Nest Structure Research Articles

Local and global topics in text modeling of web pages nested in web sites

Topic models assert that documents are distributions over latent topics and latent topics are distributions over words. A nested document collection has documents nested inside a higher order structure such as articles nested in journals, podcasts within authors, or web pages nested in web sites. In a single collection of documents, topics are global or shared across all documents. For web pages nested in web sites, topic frequencies likely vary across web sites and within a web site, topic frequencies almost certainly vary from web page to web page. A hierarchical prior for topic frequencies models this hierarchical structure with a global topic distribution, web site topic distributions varying around the global topic distribution, and web page topic distributions varying around the web site topic distribution. Web pages in one United States local health department web site often contain local geographic and news topics not found on web pages of other local health department web sites. For web pages nested in web sites, some topics are likely local topics and unique to an individual web site. Regular topic models ignore the nesting structure and may identify local topics but cannot label those topics as local nor identify the corresponding web site owner. Explicitly modeling local topics identifies the owning web site and identifies the topic as local. In US health web site data, topic coverage is defined at the web site level after removing local topic words from pages. Hierarchical local topic models can be used to study how well health topics are covered.

Strain Engineering of Layered Heterogeneous Structure via Self‐Evolution Confinement for Ultrahigh‐Rate Cyclic Sodium Storage

AbstractTo get a robust architecture for rapid and permanent ion insertion/extraction, various frameworks are constructed, attempting to enhance the high‐rate lifespan. However, uncontrollable structural evolution always results in the structural failure derived from the continuous increasing inner strain during the cycling. Herein, inspired by the nest structure, a stable framework with wave‐like surface morphology and cross‐linked inner configuration is fabricated, which possesses fast ion migration channel and stable structure. Most importantly, the concept of synchronous self‐evolution confinement is proposed for high‐capacity conversion‐type anode materials, which can control the aggregated inner strain and alleviate the inescapable electrode pulverization, thus ensuring the electrode stability and boosting the structure integrity during the repeated cycling. When serving as an anode for sodium ion batteries, the initial nest‐like (SnFe)S2 heterogeneous mildly evolves into a stable architecture with exceptional performance, expressing a prominent rate property (389.4 mA h g−1 at 30 A g−1) and stable durability (627.41 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 for 800 cycles). Significantly, this route of strain engineering sheds significant light on solving large volume‐expansion‐type materials for high reversible capacity, especially in the exploration of electrochemical energy storages.

Harvester ant nest architecture is more strongly affected by intrinsic than extrinsic factors.

Behavior is shaped by genes, environment, and evolutionary history in different ways. Nest architecture is an extended phenotype that results from the interaction between the behavior of animals and their environment. Nests built by ants are extended phenotypes that differ in structure among species and among colonies within a species, but the source of these differences remains an open question. To investigate the impact of colony identity (genetics), evolutionary history (species), and the environment on nest architecture, we compared how two species of harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex californicus and Veromessor andrei, construct their nests under different environmental conditions. For each species, we allowed workers from four colonies to excavate nests in environments that differed in temperature and humidity for seven days. We then created casts of each nest to compare nest structures among colonies, between species, and across environmental conditions. We found differences in nest structure among colonies of the same species and between species. Interestingly, however, environmental conditions did not have a strong influence on nest structure in either species. Our results suggest that extended phenotypes are shaped more strongly by internal factors, such as genes and evolutionary history, and are less plastic in response to the abiotic environment, like many physical and physiological phenotypes.

Use of artificial nest boxes by two species of small, arboreal mammals in ecuadorian tropical dry forest

ABSTRACT The nest structure of two species of small mammals, Marmosa simonsi and Rhipidomys latimanus were recorded for the first time. Nests were found inside artificial nest boxes in a tropical dry forest remnant ecosystem in Western Ecuador. We described the nests and categorized them as rearing nest, permanent resting nest and transient refuge, depending on their intended use. Artificial nest boxes provide an optimal place for pup rearing and resting for these small mammals. These nest sites can be useful for ecological studies of behavior and habits of elusive, poorly-known mammalian species.

Influence of Climatic Factors and Nest Tree Characteristics on the Nest Structures of the Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus) in Peninsular Malaysia.

