Net Effect Research Articles

Factors associated with the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets in pregnant women and mothers with children under five years of age in Gaza province, Mozambique.

Malaria remains a major public health concern worldwide. Malaria is endemic in Mozambique, with seasonal fluctuations throughout the country. Although the number of malaria cases in Mozambique have dropped by 11% from 2020 to 2021, there are still hotspots in the country with persistent high incidence and low insecticide-treated bed net usage. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors associated with the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets by pregnant women and women with children under 5 years old in two hotspot districts in the Gaza province, Mozambique. A descriptive, qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted between June 15th and 21st 2022. An in-depth interview process was conducted with pregnant women and mothers with children under five years old, exploring their beliefs, experiences, and perception of messages conveyed by health professionals when long-lasting insecticidal nets were being supplied. A total of 48 women participated (24 pregnant women and 24 women with children under 5 years). Most participants recognized the protective effects of long-lasting insecticidal nets in preventing malaria, and understood that women and children were high risk groups. The nets were reported to cause side effects and difficulty breathing by 100% of pregnant women, while 54.2% of mothers with children under 5 reported no side effects. The majority of women in both groups reported that their health professionals did not educate them about how to use or handle the nets properly. Only 16.7% of mothers with children under 5 received correct handling instructions. Providing clear, culturally sensitive, and practical information on the correct use of LLINs, as well as regular monitoring of their proper use, would be a great step forward for Mozambique's national malaria program.

Priority effects of forbs arriving early: the role of root interaction and asymmetric competition

BackgroundThe priority effect of plant arrival is a key driver of community assembly and ecosystem succession during the restoration of degraded plant communities. However, the significance of the arrival order of different plant functional groups and their interactions with community assemblies remains unclear. Using a phytotron experiment with three fully crossed factors, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of priority effects and their relationships with the biomass and biodiversity effects in mixed plant communities by manipulating the order of arrival of species, isolation of roots, and removal of specific plants.ResultsThe results showed that the strength and direction of priority effects were influenced by arrival order, root interactions, asymmetric competition among species, and their interactions. The identities of early and late-sown species also determined the magnitude of priority effects. The priority effects were stronger in grass-first (24.76%) and legume-first communities (24.48%) than in forb-first communities. The pot biomass of the different priority treatments was highest in grass-first (5.85 g), followed by legume-first (3.94 g) and forb-first (2.48 g). The order of arrival in the mixture significantly affected the net biodiversity effects (P < 0.001), which were driven by dominance effects. The community had lower overall biomass when forbs were sown first, whereas the species grown later had fewer costs with an increased overall net benefit for the resulting community.ConclusionsOur results emphasize that root interactions and asymmetric competition are vital determinants of order-specific priority effects in community assemblies. In addition, the importance of the priority effect of forbs sown first is related to community assembly, which may be a key determinant in successfully establishing a highly diverse community in the early stages of restoration. Species with weak competition should be considered in the early stage of community assembly. The rational use of the priority effect is conducive to improving the quality and efficiency of ecological restoration efforts.

Effect of carotenoid supplementation on blood pressure in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Hypertension (HTN) is regarded as a serious public health issue throughout the world. High blood pressure (BP) may be improved by carotenoid supplementation; however, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide conflicting evidence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of carotenoid supplementation on BP in RCTs by systematically review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive literature search was performed in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases until October 2023, with no limitation on the date or language of publication. Studies that evaluated the net effects of carotenoids in the form of supplements on BP in adults were selected. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated on the basis of a fixed or random-effects model. Sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, publication bias, and heterogeneity were assessed using standard methods. Cochrane quality assessments were used to evaluate the included studies' bias risks. Evidence certainty was calculated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework). Reports on a total of 19 RCTs involving 1151 participants were included in this review. Carotenoid supplementation significantly reduced the systolic BP (SBP) (WMD, -2.492 mmHg; 95%CI, -4.52, -0.47; P = 0.016) and diastolic BP (DBP) (WMD, -1.60 mmHg; 95%CI, -2.73, -0.47; P = 0.005). Greater effects were observed in Asian participants, those aged >50 years, nonhealthy participants, and participants with a baseline SBP ≥130 mmHg and DBP ≥80 mmHg, at dose >10 mg. Dose-response analysis showed that carotenoid supplementation decreased SBP and DBP levels at doses of, respectively, 0-25 and 0-20 mg/d. Evidence for all SBP, DBP, and heart rate values was high quality. Carotenoid supplementation had a beneficial effect on BP parameters, especially in nonhealthy study participants with high BP baseline levels. CRD42023402740.

