Net Assets Research Articles

Pengaruh Debt To Equity Ratio, Net Profit Margin, Current Ratio dan Total Asset Turn Over Terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba: pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Farmasi yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2014-2023

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of the following factors on earning growth in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2023: debt to equity ratio, net profit margin, current ratio, and total asset turnover. This study employs a quantitative methodology that combines a verification and descriptive strategy. Traditional assumption testing, multiple linear regression testing, Pearson correlation coefficient testing, determination coefficient testing, and hypothesis testing with partial and simultaneous tests (t and f tests) are some of the statistical testing methods used for verification. Sixty financial reports from businesses in the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies provide the sample data. employing nonprobability purposive sampling for sampling. Version 26.0 of SPSS is utilized as a data processing tool. The results of the partial study obtained Debt To Equity Ratio has no effect on Earning growth, Net Profit Margin has an effect on Earning growth, Current Ratio has an effect on Earning growth and total asset turnover has no effect on Earning growth. The results of the simultaneous study showed that Debt to Equity Ratio, Net Profit Margin, Current Ratio and Total Asset Turnover had a significant influence on Earning growth.

Navigating Reversed Valuation Dilemmas: SME Enterprises Nationalized in 1950s Poland - A Case Study

The publication describes a problem that often arises in court cases regarding the valuation of SME forcibly nationalized in the 1950s. Valuation of compensation to previous SME owners is an ongoing court debate in Poland. The authors proposed an approach that took into account the economic conditions at that time and complied with the principle of paying compensation for the actual losses incurred, and not for the potential losses that could be incurred as a result. At the same time, the publication analysed other similar judgments in cases regarding compensation for nationalized enterprises. The practical and scientific value of the publication lies in the fact that it addresses an existing practical problem and its solution. Research Design & Methods: the paper presents a conceptual proposal of the SME valuation method in unique circumstances, complemented by a detailed case study illustrating the application of this valuation approach. Findings: When calculating the compensation for nationalization or other forms of expropriation courts use various methods of valuing net assets (fair market value, book value, recreation value) plus separately determine the value of intangibles, such as licenses, based on the discounted average profits from such assets for a reasonable period of time. If indexation was employed (for historical cost valuation), it used either average interest rates in the economy, the cost of capital of a company, or the cost of lost opportunities for a particular company. Using discounted cash flow valuation for the entire business was uncommon and even if it was included in the bilateral investment treaties (which were meant to protect investors from expropriation) it was considered by the tribunals as speculative and unreliable. Our approach proposes net asset value approach with the use of inflation or average salaries for indexation (to calculate current values of assets) and a combined approach of historical values if they were known at the moment of nationalization and modern estimates of values of remaining assets (that belonged to the company but their value was not provided in the original documentation). Implications & Recommendations: The analysis of historical compensation decisions and bilateral investment treaties suggests that the most popular approach to valuing a loss from expropriation is the fair market value approach and net assets approach with a separate valuation of significant intangible assets provided that they gave certainty of profits for the investor. Contribution & Value Added: The practical and scientific value of the publication lies in the fact that it presents an existing practical problem of court calculation of compensations to owners of forcibly nationalized SMEs in Poland and its solution together with methodological framework that can be used in the future

Performance Analysis of Selected Mutual Fund Schemes: A Case Study

This study aims to evaluate the performance of selected mutual fund schemes offered by Aditya Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund. By leveraging secondary data from April 2022 to March 2023, this research analyzes the Net Asset Value (NAV) and corresponding returns of five mutual fund schemes. Utilizing statistical tools and the Sharpe Index Model, the study assesses risk-adjusted returns to rank the schemes and provide insights into their relative performance. The findings serve as a valuable resource for individual investors, organizations, and regulators, facilitating informed investment decisions and highlighting market trends. The research underscores the significance of mutual funds as a viable investment vehicle for diverse portfolios and examines the efficacy of specific schemes in achieving their investment objectives.

