Net House Conditions Research Articles

A RESPONSE OF SOME JUTE (CORCHORUS SPP.) ACCESSIONS TO JUTE YELLOW MITE, POLYPHAGOTARSONEMOUS LATUS BANKS UNDER NATURAL CONDITION

The jute yellow mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus constitutes one of the major pests of jute crop in Bangladesh. The objective of this work was to find out the sources of resistance/tolerance accessions against jute yellow mite. This experiment was carried out in the fields of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, JAES, Manikganj and the Central station, BJRI, Dhaka, during jute growing seasons 2011 and 2012. Out of 79 accessions, only 13 accessions were found less susceptible to yellow mite. These accessions were studied further in the field and net-house condition. Considering the level of infestation in the net-house condition only three accessions namely 1510, 890 and 33-1-244 (A) 2 were found to perform better showing 9.75, 9.68 and 9.93% infestation. In field condition, in case of olitorius, accession 1510 showed lowest infestations (9.90%) giving maximum plant height 324.15 cm and yield 3.26 ton/ha. In case of capsularis, accession 890 also resulted minimum infestation (10.23%) giving satisfactory plant height 315.27 cm and yield 3.14 ton/ha respectively. Accessions 1510, 890 and 33-1-244 (A) 2 could be recommended as breeding materials for evolving yellow mite resistant jute variety.

Induction of resistance to Meloidogyne graminicola in rice

Root-knot nematodes are responsible for substantial losses in rice production. These parasites are difficult to control, particularly in flooded fields, which require carefully designed strategies to avoid contamination of water bodies. This study investigated whether biotic and abiotic elicitors can induce resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice plants. An initial screening test was performed to determine the elicitors with the greatest potential to control nematodes. Then, a second experiment was conducted under net house conditions to assess the effects of a mannanoligosaccharide-based fertilizer (MOS), acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), and silicate clay on nematode reproduction, penetration, and activation of plant defence-related enzymes. Elicitor treatment reduced nematode reproduction by 57.4 to 75.6% at 60 days after inoculation (DAI). Two factors that may have contributed to this result include reduced nematode penetration and delayed development, as observed in the screening test. All elicitors increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity at 10 DAI. MOS and silicate clay also increased catalase, peroxidase, and glucanase activity at 8 DAI. Elicitor treatment activates defence responses in rice plants and may be an environmentally friendly strategy for controlling M. graminicola in an integrated management system.

Growth, biochemical, and antioxidant response of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) grown in fly ash-amended soil

A pot experiment was conducted under net house conditions to study the ameliorative role of different levels of fly ash as a soil amendment, on the growth markers, biochemical attributes, and the antioxidant enzyme activity of beetroot. Seeds of beetroot were sown in earthen pots containing growth substrate, consisting of field soil amended with different levels of fly ash (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% weight/weight). Beetroot grown in 15% fly ash-amended soil had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher plant growth and pigment content as compared to the control. With the improvement in nitrate reductase activity, the contents of total protein and carbohydrate also increased significantly at 15% fly ash. The proline content and the total antioxidant activity of beetroot increased significantly with increasing fly ash levels. The elevated levels of proline and antioxidant activity might be responsible for scavenging the oxidative stress caused by the higher concentration of fly ash in the soil. The principal component analysis presented significant correlations among the various considered parameters. Two principal components explained a total of 97.12% overall data variability in plants treated with different levels of fly ash. Therefore, this work suggests that the application of fly ash as a soil amendment is suitable to improve the growth and yield of beetroot.