Automated three-dimensional image registration for longitudinal photoacoustic imaging.

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has great potential in monitoring disease progression and treatment response in breast cancer. However, due to variations in breast repositioning, there is a chance of geometric misalignment between images. Further, poor repositioning can affect light fluence distribution and imaging field-of-view, making images different from one another. The net effect is that it becomes challenging to distinguish between image changes due to repositioning effects and those due to true biological variations. The aim is to develop a three-dimensional image registration framework for geometrically aligning repeated PAT volumetric images, which are potentially affected by repositioning effects such as misalignment, changed radiant exposure conditions, and different fields-of-view. The proposed framework involves the use of a coordinate-based neural network to represent the displacement field between pairs of PAT volumetric images. A loss function based on normalized cross correlation and Frangi vesselness feature extraction at multiple scales was implemented. We refer to our image registration framework as MUVINN-reg, which stands for multiscale vesselness-based image registration using neural networks. The approach was tested on a longitudinal dataset of healthy volunteer breast PAT images acquired with the hybrid photoacoustic-ultrasound Photoacoustic Mammoscope 3 imaging system. The registration performance was also tested under unfavorable repositioning conditions such as intentional mispositioning, and variation in breast-supporting cup size between measurements. A total of 13 pairs of repeated PAT scans were included in this study. MUVINN-reg showed excellent performance in co-registering each pair of images. The proposed framework was shown to be robust to image intensity shifts and field-of-view changes. Furthermore, MUVINN-reg could align vessels at imaging depths greater than 4cm. The proposed framework will enable the use of PAT for quantitative and reproducible monitoring of disease progression and treatment response.

Dissimilarity in root traits and spatial distribution promotes the productivity of Piper nigrum L. and tree species in mixture systems

Background and aimsClarifying why species mixtures produce greater biomass compared to monocultures is important for understanding the effect of biodiversity in natural and agricultural systems. At present, it remains unclear whether differential root traits and spatial distribution between the liana and tree species can promote productivity of mixtures. MethodsA 4-month glasshouse experiment and a 3-year field trial were conducted to examine the influence of root traits and the vertical and horizontal root distribution on productivity of independently supported liana Piper nigrum (Pn) and five other species. In the glasshouse experiment, Pn was grown in monoculture or mixed with one of five species: Coffea arabica, Areca catechu, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Camellia oleifera, and Coffea canephora. In the field trial, the Pn/Ac system and each monoculture were tested. ResultsCompared with monoculture, all Pn and mixture systems showed a positive net effect and a high complementarity effect on shoot biomass. The variation in complementarity effect was mainly associated with dissimilarity in the multidimensional root space trait and a few specific individual traits (root phosphatase activity and mycorrhizal colonization) between Pn and the neighbors. In the field, Pn in the mixture increased proportion of root length in the 20–40 cm soil layer and allocated less root length in the space shared between Pn and Ac, thus achieving spatial separation of roots and promoting the final yield. ConclusionThese findings suggest that the dissimilarity in root traits and spatial distribution may be an important mechanism for promoting the productivity of mixtures of liana and tree species.

Evaluating the effect of settlement services in South Korea: Focused on Korea Immigration & Integration Program

To improve immigrants’ integration, Korea Immigration & Integration Program (KIIP) has been delivered since 2009 in South Korea (hereafter Korea), yet little research has empirically estimated its net effect. Hence, the main aim of this study is to empirically and directly evaluate its net effect, using an Inverse-probability weighted analytical technique controlling selection bias that may distort its net effect. Utilizing the “Estimating social and economic effect of KIIP”, published by the Ministry of Justice, Korea in 2017, this study selects immigrants including participants (n = 800) and nonparticipants (n = 214). The findings indicate that the effect of KIIP is dubious. Specifically, KIIP plays a role in raising the level of naturalization of immigrants, accepting Korean culture, and satisfying their lives. However, there are statistically non-significant differences in employment, monthly income, keeping home country’s culture, social networks, Korean language skills, discrimination, and the sense of belonging to the Korean society between participants and nonparticipants. This shows both the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of KIIP. To find a way to improve integration, this study suggests strengthening advantages and offsetting disadvantages, in managing KIIP.