The presentation of income and other comprehensive income in the IAS Conceptual Framework

Introduction. The articulation of profit or loss and other comprehensive income increases the usefulness and faithfully represent information in financial statements. The IAS Conceptual Framework assigns primacy to the reflecting changes measurement assets and liabilities, expressed in terms of rights or requirements with respect to profit or loss. The result of this balance-sheet approach is that net income is determined as a by-product of the recognition and measurement of net assets in the balance sheet. At the same time recognized other comprehensive income. However, other comprehensive income, due to its lack of firm theoretical underpinnings, removes only the incoherencies related to capital- maintenance adjustments, is a debated question that remains unresolved what determines the relevance of the research and enables the formation of its purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of applying the balance-sheet approach in determining net income or loss and to study their impact on the accounting practice of non-financial companies. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the application of a systematic approach to improving the application of the balance-sheet model when determining net profit with the recognition of total income, comparative analysis, scientific generalization – for the study of the approaches proposed by scientists to the calculation of net profit and the use of the principle of matching between revenues and expenses, structural-logical and semantic analysis – to determine the shortcomings of the application of the balance-sheet model for non-financial companies, induction and deduction, abstract-logical – to improve the methodology of using the balance-sheet model taking into account the principles of accrual and compliance, tabular – to determine the list of transactions, as a result of which other aggregate income is recognized and establish the advantages of using the model balance. Results. The determined that the number of operations that require adjustment of assets and liabilities according to requirements IAS increases. As a consequence, profit conventional (realised) and other comprehensive income (unrealised) are recognized, which is not sufficiently represented by the Conceptual Framework. Taking the first step in the above, considered the merits of the concept of the balance-sheet approach: separate presentation of realized and unrealized income or losses (other comprehensive income), accounting for changes in the value of assets and liabilities in the longterm, control over adjustments of previously unrealized income and losses, separate presentation of revaluation results of assets and of articles that are to be reclassified, true presentation of the amount of net assets in the balance-sheet for each reporting date, separation of taxable and of nontaxable income, reduction of uncertainty. Conclusions and prospects. Installed, that the balance-sheet approach in the Framework is a good starting point for evaluating issues of recognition and measurement net assets, profit or loss. However, taking into the implications of а common practice, the of a pure balance-sheet approach cannot be used satisfactorily in non-financial companies without taking into account principles for accrual and matching in the part of the main operating activity. The informative income statement should convey a measure of profit from sales and that requires some form of matching. Mixed approach is more comprehensive, allowing for complementary roles for balance-sheet of an income statement. Common using in practice matching when determining income from operating activities and the balance-sheet method requires more detailed research in subsequent scientific work.

A theory of net capital flows over the global financial cycle

We develop a theory to account for the relationship between global asset price changes and net capital flows. We show empirically that countries that have a net debt of safe assets experience a rise in net outflows of safe assets (i.e. pay off safe asset debt) when global asset prices fall. This is accomplished through a rise in total net outflows (an increase in net savings) and a drop in net outflows of risky assets (the net sale of foreign risky assets). We develop a multi-country portfolio choice model that can account for these facts. The theory relies on cross-country heterogeneity in the share of an investor’s portfolio invested in risky assets. A global drop in risky asset prices changes relative wealth across countries due to this heterogeneity, which leads to changes in net flows of safe and risky assets. The model is applied to 20 advanced countries and calibrated to reflect observed cross country heterogeneity of net foreign asset positions of safe and risky assets. The implications of the calibrated model for net capital flows are quantitatively consistent with the data.