Standardization of agro-techniques for aeroponic potato (Solanum tuberosum) minitubers under generation-0

Since, very less information is available regarding the agro-techniques of hi-tech seed potato minitubers production, therefore an experiment was conducted to evaluate planting geometry and different doses of nitrogen for multiplication of aeroponic minitubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under net house conditions of north-central plains of India. 30 cm × 15 cm (97.44) plant geometry and 150 kg N/ha (95.81) and 180 kg N/ha (96.98) N dose recorded significantly higher emergence %. Linear increase in plant height was recorded with 120, 150 and 180 kg N/ha dose over 75 kg N/ ha (44.1 cm). Planting geometry 45 cm × 10 cm (34.71) and N dose 150 kg N (35.71) recorded significantly lowest per cent of <3 g minituber by number. Planting geometry 45 cm × 10 cm (1722 thousand/ha) followed by 30 cm × 10 cm (1587 thousand/ha) recorded significantly highest total tuber number over 30 cm × 15 cm (1209 thousand/ ha). Among N dose, 120 kg N (1560 thousand/ha) and 180 kg N/ha (1506 thousand/ha) dose recorded significantly higher total tuber number over 150 kg N/ha dose. Among interaction 45 cm × 10 cm with 120 kg N/ha dose recorded significantly highest total tuber number (1823 thousand/ha) over other combinations. For weight of tubers, 45 cm ×10 cm planting density with 150 kg N/ha reported highest tuber weight (27.62 t/ha). Hence, for the aeroponic seed multiplication of the variety Kufri Lauvkar, planting geometry of 45 cm × 10 cm with plant population of 222222 plants/ha and N, P2O5 and K2O ratio of 150:60:100 kg/ha should be adopted for getting higher tuber number and weight/ha.

Integrated proposal for management of root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in avocado cv. Hass crops

Phytophthora cinnamomi is the most important pathogen in avocado crops that causes the disease named avocado root rot (PRR). This disease affects the root system and induces multiple symptoms that end with plant death and causes large economic losses. PRR management is based almost exclusively on the use of fungicides (metalaxyl and phosphites). This situation led to inefficient management practices with apparently satisfactory results only in short periods. The objective of this work was to evaluate different PRR management practices under in vitro, net house and field conditions. The initial part of the study was carried out under in vitro and net house conditions evaluating different types of ions (boron, zinc and manganese chelate), the auxin α naphthaleneacetic, fungicides (potassium phosphite, fosetyl aluminium and metalaxyl) and microorganisms associated with biological control of diseases. For field conditions, the most promising strategies were selected, which included fungicide use (rotation of metalaxyl and phosphites), organic matter in the form of residues of vegetables and mushrooms, use of foliar (manganese) and soil (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and silicon) ions, additions of bovine manure, beneficial microorganisms (Rizoglomus fasciculatum, Trichoderma sp., and Bacillus sp.), edaphic application of auxin and an energy source (sucrose). Results indicated that individual control methods of PRR are not sustainable over time. However, the implementation of a disease integrated management program including several strategies of control proved to be effective for PRR. At the same time that PRR was satisfactorily managed, the economic sustainability was achieved and it was possible to reduce the reliance on phosphonate applications.

Cross-competence and affectivity of maize rhizosphere bacteria Bacillus sp. MT7 in tomato rhizosphere

ABSTRACT Rhizosphere supports the growth and activity of an enormous and diversified microbial network. Certain rhizobacteria referred to as ‘plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria’ (PGPR) can contribute towards improved plant growth and stress tolerance and are currently of great interest for sustainable agriculture. A successful PGPR is capable of establishing itself in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants. Root colonization is an essential step in the interaction amongst plant-associated bacteria and host plant and is a multifaceted phenomenon governed by various biotic and abiotic factors. In the present investigation, an isolate MT7 obtained from maize rhizosphere and identified as Bacillus sp. was tested for its ability to perform in the tomato rhizosphere. It was screened for its survival under various abiotic stresses like salt, drought, heavy metals, and temperature and found to tolerate 10% salt stress, drought stress up to -0.73 MPa (25% PEG), heavy metals like Cr, Cu, and Ni above the permissible limits and grew well from 25 to 45 °C. The bacterial culture was verified for various other plant growth-promoting traits. It expressed chemotactic behavior and good biofilm-forming potential in the presence of tomato root exudates. Profuse colonization was observed on the tomato roots. Efficacy of the bacterial culture in the tomato rhizosphere was evaluated under net house conditions. The tomato crop was positively influenced by inoculation of MT7 over the un-inoculated plants. Therefore, it is concluded that competent colonization by MT7 lies in its ability to respond to tomato root exudates, form biofilms, establish and proliferate in the tomato rhizosphere and express various PGP traits that cause an increase in plant growth. The results indicate the potential of MT7 as a bio-inoculant for tomato.