Low cloud response to aerosol‐radiation‐cloud interactions: Idealized WRF numerical experiments for EUREC4A project

AbstractAerosols significantly affect cloud microphysics and energy budget in different ways. The contribution of the direct, semi‐direct, and indirect effects of aerosols on radiation are here investigated over the North Atlantic tropical ocean under different aerosol loadings. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model is used to perform a set of numerical idealized experiments, which are forced with prescribed aerosol profiles. We evaluate the effects of aerosols on modeled shallow clouds and surface radiative budget. The results indicate that large aerosol loadings are associated with enhanced cloudiness and reduced precipitation. While the change in rainfall is mainly due to the larger number of smaller droplets, the change in cloudiness is attributed to the effects of absorbing aerosols, mainly dust particles, which are responsible for a rise of temperature that feeds back onto specific humidity. As in the boundary layer the increase of moisture dominates, the net effect is a higher relative humidity, which favors the formation of thin low non‐precipitating clouds. The feedback accounts for a dynamical change in the lower troposphere: shortwave radiation absorption increases temperature at the top of the marine atmospheric boundary‐layer and reduces entrainment of warm and dry air, increasing low level moisture content. Despite the overall increase in cloudiness, daytime cloud cover is reduced. The semi‐direct effect of aerosols on clouds results in a warming of the surface, opposite to the indirect effect.

Monitoring and management of common property resources: empirical evidence from forest user groups in Ethiopia

AbstractThe presence of monitoring institutions affects quality and effort of leaders. We investigate the effect of intensified monitoring on the ability and effort of leaders for a sample of forest user groups in Ethiopia, and find experimental and non-experimental evidence of an important trade-off: monitoring increases leaders' effort but lowers their quality in terms of education and experience. This effort–ability trade-off only occurs in the presence of alternative income opportunities (affecting the opportunity cost of time) and only among a subsample of leaders with low prosocial motivation. For our context, we document that the net effect of monitoring on economic outcomes is positive.

Non-isochoric stable granular models taking into account fluidisation by pore gas pressure

In this paper, we study non-isochoric models for mixtures of solid particles, at high volume concentration, and a gas. One of the motivations for this work concerns geophysics and more particularly the pyroclastic density currents, whose dense basal parts are precisely mixtures of pyroclasts and lithic fragments and air. They are extremely destructive phenomena, capable of devastating urbanised areas, and are known to propagate over long distances, even over almost flat topography. Fluidisation of these dense granular flows by pore gas pressure is one response that could explain this behaviour and must therefore be taken into account in the models. Starting from a solid–gas mixing model and invoking the compressibility of the gas through a law of state, we rewrite the conservation of mass equation of the gas phase into an equation of the pore gas pressure whose net effect is to reduce the friction between the particles. The momentum equation of the solid phase is completed by generic constitutive laws, specified as in Schaeffer et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 874, 2019, pp. 926–951) by a yield function and a dilatancy function. Therefore, the divergence of the velocity field, which reflects the ability of the granular flow to expand or compress, depends on the volume fraction, pressure, strain rate and inertial number. In addition, we require the dilatancy function to describe the rate of volume change of the granular material near an isochoric equilibrium state, i.e. at constant volume. This property ensures that the volume fraction, which is the solution to the conservation of mass equation, is positive and finite at all times. We also require that the non-isochoric fluidised model be linearly stable and dissipate energy (over time). In this theoretical framework, we derive the dilatancy models corresponding to classical rheologies such as Drucker–Prager and $\mu (I)$ (with or without expansion effects). The main result of this work is to show that it is possible to obtain non-isochoric and fluidised granular models satisfying all the properties necessary to correctly account for the physics of granular flows and which are well posed, at least linearly stable.