Simple SummaryThe baya weavers of South and Southeast Asia, living in colonies, build overhanging nests in partially and fully completed forms on the same trees. The female birds will only select certain nests in which to complete breeding, with nest structure linked to the nest tree characteristics and the surrounding environment. We examined nest structure, nest tree characteristics, and climatic variables for colonies found in two climatically dissimilar sites in Peninsular Malaysia. Our results indicate that nest structure is linked to nest microclimate, possibly being influenced by the surrounding temperature.The baya weaver (Ploceus philippinus: Ploceidae), found across South and Southeast Asia, is known for its oblique-shaped overhanging nests. During the breeding season, females select from partially built (‘helmet’-stage) nests constructed by the males, after which nests are completed and used by the birds. Reproductive success is linked to an optimal microclimate within these nest structures. We recorded nest tree and nest structure characteristics of 66 fully completed nests for 22 colonies located in two climatically dissimilar sites in Peninsular Malaysia and examined how these factors affected the microclimate within six nests that were randomly selected at each location. Total vertical length of the nests, the height of nests from the ground, and the diameter at breast height of the nest trees recorded for the Selangor and Perlis colonies (in the southwest and north, respectively), were significantly different. The climatic variables inside and outside the nests correlated significantly in both sites. Our findings indicate that nest structures differed in Selangor and Perlis and were linked to nest microclimate, possibly being influenced by the surrounding temperature.

Using intraspecific variation of functional traits and environmental factors to understand the formation of nestedness patterns of a local forest community

Abstract The concept of nestedness originated from the field of biogeography decades ago and has been widely used in metacommunities and biological interaction networks, but there is still a lack of research within local communities. Moreover, studies on nestedness usually rarely incorporate the functional traits of the species and the environmental characteristics of the sites. In this study, we constructed a species presence–absence matrix of a 50-ha forest plot, used the simulated annealing algorithm to reveal the maximum nested structure and further tested the significance of nestedness patterns by constructing null ensembles. The nested ranks were used to represent the orders of species and quadrats in the maximum nestedness matrix. The regression tree analysis was used to reveal the relationships of nested ranks with environmental factors and functional traits. We found that the co-occurrence pattern of local plant communities was significantly nested. The regression tree results showed that the nested ranks of quadrats were determined by soil available phosphorus, soil water content, soil organic carbon and soil pH. Intraspecific variation of functional traits, including leaf C, leaf pH, leaf dry matter content and maximum photosynthetic rate rather than means of functional traits, provided a better explanation for the formation of species’ nested ranks. Understanding the causes of species and quadrats nested ranks provides novel lens and useful insights into ecological processes underlying nestedness, and further improves our knowledge of how local plant communities are assembled.

A Preliminary Study of Foraging Habitat Use by Nesting Barn Swallows in Massachusetts

Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow) belongs to a suite of aerial insectivores that are showing serious population declines in northeastern North America. Various causes of these declines have been postulated, especially including agricultural intensification, declining insect populations, and/or increased mortality associated with climate changes. In this study, we examined foraging behavior of Barn Swallows nesting in a large breeding colony located in western Massachusetts. Swallows foraged primarily within 1 km of their nesting site. Most of the nearby agricultural areas used by foraging swallows were broadly characterized as pasture/hay or cultivated land uses; we found no significant difference in foraging activity levels between these habitat categories. In addition to the availability of suitable nesting structures, successful conservation of Barn Swallows likely requires that breeding colonies have access to nearby fields which provide foraging opportunities. Further study is needed to clarify specific habitat management that will enhance populations of flying insects preyed upon by swallows and other aerial insectivores.

Comparing methods for monitoring nest debris using silver gulls as a case study

Global plastics production is increasing exponentially and contributing to significant pollution of the marine environment. Of particular concern is ingestion and entanglement risks for marine wildlife, including when items such as rope are incorporated into nest structures. These events are commonly documented using photographic and visual surveys, and each presents a number of challenges and benefits for species conservation and monitoring. Here we compare an invasive (i.e., removing debris from nests) and non-invasive (i.e., photographs) sampling method for quantifying nest debris using the silver gull (Chroicocephalus novahollandiae) as a case study. Overall, 17 debris items were detected in 9% of gull nests. While the use of photographs to monitor nest debris is increasingly popular, the invasive method detected one additional debris item not identified using photography. We therefore recommend caution for nest debris and other monitoring programs where identifying small or cryptic items may require a high level of skill.