An Empirical Study of Public and Private Sector Bank’s NPA for the Period of 2005-2021

One of the most significant and challenging issues affecting the entire banking industry in India is the problem of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs). The primary source of revenue for banks is the interest collected on the loans they extend. However, when banks lend money, they assume the risk of bad credit. This means that the bank is exposed to potential losses if the borrower fails to repay the loan. The conducted analysis addresses the long-standing issues and concerns associated with Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in scheduled commercial banks in India. This paper aims to assess the efficiency of each scheduled commercial bank in India over the period from 2005 to 2021. It evaluates key indicators, including net profit, total assets, total liabilities, and total employment. The aim and objectives of this study are to evaluate the variables impacted by NPA for public sector and private sector banks in India, to identify the scheduled commercial banks' NPA management shortcomings. The methodology which has been implemented in this study descriptive and panel regression analysis. Results shows that the larger NPA is in private sector bank when compared to public sector bank.

Modeling the risk of bank default

This paper is devoted to modeling the probability of default of Russian banks in 2015–2020. There are relatively few studies on defaults of Russian banks after 2015, and our work intends to partly fill this gap. The purpose of this research is to determine the main variables which significantly impact the risk of default of Russian banks. The work seeks to identify additional factors associated with an increased risk of bank defaults during a relatively stable period of development of the Russian economy (2015–2020) without external shocks, such as COVID‑19 or international sanctions. We apply an integrated approach to modeling the risk of bank defaults. Empirical methodology is represented by logit and probit models, as well as Cox regression. The set of potential predictors for bank defaults include the variables, characterizing various aspects of credit institutions functioning (in accordance with the CAMELS system), as well as macroeconomic variables. The most significant predictors of default turn out to be the capital adequacy ratio N1, bank net assets, the ratio of total loans to assets and the size of secured loan portfolio. In general, the results we obtain are consistent with the CAMELS system of indicators assessing the sustainability of commercial banks, while the impact of macroeconomic indicators tends to be insignificant. The results of the study could be of interest to the regulator both for the purposes of ongoing monitoring of financial stability as well as for default risk prevention; to credit institutions which elaborate internal systems for monitoring their financial soundness; and to financial market participants to select the most stable companies in terms of investment and allocation of funds. Further directions of research are related to the inclusion of a crisis period into the analysis and comparing the set of significant predictors for bank defaults during a crisis and a stable period of economic development, as well as the use of alternative methods, in particular, machine learning algorithms.

A Financial Analysis and Valuation of Electric Vehicle Companies

This paper examines the electric vehicle (EV) industry, with a particular focus on Tesla, NIO, and BYD. Tesla is a leading player thanks to its efficient operations and diverse product lineup, making it a preferred choice for investors. NIO, despite having a wide range of products, faces profitability challenges, which may discourage investors. BYD impresses with its consistent profitability and significant market share in China. Financial metrics such as net profit margin, operating margin, and asset turnover are analyzed to assess the performance and appeal of each company to investors. Tesla's operational efficiency, demonstrated by its strategically located Superfactories in major markets, reinforces its industry leadership. Its diverse product range and global market reach inspire investor confidence. On the other hand, NIO grapples with negative profit margins and limited production capacity, lessening its appeal to investors. BYD's steady profitability and considerable market share in China enhance investor confidence. Despite intense competition and market volatility, all three companies are poised to capitalize on the growing demand for EVs, driven by global sustainability efforts. In conclusion, Tesla and BYD appear as appealing investment prospects due to their profitability and market dominance, while NIO struggles to attract investors. Tesla's innovative production strategies and extensive market reach place it at the forefront of the EV industry, likely drawing more investors in the future.