Credit access and housing insecurity: Evidence from winter utility shutoff protections

Fifty-six percent of urban renters face some level of housing insecurity. I explore the role of credit access, or lack thereof, as a contributing factor. To do so, I study a temporary line of credit extended to households in the form of protection from heat shutoffs during the winter. These protections allow households to delay winter energy payments without risk of losing their heat. I adopt a triple difference-in-differences (DDD) approach, leveraging variation in states’ shutoff protection dates and census tracts’ average energy burdens. I estimate that the temporary extension of credit reduces the eviction filing rate by 4% in census tracts with high energy burdens. I provide suggestive evidence that eviction filings do not spike after the temporary credit access ends, implying a net negative effect of temporary credit access on filings over the entire year. I further demonstrate that a 3% increase in rental payments explains the decline in eviction filings, which is consistent with access to credit allowing renters to smooth consumption.

Pyrethroid resistance and gene expression profile of a new resistant An. gambiae colony from Uganda reveals multiple resistance mechanisms and overexpression of Glutathione-S-Transferases linked to survival of PBO-pyrethroid combination

Background: The effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are being threatened by growing resistance to pyrethroids. To restore their efficacy, a synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) which inhibits cytochrome P450s has been incorporated into pyrethroid treated nets. A trial of PBO-LLINs was conducted in Uganda from 2017 and we attempted to characterize mechanisms of resistance that could impact intervention efficacy. Methods: We established an Anopheles gambiae s.s colony in 2018 using female mosquitoes collected from Busia district in eastern Uganda. We first assessed the phenotypic resistance profile of this colony using WHO tube and net assays using a deltamethrin dose-response approach. The Busia colony was screened for known resistance markers and RT-qPCR targeting 15 genes previously associated with insecticide resistance was performed. Results: The Busia colony had very high resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT. In addition, the colony had moderate resistance to alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin but were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion. Exposure to PBO in combination with permethrin and deltamethrin resulted in higher mortality rates in both net and tube assays, with a higher mortality observed in net assays than tube assays. The kdr marker, Vgsc-995S was at very high frequency (91.7-98.9%) whilst the metabolic markers Coeae1d and Cyp4j5-L43F were at very low (1.3% - 11.5%) and moderate (39.5% - 44.7%) frequencies respectively. Our analysis showed that gene expression pattern in mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin, permethrin or DDT only were similar in comparison to the susceptible strain and there was significant overexpression of cytochrome P450s, glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) and carboxyl esterases (COEs). However, mosquitoes exposed to both PBO and pyrethroid strikingly and significantly only overexpressed closely related GSTs compared to unexposed mosquitoes while major cytochrome P450s were underexpressed. Conclusions: The high levels of pyrethroid resistance observed in Busia appears associated with a wide range of metabolic gene families.

Wetland soil organic carbon balance is reversed by old carbon and iron oxide additions.

Iron (Fe) oxides can stabilize organic carbon (OC) through adsorption and co-precipitation, while microbial Fe reduction can disrupt Fe-bound OC (Fe-OC) and further increase OC mineralization. The net effects of OC preservation and mineralization mediated by Fe oxides are still unclear, especially for old carbon (formed from plant litters over millions of years) and crystalline Fe oxides. Accelerating the recovery of wetland carbon sinks is critical for mitigating climate change and achieving carbon neutrality. Quantifying the net effect of Fe-mediated OC mineralization and preservation is vital for understanding the role of crystalline Fe oxides in carbon cycling and promoting the recovery of soil carbon sinks. Here, we explored the OC balances mediated by hematite (Hem) and lignite addition (Lig) to freshwater wetland (FW, rich in C and Fe) and saline-alkaline wetland (SW, poor in C and Fe) soil slurries, incubated under anaerobic conditions. Results showed that Lig caused net OC accumulation (FW: 5.9 ± 3.6 mg g-1; SW: 8.3 ± 3.2 mg g-1), while Hem caused dramatic OC loss, particularly in the FW soils. Hem inhibited microbial Fe(III) reduction by decreasing the relative abundance of Fe respiration reducers, while substantially enhancing OC mineralization through the shift in the microbial community structure of FW soils. Lig resulted in carbon emission, but its contribution to preservation by the formation of Fe-OC was far higher than that which caused OC loss. We concluded that crystalline Fe oxide addition solely favored the increase of OC mineralization by adjusting the microbial community structure, while old carbon enriched with an aromatic and alkyl promoted Fe-OC formation and further increased OC persistence. Our findings could be employed for wetland restoration, particularly for the recovery of soil carbon sinks.