Standardization of protected condition for quality flower production of oriental lily

The present investigation entitled “Standardization of Protected Condition for Quality Flower Production of Oriental Lily” was conduct at Model Floriculture Center of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during the year 2016-17 and 2017-18. The experiment was layout in completely randomized design with two treatments and fifteen replications under polyhouse and shade net conditions. The vegetative characters like plant height at 60 days after bulb sprouting, fresh weight of plant, stem & leaves, dry weight of plant, stem & leaves were record superior under shade net house conditions. Most of the flowering attributes like number of buds per plant, duration to bud initiation and spike harvest, length and width of basal and upper bud, diameter of basal and upper flower as well as early spike harvesting were found superior under polyhouse conditions as compared to shade net house conditions. The physiological traits like Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b & total chlorophyll (mg/g fresh weight), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in leaves were found maximum under polyhouse conditions as compared to shade net house conditions. So, based on two year data as well as pooled data, polyhouse conditions is recommended for early flower production with good flower quality of oriental lily cv. White Cup.

A modified in-planta transformation technique to generate stable gain-in function transformants in a recalcitrant indica rice genotype

A tissue culture independent in-planta transformation technique is an alternate option to generate transgenics in crop cultivars recalcitrant for regeneration. The T0 plants generated by in-planta technique are chimeric hence very large number of T1 seeds needs to be screened to identify the putative transformants. Besides, low transformation efficiency and stable integration is another lacuna, because the T0 seedling explants are not subjected for selection. To overcome these constraints, a modified in-planta technique was developed in this study to generate gain-in-function activation tagged mutants in the background of a recalcitrant rice genotype, KMP-153. A binary vector was developed with three glyphosate selectable marker genes and 4X CaMV 35S enhancer elements for developing rice plants. Simultaneous expression of Glyphosate insensitive CP4-EPSPS with two other glyphosate degrading enzymes, PsAKR1 (Aldo–Keto reductases) and GO (Glycine Oxidase) substantially improved tolerance up to 100 ppm of glyphosate in the seedling bioassay system. Selecting the seedling explants and T1 generation seeds at higher concentration (100 ppm) of glyphosate resulted in recovering fewer transformants but with stable integration and expression of all the transgenes compared to those screened at lower levels of glyphosate. Further, T2 generation plants from these transgenic lines grown in contained nethouse conditions were tolerant when sprayed up to 1500 ppm concentrations of glyphosate. These transgenics showed substantial lower levels of shikimic acid compared to wild type plants treated with glyphosate signifies the expression of the transgenes and less inhibition of shikimic acid pathway by glyphosate. The proteins extracted from the transgenic plants showed significant degradation of glyphosate. The stable integration was confirmed through flanking sequence information and event specific PCR information. Our results clearly demonstrate that the modified in-planta technique is a potential transformation protocol to generate stable transformants in rice cultivars.