STUDY OF RISK AND RETURN OF MUTUAL FUNDS

There are many avenues in financial market. An Investor can invest in Bank deposit, corporate debenture and bonds which has law risk with low return. He may also Investor in stock of company which has high risk with hight return. Investors look for safer investment avenues and want to maximize their returns in according to their risk. Whereas people also tries to invest money as early as possible so that the money will grow accordingly in his lifetime. Choose a good investing option is very critical because a balance is required to be maintained between the risks and returns involved in investment. Return is inspiring force and principal reward in the investment process. One of the essential, reason because ofwhich one needs to invest fairly is to meet the cost of inflation. Inflation is the rate at which the cost of living increases at that time. A mutual fund is an expertly overseen company of collective investments that swimming pools money from numerous buyers and puts it in stocks, bonds, momentary money market instruments, as nicely as distinct securities. Mutual money is emerging as helpful instrument for a large scope of speculators, from people looking to put some thing aside for retirement to subtle socialites concentrated on defending their belongings and businesspeople to make wealth. Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the reserve funds of various buyers who share a typical financial objective. Anyone with an investible overflow of as little as two or three thousand rupees can put resources into mutual fund devices as indicated by means of their expressed objective and strategy. Mutual Fund Company pools money from a gathering of individuals with normal hypothesis targets to buy securities, for example, stocks, bonds, money market instruments, a mixture of these instruments, or significantly unique belongings so as to acquire the reward of enhancement and expertly oversaw container of protections at a reasonably ease. In a mutual fund, the fund manager, who is likewise excellent as the portfolio manager, trades the funds underlying securities, acknowledging capital positive factors or losses, and gathers the dividend or hobby income. The income are passed alongside to the investors. The charge of a share of the mutual fund, acknowledged as the net asset value (NAV), which is determined on day through day base, in mild of the absolute estimation of the mutual fund divided by the extent of high-quality shares presently issued.

Corporate Accounting Management Risks Integrating Improved Association Rules and Data Mining

With the development of the times, enterprises need to face more data in operational decision-making. Traditional data analysis strategies cannot handle the growing amount of data well, and the accuracy of analysis will also decrease when faced with uneven data types. The research uses a corporate accounting management risk analysis technology that combines big data algorithms and improved clustering algorithms. This method combines big data processing ideas with a clustering algorithm that incorporates improved weighting parameters. The results show that on the data sets DS1, DS2, and DS3, the NMI values of the GMM algorithm are all 0; while the NMI values of the MCM algorithm correspond to 0.9291, 0.9088 and 0.8881 respectively. At the same time, the Macro-F1 values of the Verify2 algorithm correspond to 0.9979, 0.9501, and 0.9375 respectively, and the recognition accuracy of the data remains above 85%. In the running time comparison, when the number of samples in the data set reaches 5,000, the calculation time of the Verify2 algorithm remains within 5 seconds. In terms of practical application results, the study selected the profitability risk indicators of 40 companies for analysis. After conducting risk ratings, it can be seen that companies No. 5, 6, 7, and 39 have the highest risk levels, and companies No. 33 and 34 have the highest risk levels. The lowest level. After conducting risk assessments on the 40 selected listed companies, the risk level of net asset income of each company remained at level 5, and the risk level of earnings per share remained at level 3. The above results show that this technology has good performance in terms of calculation accuracy and calculation time, can assess enterprise risks, and can provide data support for enterprise operation decisions.

Implementation of ISAK No. 35 on the presentation of financial statements of non-profit-oriented entities (Study at GMIM Bukit Hermon Malalayang)

ISAK No. 35 can be used as a reference in preparing non-profit-oriented financial reporting. One non-profit oriented entity is a church, in this case, the Evangelical Christian Church in Minahasa (or often called GMIM). This study was carried out at GMIM Bukit Hermon Malalayang which is located in Malalayang District, Manado City. This study aims to examine the preparation of church financial reports based on ISAK No. 35 at GMIM Bukit Hermon Malalayang. The study method used is a qualitative approach based on case studies. The results show that the presentation of GMIM Bukit Hermon Malalayang's financial reports has not implemented ISAK No. 35 concerning the presentation of financial statements of non-profit-oriented entities. However, financial reporting is simply based on the GMIM Synod Treasury Supervision and Management Service Guidelines. During the 2023 period, financial reporting has been adjusted to ISAK No. 35 which consists of a comprehensive income report, change in net assets report, financial position report, cash flow report and notes to financial reports.