Mobile money innovations, income inequality and gender inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa

This study assesses the role of mobile money innovations on income inequality and gender inclusion in 42 sub-Saharan African countries from 1980 to 2019 using interactive quantile regressions. It finds that, first, income inequality unconditionally reduces the involvement of women in business and politics. Second, mobile money innovations interact with income inequality to have a positive impact on women in business and politics. Third, the net effects of mobile money innovations on gender inclusion through income inequality are consistently negative. Fourth, as the positive conditional or interactive effects and negative net effects are consistent across the conditional distribution of gender inclusion, thresholds at which mobile money innovations can completely dampen the negative effect of income inequality on gender inclusion are provided. Therefore, policymakers should work toward improving conditions for mobile money innovations. They should also be aware that reducing both income inequality and enhancing mobile money innovations simultaneously leads to more inclusive outcomes in terms of gender inclusion.

The paths leading to harmonious and obsessive entrepreneurial passion

ABSTRACT Prior studies have typically examined the individual antecedents of entrepreneurial passion, but overlooked the complex interactions among those determinants. This study addresses this gap in the literature by using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to explore the combinations of educational, structural, and relational support and entrepreneurial self-efficacy that drive two types of entrepreneurial passion; namely, obsessive and harmonious passion. We tested our propositions by reference to a sample of 304 young individuals who had graduated from or were studying at business and engineering schools in France. Data were collected between November 2020 and January 2021. Our findings challenge the net effect approach and indicate that passion is, instead, shaped by several combinations of support mechanisms and individual traits. Specifically, obsessive and harmonious passion are triggered by one common path and two discrete configurations of factors. These findings have important implications for theory and practice.

Are children spending too much time on enrichment activities?

We study the effects of enrichment activities such as reading, homework, and extracurricular lessons on children’s cognitive and non-cognitive skills. We take into consideration the opportunity cost of spending time on enrichment, as it may replace activities such as sleep and socializing. Our study controls for selection on unobservables using a control function approach that leverages the fact that many children spend zero hours per week on enrichment activities. At zero enrichment, confounders vary but enrichment does not, giving us direct information about the effect of confounders on skills. Using time diary data available in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we find that the net effect of the last hour of enrichment is close to zero for cognitive skills and negative for non-cognitive skills. The negative effects for non-cognitive skills are concentrated in high school, consistent with elevated academic pressure related to college admissions.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of cylindrical air gap membrane distillation system and effect of the membrane support net on its performance.

In present study a cylindrical module is studied based on air gap membrane distillation configuration and studied for desalination purpose. A complete theoretical model was developed with consideration of design and operating parameters that enabled a Cylindrical Air Gap Membrane Distillation (CAGMD) module specific performance analysis. Theoretical model was verified with the literature as well as with the experimental results carried out on a lab scale CAGMD module. The effect of support nets which supports the membrane on the air gap side is also discussed on the performance. Support nets made up of four different thermal conductivities material- copper, aluminum, brass and polypropylene (PP) are considered for this study. The effect of feed temperature and flow rate, air gap width, cold flow rate, effect of thermal conductivities of support nets and height of the module was studied on the performance of CAGMD module. Permeate flux, Specific Thermal Energy Consumption (STEC) and the Gained output ratio (GOR) was selected as the performance indicators and the results for all the resulted parameters obtained from experimental and theoretical model falls in good agreement with only 6% deviation, that suggests that the proposed model is best suitable for predicting the behavior of any cylindrical AGMD module with great effectiveness. It is suggested that for better performance of the system feed flow rate, temperature and cold flow rate should be maintained at higher level. Maximum permeate flux achieved from the CAGMD module is 9.22kg/m2h.