Heterotic Potential, Potence Ratio, Combining Ability and Genetic Control of Quality and Yield Traits in Bell Pepper Under Net-House Conditions of NW Himalayas

The present experiment was carried out with the aim of identifying outstanding specific combiners and best parental lines along with the understanding of genetic control of fruit quality and yield traits of bell pepper under net-house conditions in northwestern Himalayas of India. Eight inbred lines were crossed in half diallel manner, and the resulted twenty-eight F1 hybrids along with a standard check variety were evaluated under net-house conditions. California Wonder and Solan Bharpur parental lines were found to be the best combiner for earliness, whereas Yolo Wonder, California Wonder, Nishath-1 and UHFBP-3 reported as best parental line for fruit quality, yield and yield contributing traits based on their general combining effects. Solan Bharpur × Yolo Wonder, Yolo Wonder × Nishath-1, California Wonder × Solan Bharpur, California Wonder × UHFBP-3 and UHFBP-3 × KC-12 cross-combinations found outstanding based on heterosis and specific combining ability for most of the traits under net-house condition. The present studied hybrids illustrated the presence of over-dominance effect for yield and yield contributing traits under study. Predominance of nonadditive gene action for all the characters suggested the usefulness of exploitation of hybrid vigor.

Bio-efficacy of fungicides and bio control agents against root rot of soybean incited by Rhizoctonia solani

Bioagents, fungicides and their combinations were tested under net house conditions to know their efficacy incontrolling root rot of soybean. The parameters recorded included percent germination, dry weight, vigour index and vigour index mass. Seed dressing with Aazoxystrobin + T. viride showed highest significant effect on germination per cent and dry weight. However, seed dressing with T. harzianum were significant on fresh weight and vigour index.

Influence of powdery mildew disease on sunflower and its possible management using Ampelomyces spp.

Among the different sunflower entries tested under artificial net-house conditions against powdery mildewdisease, COSF 15 B showed highly susceptible reaction (HS) compared to CO 2 Hybrid (S), Sunbred 275 (S), Morden (HS) and CO 3 Hybrid (MR). Further, the entry recorded less mean seed volume weight (33.5 g/100 ml), oil content (33.5%) with a disease score of 9 under field conditions. An attempt has been made to isolate the naturally occurring mycoparasitic pycnidial fungi Ampelomyces spp. from powdery mildew infected leaves and four isolates were obtained. These isolated were slow growing on potato dextrose agar medium and produced pycnidia. These four isolates gave a 560 bp amplicon from the ITS region.

Evaluating the validity of rice straw as a suitable agricultural substrate for common bean plants under net house conditions

Evaluating the validity of rice straw as a suitable agricultural substrate for common bean plants under net house conditions

Evaluating the validity of rice straw as a suitable agricultural substrate for common bean plants under net house conditions

This research paper was carried out in the net house at the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), throughout two tested seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to investigate the effect of using rice straw as a growing substrate (bale & ditch) on vegetative growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of two cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Hilda as indeterminate variety and Nebraska determinate variety compared to conventional cultivation in soil. Seedlings were cultivated at 1st September in two growing seasons. Study was included three treatments with 4 replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design. Results indicated that plants grown on ditch rice straw treatment as substrate reflected the highest positive effect on vegetative growth characters (plant length, number of leaves/plant and stem diameter), leaves mineral content of N. P. K and yield and its components (total yield/plant, and fiber content on pods) at both studied cultivars. While, the lowest negative effect on those characters was observed with bale rice straw treatment. Moreover, raised bed clay (control) treatment was replaced in second place after the treatment of ditch rice straw. In addition, cultivation into straw ditch consumed lower quantities of water than other treatments. Finally, straw ditch substrate may be recommended for increasing common bean productivity and decreasing water utilization beneath net house conditions.

Assessment of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) transgenics expressing Bt ICPs, Cry2Aa and Cry1AcF under nethouse containment implicated an effective control against herbivory by Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner).

