Nestling Research Articles

Effect of Bleaching and Repolishing Procedures on Coffee and Tea Stain Removal from Three Anterior Composite Veneering Materials

Discolored teeth can be treated with resin veneers, but their color changes when confronted with staining solutions. Polishing procedures can provide a remedy for highly stained composites, but they tend to remove some materials as well. However, bleaching procedures are an effective, nondestructive method for solving the problem. The aim of this study was to compare the color change of three veneer composites exposed to staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of a 15% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent and three polishing systems to remove the stain. Forty-five disks (12 x 2 mm) each of Clearfil ST (Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), Esthet-X (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford DE, USA), and Filtek A110 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared. The specimens were polished with Sof-Lex (3M ESPE), Enhance (Dentsply/Caulk), or PoGo (Dentsply/Caulk). Five specimens for each material-polishing system combination were immersed in coffee (Nescafe Classic, Nestle SA, Vevey, Switzerland) or tea (Earl Grey, Lipton, Blackfriars-London, England) for 7 days. The remaining disks were stored in water. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer (X-Rite Seroice SP78, Loaner, Köln, Germany) at baseline; after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days; and after bleaching and repolishing. After 1 week, one side of the specimens was bleached with Illuminé-office (Dentsply De Trey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) for 1 hour, and the other side was repolished for 30 seconds. All comparisons of color change for the polishing systems, times, and staining solutions were subjected to repeated measurements of analysis of variance. Paired t-test was used to examine whether significant color differences (deltaE*) occurred during immersion at the specified time intervals (p < or = .05). Filtek A110 was the least stained resin composite. Its color remained under a deltaE* value of 2 during the study. Clearfil ST exhibited the most color change after 1 week. All specimens polished with Enhance showed less staining, whereas those polished with the Sof-Lex system demonstrated the most color change. Water did not cause a variance in the deltaE*. There was no difference in the staining potential of coffee and tea. Bleaching and repolishing were effective in removing the stains. The resin composites tested reversed nearly to baseline color with the bleaching and to less than values at 1 day of staining with repolishing. The coffee and tea brands tested stained the composites used in this study equally. In-office bleaching was found to be more effective than repolishing in the restitution of the color. The results of this study suggest that the discoloration of resin veneers can be partially removed by in-office bleaching and repolishing procedures.

Parental Provisioning and Nestling Departure Decisions: A Supplementary Feeding Experiment in Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) on Triangle Island, British Columbia

Parental Provisioning and Nestling Departure Decisions: A Supplementary Feeding Experiment in Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) on Triangle Island, British Columbia

Nestle Family Monitor

Nestle Family Monitor

Eight‐ to ten‐day incubation and nestling periods amongEremopterixsparrow‐larks

Eight‐ to ten‐day incubation and nestling periods among<i>Eremopterix</i>sparrow‐larks

Variation in Hydrogen Stable-Isotope Ratios Between Adult and Nestling Cooper's Hawks

AbstractHydrogen stable-isotope analysis of feathers is an increasingly popular method for estimating the origins of migrating and wintering birds. Use of this method requires that investigators know which feathers are grown on breeding grounds and how the hydrogen stable-isotope ratios of feathers (δDf) relate to those of local precipitation (δDp). In this study, we measured δDf of adult (primaries 1, 3, and 10) and nestling Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in Wisconsin, North Dakota, and British Columbia, Canada. As previously shown, δDf of nestling feathers were related to δDp. In contrast, the δDf of adult feathers grown on the breeding grounds were substantially greater than those of their nestlings, and varied significantly across primary feathers and study areas. Our findings suggest that it is not possible to use hydrogen stable-isotope analysis of feathers to learn the origins of migrating adult Cooper's Hawks (or possibly adults of other large-bodied species with extended molting periods) until more is learned about the physiological or ecological mechanisms underlying these isotopic discrepancies.Variación en las Proporciones de Isótopos Estables de Hidrógeno entre Adultos y Polluelos de Accipiter cooperiiResumen. El análisis de isótopos estables de hidrógeno en las plumas es un método cada vez más popular para determinar el origen de aves migratorias e invernantes. El uso de esta técnica requiere que el investigador conozca qué plumas crecen en los lugares de nidificación y cómo las proporciones de isótopos estables de hidrógeno de las plumas (δDf) se relacionan con aquellas de la precipitación local (δDp). En este estudio, medimos las δDf en adultos (primarias 1, 3 y 10) y en polluelos de Accipiter cooperii en Wisconsin, North Dakota y British Columbia, Canadá. Como se ha mostrado previamente, las δDf de plumas de polluelos se encontraban relacionadas con las δDp. Por el contrario, las δDf de plumas de adultos que crecieron en los lugares de nidificación fueron substancialmente mayores que aquellas de sus polluelos, y variaron significativamente entre plumas primarias y áreas de estudio. Nuestros resultados sugieren que no es posible utilizar el análisis de isótopos estables de hidrógeno de plumas para determinar el origen de adultos migratorios de A. cooperii (o de adultos de otras especies de aves con tamaños corporales grandes y con períodos de muda extendidos) hasta que los mecanismos ecológicos y fisiológicos que subyacen a estas discrepancias isotópicas sean mejor entendidos.