Concurrent warming and browning eliminate cold-water fish habitat in many temperate lakes

Cold-water species in temperate lakes face two simultaneous climate-driven ecosystem changes: warming and browning of their waters. Browning refers to reduced transparency arising from increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which absorbs solar energy near the surface. It is unclear whether the net effect is mitigation or amplification of climate warming impacts on suitable oxythermal habitat (<20 °C, >5 mgO/L) for cold-loving species because browning expands the vertical distribution of both cool water and oxygen depletion. We analyzed long-term trends and high-frequency sensor data from browning lakes in New York's Adirondack region to assess the contemporary status of summertime habitat for lacustrine brook trout. Across two decades, surface temperatures increased twice as fast and bottom dissolved oxygen declined >180% faster than average trends for temperate lakes. We identify four lake categories based on oxythermal habitat metrics: constrained, squeezed, overheated, and buffered. In most of our study lakes, trout face either seasonal loss (7 of 15) or dramatic restriction (12 to 21% of the water column; 5 of 15) of suitable habitat. These sobering statistics reflect rapid upward expansion of oxygen depletion in lakes with moderate or high DOC relative to compression of heat penetration. Only in very clear lakes has browning potentially mitigated climate warming. Applying our findings to extensive survey data suggests that decades of browning have reduced oxythermal refugia in most Adirondack lakes. We conclude that joint warming and browning may preclude self-sustaining cold-water fisheries in many temperate lakes; hence, oxythermal categorization is essential to guide triage strategies and management interventions.

The Effect of Takeover Protection in Quiet Life and Bonding Firms

Abstract Antitakeover measures are controversial because the evidence of their net effect on shareholders is mixed. We propose that, for many firms, the potential bonding benefits outweigh the agency costs of the quiet life, explaining the mixed results. We study business combination and poison pill laws as exogenous shocks to takeover vulnerability and use shareholder valuation of internal slack as an indicator of the net effect of takeover protection. Firms susceptible to quiet life agency problems exhibit a decrease in the market-assessed value of internal slack. Conversely, cash appreciates at companies where takeover protection bonds commitments with major counterparties.

Deciphering the environmental values behind green purchasing: A mixed-method exploration through regression analysis and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis

The effectiveness of promoting green products in an effort to reduce carbon emissions relies heavily on understanding the mechanisms that influence green purchasing behavior. These mechanisms, however, remain both controversial and unclear, necessitating a thorough investigation to identify and decipher their underlying impacts. This paper presents a comprehensive dual-study analysis employing a mixed-methods approach to demystify this subject. Our first study tests the “net effect” mechanism of a theoretical model based on responses from 611 questionnaires from Chinese customers. Utilizing hierarchical regression analysis and Bootstrap confidence intervals, we examine the main effect, mediating effect, moderating effect, and moderated mediating effect to construct a more distinct “net effect” model than previously available. In the second study, the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method (fs-QCA) is employed to examine the different antecedent variables affecting green purchasing behavior. The findings show no single determinant is essential; instead, green purchasing behavior follows three distinct patterns - namely, internal autogenous, environment-oriented, and individual profit-driven. Further analysis reveals that each pattern hinges on “green trust” to facilitate green purchasing behavior. The findings offer significant contributions to the understanding of the role environmental values play in green purchasing behavior. Moreover, it furnishes empirical insights that fostering consumers toward low-carbon consumption.

Effects of black sun shade nets and humidity levels on cassava growth for mini-cutting propagation

This research presents the effects of black sun shade nets and humidity levels on cassava growth for mini-cutting propagation. The experiments were split-plots design with three replicates where two net shade covering treatments: one with 100% coverage using black sun shade net and the other with no covering as control were assigned in main plots and three humidity levels: 65-70%, 70-75%, and 75-80% to sub-plots. Data on shoot emergence rate, numbers of shoots per stem cutting, plant height, number of leaves and shoot diameter were measured. The obtained results suggested that the combination of 50% covering with black sun shade nets and maintaining a humidity level of 70-75% is effective for cassava multiplication Our findings may help in further strategy for the application in cassava rapid propagation