marginal analysis. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with 4 replications and 3 treatments; T = UPLB's best bet organic production system, T = optimized organic 1 2 production system in Leyte, and T = conventional production system in Leyte. 3 Leyte's optimized organic production system (T ) promoted the heading and 2 maturity of black rice comparable to the conventional production system in Leyte (T ). The UPLB's best bet organic production system (T ) produced heavier fresh 3 1 straw yield and total biomass, more productive tillers, filled and unfilled grains per panicle, heavier grains per hill, and high grain yield. However, it generated a lower net margin than the conventional production system in Leyte (T ). When sold 3 unmilled, black rice has comparable net margins irrespective of the production systems. The markedly higher yield in T failed to compensate for the higher 1 production cost, resulting in a lower net margin. It is worth noting, however, that organic rice commands a relatively higher prevailing price, unmilled and milled, than those produced in the conventional system.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROE, ROA, BOPO, FDR AFTER CONVERSION TO NOM BANK NTB SYARIAH

This study aims to analyze the effect of the performance relationship, analyze thecontribution, and find out how long the shock period of each variable is; (1) BOPO, (2) FDR, (3)ROA, and (4) ROE against Net Operating Margin at Bank NTB Syariah. This study uses theTheory of Good Corporate Governance approach, then the data is processed using the VARVECM and ECM methods on the EViews 12 application. There are two analysis results in thisstudy, the first through the VAR-VECM analysis and the second through the ECM, the results ofthe VAR-VECM test in the equation model have not found a balance both in the long and shortterm, but on the other hand there are shocks experienced by the independent variables. NOMthrough the dependent variables BOPO, FDR, ROA, and ROE worth 60.93%, 9.83%, 7.54%, and4.74%. While the response level of the BOPO variable was positively responsive by 0.012992 bythe NOM variable and was stable in period 25, for other variables such as FDR, ROA, and ROEthe response fluctuated and did not experience value stability. In contrast to the results of theECM test where in this test the variables that have a long-term effect are the BOPO, ROA, andROE variables with the probability values of 0.000, 0.0081, and 0.0375 while for the short-termperiod the variables that have an effect are only the BOPO variable with a probability value that isworth 0.0341

Economic analysis of specialized dairy farms in Croatia according to FADN

The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) enables analysis and comparison of farms business data, and the dairy sector has been selected because of its great importance in the European Union (EU). This paper analyses the economic characteristics of Croatian dairy farms divided into three types (based on herd size), in the period from the year 2014 to 2018. While the number of smaller farms is declining, there is a slight increase in the largest farm type. The amount of milk produced per farm is also growing, but it is still significantly lower than the European average. According to the realized net value added per unit of labour, small and medium-sized dairy farms are below, while large ones are above the European average. The share of direct payments in net value added is higher for all farm types compared to the European average. Relatively low milk yield and selling price, with high operating costs results in lower net production margins and affects the lower competitiveness of smaller farms with lower yields. According to the results of the FADN analysis, the largest Croatian dairy farms Type 3 (with 50 or more cows in the herd) are fully competitive to European farms in terms of economic results. The problem of Croatian dairy farming is that there are only few competitive farms, so different agricultural and rural development measures should support the empowerment of smaller farms, as well as strengthen the competitiveness of the whole dairy sector.