Male Chestnut-Collared Longspurs are Essential for Nestling Survival: A Removal Study

AbstractWe examined the value of paternal care in the socially monogamous Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus). We removed parental males from their territories after eggs hatched, and compared fledging success of these nests with that of nests at which both parents attended young. We demonstrate that males were essential for nestling survival: no young fledged from female-only nests. Thus, constraints of the breeding environment apparently impose a need for biparental care in this species. We relate this study to previous research, and suggest that ecological variables constraining males to care for young may also dictate patterns of male behavior in response to the steroid hormone testosterone.Los Machos de Calcarius ornatus son Indispensables para la Supervivencia de los Pichones: Un Estudio de RemociónResumen. Examinamos el valor del cuidado paterno en Calcarius ornatus, una especie socialmente monógama. Removimos machos parentales de sus territorios después de la eclosión de los huevos, y comparamos el éxito de emplumamiento de esos nidos con nidos en los que los dos padres cuidaron de los pichones. Demostramos que los machos fueron esenciales para la supervivencia de los pichones pues ningún pichón emplumó en nidos atendidos sólo por hembras. Por lo tanto, las limitantes del ambiente reproductivo aparentemente imponen la necesidad del cuidado biparental en esta especie. Relacionamos este estudio con investigaciones previas y sugerimos que las variables ecológicas que limitan a los machos a cuidar de los pichones podrían también dictar los patrones de comportamiento de los machos como respuesta a la hormona esteroide testosterona.

ERRATA

ERRATA

Nestlé's own goal

Nestlé's own goal

Thermal Imaging of House Sparrow Nestlings: The Effect of Begging Behavior and Nestling Rank

Abstract We used infrared imaging to test whether the energetic cost of begging is observable in changes in body surface temperature (Ts) of young House Sparrow nestlings (Passer domesticus), and whether Ts is affected by nestling rank. Begging had a mixed effect on Ts, increasing it slightly at first, but decreasing it when hungry nestlings begged more vigorously. This mixed effect may result from heat production being quickly offset when begging posture and movement enhance heat loss through the skin, and suggests that the energetic cost of begging cannot be inferred from thermal imaging. The analysis of Ts in relation to nestling rank showed that although low-ranked nestlings maintained lower Ts than their larger siblings, their Ts was higher than expected for their body mass. This suggests that nestlings of a lower rank may gain heat from their larger, more developed nestmates. Imágenes Térmicas de Pichones de Passer domesticus: Efectos del Comportamiento de Solicitar y del Rango en la Nidada Resumen. Utilizamos imágenes infrarrojas de pichones jóvenes de Passer domesticus para probar si es posible observar el costo energético de solicitar en los cambios de la temperatura de la superficie del cuerpo (Ts), y si Ts está afectada por el rango del pichón en la nidada. El comportamiento de solicitar tuvo un efecto mixto sobre Ts, aumentándola levemente al principio, pero disminuyéndola cuando los polluelos hambrientos solicitaron con mayor vigorosidad. Este efecto mixto puede deberse a que la producción de calor es rápidamente contrarestada por una pérdida de calor a través de la piel dada por la postura de solicitar y el movimiento, sugiriendo que no es posible inferir el costo energético de solicitar a partir de técnicas de imagen térmica. El análisis de Ts en relación al rango de los pichones en la nidada mostró que a pesar de que los pichones de bajo rango mantuvieron Ts más bajas que sus hermanos de mayor tamaño, la Ts de los pichones más pequeños fue más alta de lo esperado de acuerdo a su tamaño corporal. Esto sugiere que los pichones de menor rango pueden ganar calor de sus compañeros de nido más desarrollados y de mayor tamaño.