Pigeonpea is a source of quality proteins and the main constituent of a well-balanced diet for majority of Indian population. One of the major constraints in the production of pigeonpea is a polyphagous insect pest, Helicoverpa armigera. Non-availability of resistant sources in the germplasm and limitations in conventional breeding have been key factors for continued yield losses. Additionally, hazards of chemical fertilizers on the environment have prompted the scientific community to develop alternative strategies. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins (ICPs) have emerged as the most reliable source for the control of insect pests through transgenics. Transgenic pigeonpea plants harboring validated Bt ICPs, Cry2Aa and Cry1AcF were developed by a non-tissue culture based in planta transformation strategy and assessed for integration of Transfer-DNA (T-DNA) and efficacy against pod borer under in vitro conditions. For the first time this study demonstrates the successful evaluation of 19 transgenic pigeonpea events (11 with cry2Aa and 8 with cry1AcF) under soil and pot conditions in a nethouse containment. The stability in the performance was assessed stringently by deliberate H. armigera larval challenging. The trial identified ten promising events of both the genes that portrayed reduced damage to the herbivore. We present the first ever successful evaluation of pigeonpea transgenics with the ability to mitigate pod borer under nethouse conditions. The transgenics depicted molecular evidence for the stability of T-DNA integration, consistency in the expression of Cry proteins and resistance against H. armigera. These events can form a pool of useful transgenics to manage the devastating pod borer. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development and validation of severity scales of avocado wilt complex caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Verticillium dahliae and hypoxia-anoxia disorder and their physiological responses in avocado plants

Avocado wilt complex (AWC) is the most important disease in this crop. AWC may be caused by different causal agents that induce similar symptoms. Accurate scales of disease development (SDD) and physiological changes may be of special importance for the diagnosis and management of AWC. The objective of this work was to design and calibrate a specific SDD for the most common causal agents associated with AWC in Colombia,Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands and Verticillium dahliae Klebahn, and the hypoxia-anoxia disorder in both seedlings in net house and adult plants under field conditions. Furthermore, physiological responses to infection were determined. The disease was monitored under field and net house conditions. Shoot symptoms were recorded and quantification of inoculumin infected soil and tissue was performed. The visual scale was described based on external symptoms and calibrated with the inocula values by regression analysis. In the net house, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were measured during the different stages of disease development. The three causal agents induced a progressive reduction of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. The designed scales can be a valuable tool for epidemiological useand support in the diagnosis and management of AWC.

Studies on seed germination and seedling growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.) as influenced by growing media, cow urine, cow dung and cow dung slurry under net house condition

Studies on seed germination and seedling growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.) as influenced by growing media, cow urine, cow dung and cow dung slurry under net house condition

Ảnh hưởng của bã cà phê tươi lên sinh trưởng, năng suất lúa, đặc tính hóa và sinh học đất phèn (Thionic Fluvisols) từ huyện Phụng Hiệp, tỉnh Hậu Giang trong điều kiện nhà lưới

This study was examined the effect of fresh spent coffee ground (FSCG) on growth and yield of rice, soil chemical and biological properties under the nethouse conditions. Rice was continuously cultivated in acid sulfate soil taken from Phung Hiep, Hau Giang. Eight different treatments including the control (no added fertilizer), 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% of FSCG applied (w/w, based on the dry soil mass) with 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer fomula and the treatment with recommended inorganic fertilizer (100N-60P2O5-30K2O) were conducted with four replicates for each treatment. The FSCG was applied into soil only in the first crop with five application period. Parameters of growth, yield of rice, pH, EC and microbial numbers in soil were sampled. The results showed that treatments of 1%, 4% and 5% of FSCG with 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer fomula had the growth and yield of rice lower than those of the recommended inorganic fertilizer treatment. However, in these treatments, the numbers of soil bacteria, fungi, nitrogen fixing bacterial and phosphate solubilizing bacterial increased significantly compared to those in other treatments. Thus, as a prospect of soil amendment in sustainable agricultural development, FSCG can be applied with an application dose of 1% into acid sulfate soil for rice growth and yield.