Factors influencing the pricing of credit risk mitigation warrants in corporate bond financing

AbstractIn 2022, various Chinese regulatory authorities, including the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) and the State‐owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC), jointly issued documents and convened seminars at the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges to highlight the importance of credit protection tools, particularly credit risk mitigation warrants (CRMWs), to bolster corporate bond market financing. However, empirical research on the factors influencing CRMW prices in the Chinese market remains scarce. This study examines the factors affecting CRMW creation prices using a sample of CRMWs issued between 2018 and 2023 and analyzes the macroeconomic factors, characteristics of the underlying issuers, and related financial instruments. This study employs Shapley decomposition to evaluate the contribution of each variable. The findings reveal that, on the macroeconomic front, the year‐on‐year GDP growth rate from the previous quarter and the loan balance of financial institutions significantly and negatively impact CRMW prices. Regarding the underlying issuers, the issuer's credit rating and return on net assets significantly negatively affect CRMW prices, whereas the asset–liability ratio and issuer age have a significant positive impact. Additionally, related financial instruments such as bond interest rates and the risk mitigation certificate term positively contribute to the coverage of the underlying bond term and have a significant positive impact on CRMW prices.

Analisis Du Pont System dalam Menilai Kinerja Keuangan pada PT Telkom Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, PT Indosat Tbk, PT Xl Axiata Tbk yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2017–2021

The purpose of this research is to analyze the assessment of the level of financial performance at PT Telkom Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, using the Du Pont System analysis method for the 2017–2021 period, to analyze the assessment of the level of financial performance at PT Indosat Tbk, using the Du Pont System analysis method for the 2017 period –2021, and to analyze the assessment of the level of financial performance at PT XL Axiata Tbk, using the Du Pont System analysis method for the 2017–2021 period. The type of data used in this research is quantitative data. The research results show that the financial performance of telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange as measured by Du Pont System analysis during the research period was still in poor condition. This was caused by sales and profits after tax decreasing. Likewise, total assets turnover decreased, this was caused by a decrease in sales value and total asset value. Return on investment belonging to telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2017-2021 period experienced a decline. This was caused by a decrease in the value of net profit margin and total assets turnover in that period.

Trade Wars, Nominal Rigidities, and Monetary Policy

Abstract This paper shows that the outcome of trade wars for tariffs and welfare will be affected by the monetary policy regime. The key message is that trade policy interacts with monetary policy in a way that magnifies the welfare costs of discretionary monetary policy in an international setting. If countries follow monetary policies of flexible inflation targeting, trade wars are relatively mild, with low equilibrium tariffs and small welfare costs. Discretionary monetary policies imply much higher tariffs, high inflation rates, and substantially larger welfare costs. We quantify the effects of a global trade war among major economies using estimates of trade elasticities, economic size, net foreign assets, and trade openness. We find large welfare benefits of an inflation targeting monetary policy for all countries.

Accounting for bubbles: A discussion of Arif and Sul (2024)

A signal that identifies asset pricing bubbles would be valuable so investors could reposition their portfolios to weather the bubble, yet ex ante bubble identification has proven illusory. Arif and Sul (2024) study whether industry-level investment in net operating asset (NOA) accruals is an ex ante accounting-based signal that predicts bubbles. Using industry-level price run-ups across 49 countries, they find that NOA accruals predict a higher likelihood of a future crash, lower future returns, and larger analyst forecast errors, especially following run-up periods. The authors attribute these patterns to sentiment-driven overinvestment. My discussion summarizes the contributions of Arif and Sul's findings to the asset pricing bubbles, behavioral finance, and aggregate accruals literatures. I also outline empirical challenges faced by studies investigating bubbles and recommend approaches to further strengthen inferences. Finally, I propose opportunities for future research to integrate deeper accounting knowledge into bubble research.

Excess return and tracking errors of Chinese ETFs

We adopt 72 passive equity exchange-traded funds (ETFs) from the Chinese A-share market to examine the size and time-varying characteristics of their tracking errors, identify their determinants, and gain insight into the persistent and positive excess returns. Net asset value traces index better than closing price does; surviving ETFs perform better than delisted ones. The common determinants are fund expenses, liquidity and volatility of the index. Many determinants asymmetrically influence the tracking errors in bull and bear markets. Further examination based on the capital asset pricing model indicates persistent positive excess return is a result of A-share market inefficiency.