Towards an effective change framework for scholarly teaching in higher education professional degrees

ABSTRACT Sustained innovation in teaching and learning is needed to achieve high-quality outcomes in student learning. However, despite extensive research in teaching and learning practice, challenges are faced to translate teaching research into scholarly practice, especially in professional degrees. This article develops and proposes a new conceptual framework for sustainable change in teaching and learning in higher education professional disciplines. This is designed to assist change managers to identify achievable goals and develop the most effective strategies, to deliver the greatest benefits to student learning. The new model activates collaboration between change managers and stakeholders at all stages of the change process, systematic consideration of interrelated variables across a range of organisational levels, selection of more effective change strategies and regular reviews of progress so strategies can be adapted in response to context changes. A key component of the framework is collaboration which enables contextualisation of change to the professional disciplines. Its nested structure also provides an implementation framework. Such a framework provides a useful contribution as it assists change managers in adapting teaching and learning to the changing future needs of universities, staff, students, graduates, and the professions.

Gender differences in mathematics achievement: A secondary analysis of Programme for International Student Assessment data from Shanghai

As mathematics has been seen for decades as a stereotyped male domain, gender differences in mathematics learning have received strong attention from the public and academia. In China, the issue of gender equity in education is a particularly interesting topic to most families with the implementation of the one-child policy since the late 1970s. This study aims to study in more depth the role of gender on Shanghai students’ mathematics attainment from a perspective of three societal factors (i.e., one-child status at home, socioeconomic status, and school types) via a secondary analysis of the Programme for International Student Assessment 2012 Shanghai–China mathematics data. In contrast to the official report by Programme for International Student Assessment on Shanghai–China and in line with own previous studies, the current analyses reveal that 15-year-old students in Shanghai performed significantly different on two content-related subscales (i.e., change and relationships and quantity) and two processes-related subscales (i.e., formulate and interpret). Furthermore, significant gender differences were found with students from one-child families but not multi-children families. Among schools of different types in terms of academic tracks and performance levels, the gender differences were largest in the more selective model (general) schools and then vocational schools followed by ordinary (general) schools. Given the nested structure of the Programme for International Student Assessment data, this study found that, on average, a Shanghai boy would achieve significantly higher marks than a girl in Programme for International Student Assessment 2012 mathematics test. The paper closes with discussions on societal and educational implications about these gender disparities, which are still apparent in the current school system of Shanghai.

Stingless bees from meliponiculture in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Purwanto H, Soesilohadi RCH, Trianto M. 2022. Stingless bees from meliponiculture in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1254-1266. Kalimantan Island has many species of stingless bees that are widespread throughout the province. However, their morphology, morphometry, and nest structure characteristics have not been documented comprehensively. This paper described the morphological characters, morphometric measurements, nest entrance, and brood cell characteristics of stingless bees from meliponiculture in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ten stingless bee species were identified based on their morphological features: Tetragonula laeviceps (Smith, 1857), T. fuscobalteata (Cameron, 1908), T. drescheri (Schwarz, 1939), T. melanocephala (Gribodo, 1893), T. biroi (Friese, 1898), Homotrigona apicalis (Smith, 1857), H. canifrons (Smith, 1857), Heterotrigona itama (Cockerell, 1918), Geniotrigona thoracica (Smith, 1857), and Lepidotrigona terminata (Smith, 1878). Principal component analysis was performed to identify the grouping characters and thus determine their diagnostic characters. Furthermore, the shape, diameter, length, ornamentation, and color of the nest entrance and the arrangement, cells, and color of brood cells were observed. This study is the first to report high variations in the type of entrance opening and arrangement of brood cells for stingless bee species, which are abundant in South Kalimantan.

Intraspecific Relationships and Nest Mound Shape Are Affected by Habitat Features in Introduced Populations of the Red Wood Ant Formica paralugubris.