Nestling Sex Ratio in the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher

AbstractUsing molecular-genetic techniques, we determined the gender of 202 Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) nestlings from 95 nests sampled over a five-year period. Overall nestling sex ratio did not vary significantly from 50:50 among years, by clutch order, or by mating strategy (monogamous vs. polygamous pairings). However, we did observe significant differences among the four sites sampled, with sex ratios biased either toward males or females at the different sites. Given the small population sizes and geographic isolation of many of the endangered subspecies' breeding populations, sex-ratio differences may have localized negative impacts.Cociente de Sexos en Polluelos de Empidonax traillii extimusResumen. Utilizando técnicas moleculares determinamos el sexo de 202 polluelos de Empidonax traillii extimus pertenecientes a 95 nidos que fueron muestreados durante un período de cinco años. En general, el cociente de sexos no varió significativamente de 50:50 entre años, ya sea por orden de la nidada o por estrategia de apareamiento (monogamia vs. poligamia). Sin embargo, observamos diferencias significativas entre los cuatro sitios muestreados, en los cuales la razón de sexos estuvo sesgada hacia los machos o las hembras dependiendo del sitio. Dados los pequeños tamaños poblacionales y el aislamiento geográfico de muchas de las poblaciones reproductivas de esta subespecie en peligro, las diferencias en el cociente de sexos pueden tener un impacto negativo a nivel local.

Nestling Sex Ratios in the Yellow-Naped Amazon: No Evidence for Adaptive Modification

AbstractMany birds, including some parrots, may adjust the sex ratio of their offspring in relation to the relative fitness benefits of sons and daughters. We investigated nestling sex ratios in Yellow-naped Amazons (Amazona auropalliata) using a molecular sexing technique that amplifies intronic regions of the CHD-W and CHD-Z genes in birds. We examined all nestlings in 37 complete clutches comprising 77 chicks. The overall nestling sex ratio did not differ from unity. Sex allocation was not associated with hatch date, sequence of hatching, or clutch size. We also found no difference in sex ratio between two regional dialects. Female Yellow-naped Amazons may be unable to control their hatchling sex ratio. Alternatively, there may be no fitness benefits to females producing more of one sex in relation to the factors we measured here.No Existe Evidencia que Indique Modificaciones Adaptativas de la Proporción de Sexos en la Progenie de Amazona auropalliataResumen. En muchas aves, incluyendo los loros, la proporción de sexos en la progenie puede ajustarse en relación a los beneficios relativos de adecuación biológica de hembras y machos. Dichas tasas fueron investigadas en Amazona auropalliata por medio de una técnica molecular de determinación sexual por la cual se amplifican regiones intrónicas de los genes CHD-W y CHD-Z de aves. Se examinaron todos los pichones de 37 nidadas completas, constituidas por 77 pichones. La proporción de sexos total no resultó diferente a uno. La asignación sexual no estuvo correlacionada con la fecha de eclosión, la secuencia de eclosión, ni el tamaño de la nidada. Tampoco se encontraron diferencias en las proporciones de sexos entre dos dialectos vocales regionales. Las hembras de A. auropalliata podrían no tener la habilidad de controlar la proporción de sexos de su progenie. Alternativamente, es posible que en términos de adecuación biológica, no haya diferencia en el beneficio de producir una progenie enriquecida en un sexo determinado con respecto a los factores medidos en este estudio.

Food stress, nestling growth, and fluctuating asymmetry

Food stress, nestling growth, and fluctuating asymmetry

Nestling Cuckoos to Vaccination: A Commemoration of Edward Jenner

Nestling Cuckoos to Vaccination: A Commemoration of Edward Jenner

Effects of local environmental conditions on nestling growth in the great tit Parus major L.