Penerapan Sistem Informasi Akuntansi dan Pengendalian Internal dalam Mengurangi Salah Saji Laporan Keuangan

The issuance of an opinion on financial statements must be based on the belief that the financial reporting is fairly presented, meaning it is free from material misstatement. At Daarut Tauhiid Foundation, a phenomenon occurred where the financial statements for the years 2018-2020 received a qualified opinion (WDP) due to differences in the beginning and ending net asset balances caused by errors in Excel formulas. Primary data were collected from 54 respondents, including employees involved in the preparation of financial statements, those who have access to the accounting information system, and those engaged in internal control activities. Data processing revealed that the significance of the accounting information system variable was 0.04, the internal control variable was 0.002, and both variables together yielded a result of 0.000, indicating that the accounting information system and internal control simultaneously reduce financial statement misstatements. Ultimately, this study shows that internal control simultaneously reduces financial statement misstatements by 53.4%.

The Persistence of Equity Mutual Fund Performance: Further Evidence from an Emerging Economy

This study evaluates the persistence of performance of actively managed, equity-based mutual funds in Nigeria using monthly net asset values (NAVs) of 30 funds obtained from the Securities and Exchange Commission over 10 years from 2012 to 2021. We employed a non-parametric technique based on the Contingency Table to test for performance persistence, using the Cross-Product Ratio (CPR) and the Rank Correlation statistics. Evidence shows that mutual funds do not exhibit performance persistence, and the performance of loser funds does not repeat, hence past performance does not predict future performance. Therefore, we recommend that retail investors (and their advisers) should not rely on historical performance to select mutual funds as an investment vehicle. This study provides valuable insight into the performance of actively managed funds in Nigeria and contributes to the ongoing debate about the efficiency of the financial markets and the role of active fund management. It suggests that investors might be better off with passive investment management strategies, given the lack of persistence in the performance of actively managed funds.

Selective and Market Timing Skills: An Empirical Evaluation of Equity Mutual Funds in an Emerging Market

This study evaluates the selective and market timing skills of mutual funds managers using monthly net asset values of all 30 actively managed equity-based funds that operated from January 2012 to December 2021 obtained from the Securities and Exchange Commission. Selectivity is the ability to search for and choose undervalued securities to exploit the sub-optimal market weights of securities, while market timing is the ability to forecast the direction of the market and adjust portfolio betas to generate alpha. Two regression models, namely the Treynor-Mazuy (1966) and Henriksson-Merton (1981) were deployed for the study. The findings indicate that mutual funds did not exhibit significant selective skills or market timing abilities. This outcome is consistent with the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Consequently, it becomes challenging for investors or fund managers to consistently outperform the market through stock selection or market timing. Based on the study's results, the recommendation for investors is to consider low-cost passive investment strategies, such as index funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs), over actively managed funds.

Does accounting information identify bubbles for Fama? Evidence from accruals

Economists have long observed that stock price bubbles are associated with corporate overinvestment. We study the ex-ante identification of bubbles (i.e. stock price booms followed by busts) by examining industry-level investments in net operating asset (NOA) accruals and stock returns for 49 countries around the world. Consistent with overinvestment in operating assets being key to bubble formation, we document five findings: (1) NOA accruals positively forecast the eventual crash of an industry price run-up; (2) NOA accruals negatively forecast stock returns following a run-up; (3) NOA accruals are positively associated with investor sentiment; (4) higher NOA accruals forecast more disappointing earnings relative to analysts’ expectations for run-up industries; and (5) NOA accruals are sharply stronger predictors of crashes, returns and analyst forecast errors following run-ups compared to other periods. Our results provide the first evidence that accounting information identifies stock price bubbles and suggest that financial statements are important for detecting and anticipating industry- and market-level inefficiencies.