Simple SummaryRed wood ants (Formica rufa goup) are dominant ant species widespread in the Eurasian continent. These species have a strong ecological impact on the habitats they dwell in, being top-ranked predators. One of the most striking features of these ants is represented by the large nest mounds they build. In this study, we investigated how nest mound shape and colony organization of imported populations of Formica paralugubris varied in three different habitat types. We found that nest mounds differed in size, number and shape in the three habitats. In all the three sites, nests were connected by trails of workers, but the size of these nest-networks differed. We also investigated the pattern of intraspecific aggression among ants from different nests, and we showed that aggressiveness was higher within each population than between separate populations, a finding in line with a ‘nasty neighbor’ behavior.Ants belonging to the Formica rufa group build large nest mounds, which aid their survival during severe winters. We investigated whether different environmental features of the habitats affected the nest mound shape and the population structure. We assessed the shape of all the nest mounds and mapped inter-nest trails connecting mounds for three imported populations of Formica paralugubris in three forest habitats: fir-dominated, beech-dominated, and a mixture of fir and beech. Single-nest mounds were averagely smaller and flatter in the beech-dominated forest, probably because of lighter building materials. Nonetheless, by summing the volumes of all interconnected nests, the size was similar among all three sites. In fir- and beech-dominated forests, large nests were also central in the networks, suggesting a central place foraging model with these nests as reference. We finally performed aggression tests, and found that aggressiveness was significantly higher among nests belonging to the same population than between populations. The results highlight the plasticity of the species to adapt nest and colony structure to different environments. Additionally, it appears that none of these populations is unicolonial, as observed in various alpine sites, there and the observed patterns of aggression are coherent with the ‘nasty neighbor’ effect.

NOTES ON THE NEST AND BREEDING OF GOELDI’S ANTBIRD (AKLETOS GOELDII), A BAMBOO SPECIALIST, FROM UCAYALI, PERU

Abstract: On 02 September 2018 we found a nest of Goeldi’s Antbird (Akletos goeldii) in a patch of Guadua bamboo. During the next week, we made regular observations of this nest, obtaining video and photographs of the nest structure, eggs, nestlings, and parental care behaviors. These data clarify previous discrepancies in reports of nest architecture for A. goeldii and deepen our knowledge of the breeding biology of this species.

Nest architecture and colony composition in two populations of Ectatomma ruidum sp. 2 (E. ruidum species complex) in southwestern Colombia.

Nest architecture plays a fundamental role in the adaptation of ants to their habitat, favoring the action of economically important species. Ectatomma ruidum sp. 2 (ruidum species complex) is a biological control agent in Neotropical agroecosystems, exhibiting high bioturbation impact due to high nest densities. The architecture and composition of 152 nests were studied in two Andean populations of southwestern Colombia, 24 of them being cast using the paraffin wax technique. Nest entrance was a single, circular, 4 mm hole at ground level, without any special external structure, connected to a single vertical tunnel communicating with successive half ellipsoidal chambers. Nests were extremely shallow (depth range: 28.7-35.4 cm), with an average of six chambers and an overall volume of 92.2 cm3 per nest. The deeper the chamber, the smaller its volume. Nest building was independent of plants or roots, and no surface or underground physical connections were found between neighboring nests. Few nests possessed a queen, and neither ergatoids nor microgynes were recorded. Despite significant interactions between localities and the number of both males and workers, queen presence had an overall highly positive effect on the number of workers and larvae and a negative one on the number of gynes. Overall, the studied Colombian populations of E. ruidum sp. 2 retained the simple nest structure described for other species of this species complex and for colonies of the same species from other geographical areas, though they constrasted in their extreme shallowness. Our data suggest that E. ruidum sp. 2, at the local level, does not follow the usual monodomic pattern of this species with facultative polygyny but, rather, has a polydomic pattern with monogyny, perhaps related to the extreme shallowness of the nests due to soil structure, which could significantly enhance the queen's reproductive inhibition previously reported for this species.