Daily weight increments of nestling Great Tits are expressed as ratios of observed increment divided by the increment expected under favourable conditions. We used this ratio to examine the effects of local environmental conditions on nestling growth. We demonstrate a positive relationship between nestling growth and food availability at that time and location. This relationship is stronger with the maximum rather than the median prey availability for the three to five trees sampled at a location. Residuals of the regression of the realized growth ratio on age are used to demonstrate a 10 to 20% reduction of growth on days with some daytime rain above one millimeter per hour, relative to growth in the same brood on dry days. Our trapping of the adults had an effect on nestling growth similar to that of two to three hours of rainfall. Finally, we show significantly later fledging in broods with slow growth. [KEYWORDS: Subsequent growth; breeding biology; sigmoid growth; body size; food; weight; survival; reproduction; swallow; model]

EFFECTS OF FOOD ABUNDANCE AND MALE PARENTAL CARE ON REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND MONOGAMY IN TREE SWALLOWS

We examined the roles of food abundance and male parental care in the main- tenance of monogamy in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Mated, male Tree Swallows were removed from territories to simulate the lack of male parental care that would be incurred by secondary females. Removals took place in lakeshore and roadside habitats in central Alberta, Canada. Insect sampling over three breeding seasons indicated that the lakeshore had greater biomass of insects than the roadside during egg laying, but there was no difference during the nestling period. Both our male removal experiment and natural cases of polygyny suggested that loss of male parental care had little effect on reproductive success or survival of females or their offspring. Unaided females increased their per-capita nest-visit rate in two of three years, so the rate of visitation per nestling did not differ significantly between unaided females and both the male and female at control nests. Control females at the lakeshore produced more fledglings than control females at the roadside. This difference in productivity was due to earlier laying and larger clutches at the lakeshore than at the roadside and not to differences in brood reduction or insect abundance during the nestling period. In both habitats, male parental care was relatively unimportant to female reproductive success and, therefore, within a given habitat secondary females did not incur a reproductive cost. All natural cases of polygyny occurred at the lakeshore. We suggest that polygyny occurred at the lakeshore, and not at the roadside, because food abundance was greater during laying at the lakeshore, and this allowed secondary females to lay more eggs and produce more fledglings than females mated to monogamous males at the roadside. Received 11 March 1991, accepted 10 February 1992.

Device for indicating deterioration of organoleptic quality of food — comprises biological growth medium, anaerobic indicator culture means, acid-base indicator and container for ingredients : Soc Prod Nestle SA US-343721; 27 October 1990

The polymerization catalysts obtained from aluminum trialkyls and chromium compounds possess particular properties which differentiate them from the catalysts obtained from compounds of other transition metals, such as Ti or V. Catalysts prepared from Ti or V have given, under our experimental conditions, only syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene; on the contrary those prepared from Cr have allowed us to obtain, by varying the conditions of the reaction between the aluminum trialkyl and the chromium compound (in particular the Al/Cr ratio and the reaction time), products having as crystalline fraction either syndiotactic 1,2 or isotactic 1,2 polybutadiene or both types of polymers.

Automatic control of product dispenser — includes weighing of filled containers to check accurate dispensing of intended volume by calculating average : Soc Prod Nestle SA EP 369-357; 23 May 1990

Automatic control of product dispenser — includes weighing of filled containers to check accurate dispensing of intended volume by calculating average : Soc Prod Nestle SA EP 369-357; 23 May 1990

Composite sheet stock for microwave heating — has layer of susceptor stock adhered to layer of heat-conducting microwave reflecting material of composite stock : Soc Prod Nestle SA Eur 350–660; 17 January 1990

Composite sheet stock for microwave heating — has layer of susceptor stock adhered to layer of heat-conducting microwave reflecting material of composite stock : Soc Prod Nestle SA Eur 350–660; 17 January 1990

Some Realism about Rulism: A Parable for the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

Lady Vanishes. John Rockefeller endowed the Cloisters and thus gave New York its own medieval world. Tisket, A Tasket hit the pops chart in the music business, as did Jeepers, Creepers and You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby. Also in 1938, the lawyer, Clarence Darrow, died. The United States Supreme Court ordered the University of Missouri Law School to admit blacks because there were no separate, much less equal, facilities in the area that would admit them. New York won the World Series against Chicago. A man in Hungary invented the ball-point pen.2 The Nestle company created the first Nestle Toll House Morsel.3 And the federal courts got their own Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

The Nestlé Affair: Infant Feeding . Anatomy of a Controversy, 1973-1984. John Dobbing, Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. xviii, 169 pp. $30.

The Nestlé Affair: <i>Infant Feeding</i> . Anatomy of a Controversy, 1973-1984. John Dobbing, Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. xviii, 169 pp. $30.