Efficacy of bacterial antagonists as seed treatment and neem oil cake against Meloidogyne incognita in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

A pot culture study was carried out in the net house condition to test the effectiveness of neem oil cake and bacterial antagonists (Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens) as seed treatments @ 10 g/kg seed in alone and combinations against root knot nematode infecting cucumber. All the treatments recorded significantly increase in plant growth parameters and decrease in nematode growth over untreated inoculated check. Among all treatments, the combined effect of neem cake and bio-agents exhibited higher plant growth than their single application. The treatment comprising of soil application of neem oil cake @ 1.0 t/ha and seed treatment with P. fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed significantly increased the shoot length (69.7%), root length (84.5%), fresh shoot weight (35.4%), fresh root weight (98.2%), dry shoot weight (89.5%), dry root weight (94.1%) and decreased the root galls/plant (82.6%), number of egg masses/plant (84.8%) and final nematode population (66.3%) in soil, respectively over untreated check with lowest root knot index (2.67) followed by soil application of neem oil cake @ 1.0 t/ha and seed treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens @ 10 g/kg seed. Therefore, soil application of neem oil cake @ 1.0 t/ha and seed treatment with P. fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed may be recommended for eco-friendly management of Meloidogyne incognita in cucumber.

Banana peel biochar as alternative source of potassium for plant productivity and sustainable agriculture

PurposeBiochar addition to soil is immensely beneficial for increasing plant productivity and C sequestration, attenuating nutrient leaching loss, counteracting heavy metal contamination and organic waste triggered environmental pollution. To understand the sustainable benefits of biochar, two pot experiments were conducted under net house condition in Khulna University, Bangladesh.MethodsBiochar was prepared from banana peel waste through slow pyrolysis process under limited oxygen condition. Three lower rates (1, 2 and 3%) of banana peel biochar (BPB) were added with agricultural soil along with control with three replications for each. After incorporation of BPB into soil, pots were kept under field condition for 7 days and then the seeds of Ipomoea aquatica were sown. Plants were harvested after 42 days from seeds sowing and plant height, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight were measured. Another pot experiment was also conducted under sand medium to test the BPB as K-rich soil amendment where K was applied from two different sources (KCl and BPB) along with control. Seeds of Cucurbita moschata were sown and 40 days after seed sowing, K deficiency was observed in control treatments.ResultsBanana peel biochar was found to be rich in K content. Plant productivity and above-ground biomass were reduced in 1% BPB treatments, but increased in 2 and 3% BPB treatments as compared to control but statistically insignificant (p < 0.05). In case of second experiment, K deficiency symptoms were observed in 40 days aged Cucurbita moschata seedlings under control treatments, whereas no K deficiency symptom was noticed in plants grown under K supplied from both KCl and BPB. Moreover, the plant grown with BPB was found healthy, stronger and greener in appearance.ConclusionThis positive influence of BPB on plant growth suggests the alternative way to overcome the use of chemical fertilizer and effective way of utilization of agricultural wastes through recycling.

Evaluation of growth and development of some varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) under nethouse conditions in Chau Doc

This study was carried out under nethouse conditions in Chau Doc city with 6 types of black tomatoes to select the potential ones suitable for the local ecological conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate growth parameters, fruit quality, and adaptability characteristics of black tomato varieties under nethouse conditions in Chau Doc city. The results showed that some promising cultivars had an early harvest ranging from 90 days to 103 days such as Indigo Rose, Viagra Socola, black Russian, Cherry Chocolate, Black Baron and Savior. All cultivars had a plant structure well adapted to the local nethouse conditions in Chau Doc city. Variety Cherry Chocolate gained the highest fruit setting with 203. Viagra Socola, black Russian, Cherry Chocolate gained higher at over 4.0 tons/1,000 m2. The lowest yield of the Black Baron was obtained at 2.83 tons/1,000 m2. The Savior was obtained at 7.05 tons/1,000 m2 with a relatively good fruit quality. Briefly, the promising cultivars are Viagra Socola, Cherry Chocolate, black Russian and further research is needed to evaluate their real field production.