Breeding Ecology of the Snow Partridge (Lerwa lerwa) in High-Altitude Regions, Tibet

To explore the environmental adaptation strategies of high-altitude breeding birds to alpine regions, we studied the breeding ecology of the Snow Partridge (Lerwa lerwa) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Incubation behavior was determined using data loggers in Basu County (2018) and Cuona County (2019), in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. We monitored seven Snow Partridge nests; clutch sizes ranged from 4–5 eggs per nest (mean=4.71±0.45 eggs, N=7), egg mass ranged from 28.1–37.7 g (mean=31.1±2.5 g, N=28), and the hatching success rate was 87.9% (N=33 eggs, six nests hatched successfully, and one nest suffered a predator attack). Nesting females typically took 1–4 recesses each day (mean=1.8±0.7, N=39 days). In five females, the first daily recess occurred at 0601 to 0709 (mean=0626±16 min, N=39 days) and the duration ranged from 60 min to 615 min (mean=179±102 min, N=39 days). The average nest attendance was 85.6±5.9% (75.9–92.8%, N=6 nests). Compared with other Galliformes, Snow Partridges lay larger eggs and smaller clutches, leave their nests fewer times per day but with a lower nest attendance, and a bimodal pattern of recess timing. Additionally, Snow Partridges build cave nest structures. These characteristics are highly adapted to the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau and balance the thermal needs of the developing embryos and the self-maintenance needs of the incubating females.

Design and implementation of a highly integrated dual hemisphere capsule robot.

To achieve cancer screening in any appointed position in 3D regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as esophagus, stomach and colon, a highly integrated dual hemisphere capsule robot (DHCR) with a novel three-layer nested structure is proposed. Based on tracking effect, in which the robotic axis is likely to be approximately coincident with the orientation of thespace universal rotating magnetic field (SURMF) using the gyroscope dynamic balance, the dual hemisphere structure realizes the observation at a fixed-point in the passive mode and the rolling locomotion in the active mode by the dynamic posture control of the SURMF manipulation. The image acquisition module, wireless transmission module and driving actuator are tuned in a spherical structure, making the DHCR more compact and less invasive. To verify the maneuverability of the innovative DHCR both for observation at a fixed-point and navigation in curved intestine by aid of image, experiments are conducted in the simulated GI tract environment. The results show that the DHCR achieves effective conversion between posture adjustment and rolling locomotion, which lays a foundation for all-over inspection and medical operation inside 3D regions of the GI tract of human body.

Does bird photography affect nest predation and feeding frequency?

Bird photography is a popular and growing form of ecotourism that contributes to the economic growth of local communities, but its disturbance to bird reproduction remains understudied. We worked in a tropical forest of southern China, which has experienced a sharp increase in the number of photographers in recent years. We compared nests that were photographed and those that were not, in their nest predation and parental feeding rates. Including nests of 42 species, the results demonstrate that the predation rate of nests that were not photographed (incubation stage: 43.3% of 194 nests; nestling stage: 34.5% of 110 nests) was significantly higher than that of photographed ones (incubation: 2.4% of 83 nests; nestling: 11.1% of 81 nests). Among different nest types, open cup nests in shrub and trees were most affected by photography, in both incubation and nestling stages. Of five factors investigated, including three natural factors (nest stage, structure and position), and two anthropogenic factors (photography and distance to forest edge), only photographic disturbance and nest structure had significant effects (open nests had higher predation). The feeding frequency at nests when photographers were present was not strongly different from when they were not present. Human activity therefore had no negative effects on the birds, but showed a positive effect on their nesting success, in terms of reducing nest predation rates. However, there needs to be further assessment of other aspects of nesting (e.g., clutch size, duration of nestlings in nests), and other kinds of stress responses (e.g., hormonal changes), before the total effect of bird photography can be understood.

Breeding Behaviour of Black-Winged Stilt, Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Agricultural Landscape of Punjab, India

During the breeding seasons (2017-2019), the hitherto little known aspects of breeding behavior of Black-winged Stilt, Himantopus himantopus were studied in the ploughed agricultural fields, village ponds and adjacent shallow pools located in rural outskirts in district Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Observations on nest structure, egg laying, incubation, hatching and other behavioural aspects of the parents/chicks were inferred from videorecords, photographs and direct field observations made on 19 clutches containing 59 eggs. In the study area the breeding season extended from April to July. The mean clutch size was 3.29±0.77 (range 1-4, n=19) that differed between the dry ploughed field clutches (3.4±0.70, range: 2-4, n=10) and wet pool/pond sites (2.78±1.09, range: 1-4, n=9). In the dry ploughed fields, the nest scrapes were lined mainly with the wheat rootlets/ straw pieces only. However, the nest material used in/around ponds and pools included predominantly dry twigs, decaying leaves and some thermocol chips. The egg length, breadth, weight, egg shape index and volume (n=54) measured 42.22±2.50 mm, 30.71±1.13 mm, 19.77±2.34 gm, 72.88±3.19 and 20.39±2.36 cm3, respectively. The eggs hatched mostly synchronously after biparental incubation period of 25 or 26 days (n=4). As per traditional method, only 20.34% (12 out of 59 eggs) of the eggs hatched successfully and the hatching success calculated as per the Mayfield Method showed that it was only 2.07% in post-harvest field sites and 36.26% in non-agricultural sites (shallow water pools and edge waters of village ponds). The use of polluted sites as nesting grounds has been opined as a habitat shift and an adaptation in process

NEST ORGANIZATION OF STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC RELATIONS OF A PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT AND ITS DERIVATIVES

In the article the theory of derivational circulation between units of the lexical and phraseological levels of language is developed. The part of the derivation is considered, the primary (initial) element of which is the phraseological unit (PhU). It is claimed that the isomorphism of derivational processes at the lexical and phraseological levels enables the description of derivational transformations of phraseological units in connections and mediations with word-formation processes. Combinations of derived units with forming phraseological unit and among themselves can be studied as derivational pairs, chains, paradigms and nests. Turning to the nest organization of this part of the lexical and phraseological circulation, scientists, as a rule, limit themselves to the analysis of the combinations "formative PhU – derived PhU", "formative PhU – derived PhUs", "formative PhU – derived word", "formative PhU – derivatives words", that is, limit the contents of the nest. In the article it is suggested to consider a set of motivating (forming) phraseological unit and all its derivatives – both words and PhUs – organized by motivational relations as a phraseological nest. The thematic unity of the nest is built on the general semantics condensed in the forming phraseological, and the structural unity is based on the representation of at least one component of the original phraseological in the derivatives. Within the nest with the participation of wordforming and phrase-forming means and methods, the primary phraseological semantics is modified and mutated, undergoing derivational development not only in the field of phraseology, but also – more diversely – in the field of vocabulary. The analysis of phrase-derivative nests revealed the integrating role of the creative unit, which, in addition to the main phraseological one, also has a categorical-grammatical meaning. The typical semantic structure of nests with vertices – verb, substantive, adjective and adverbial phraseological units is described. At the same time, its prognostic character and the dependence of the filling of certain semantic places on the action of the selectivity of word and phrase formation – semantic, lexical, grammatical and component – are emphasized.

Imperiled sparrows can exhibit high nest survival despite atypical nest site selection in urban saltmarshes

Understanding habitat selection and its fitness consequences in remnant populations of birds in fragmented and urbanized habitat may provide guidance to land managers for imperiled species conservation. We studied Saltmarsh Sparrow, <em>Ammospiza caudacuta</em>, and Seaside Sparrow, <em>A. maritima</em>, nest site selection and nest survival at five sites in New York City (NYC) and one site on western Long Island, New York in 2012 and 2013. We compared marsh vegetation and nest structure characteristics between our study sites and other studied sites for these species in the Northeastern United States. Saltmarsh Sparrows in NYC selected nest sites with the tall form of low-elevation marsh grass (at two sites this was above the proportion available), which is atypical for this species, and Seaside Sparrows selected an upland shrub species at one site, possibly to compensate for a lack of tall low-elevation marsh grasses. Daily nest survival at New York sites increased with nest height above the ground for both species, contrary to previous studies for Saltmarsh Sparrows in intact habitat. Mean nest height for both species was found to be taller in NYC than at other studied locations, and NYC sites may have had taller than average vegetation available, indicating that these sparrows may be able to adapt to some changing marsh characteristics. The difference in nest site selection observed in NYC populations from published studies did not appear to have a cost to nest survival in at least one year. Although high-elevation marsh is the optimal habitat restoration target for Saltmarsh Sparrows, it may be difficult to create in small, urbanized marshes, and our results suggest that other approaches may be successful. A mix of substrates and vegetation heights may allow sparrows to exhibit variation in nest site selection and promote nest survival in the face of changing limiting factors.