Nervous Activity Of Animals Research Articles

ОБМІН БІЛКА В ОРГАНІЗМІ СВИНЕЙ З РІЗНИМИ ПАРАМЕТРАМИ НЕРВОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ (ОГЛЯД)

На сьогоднішній день в умовах інтенсивного ведення галузі тваринництва через велику кількість технологічних впливів на організм тварин зростає інтерес до вивчення індивідуальних особливостей функціонування вищої нервової діяльності. Вища нервова діяльність інтегрує діяльність цілісного організму в конкретних умовах середовища, визначаючи його поведінку. Оскільки нервова системи регулює всі функції організму та здійснює взаємозв’язок із оточуючим середовищем, то відмінності у характеристиках коркових процесів істотно впливають на функціональний стан всього організму в цілому та обмін білка зокрема. Хоча вивченню типологічних особливостей організму тварин присвячена велика кількість досліджень, роль індивідуальних особливостей вищої нервової діяльності тварин при адаптації тварин до технологічного подразника у свиней ще недостатньо висвітлена, зокрема не висвітлено питання щодо особливості обміну білка у свиней різних типів вищої нервової діяльності за технологічного стресу. В зв’язку з відсутністю таких даних, метою наших досліджень було встановити особливості обміну білка у тварин різних типів вищої нервової діяльності на тлі технологічного стресу. У статті висвітлено питання щодо особливості обміну білка у свиней з різними типами вищої нервової діяльності. Встановлено, що у тварин слабкого типу вищої нервової діяльності в сироватці крові нижче вміст загального білка, альбуміну, церулоплазміну, сечовини, лізину, метіоніну та треоніну на 6,6–19,1 % (р<0,05–0,001) відповідно до показників тварин сильного врівноваженого рухливого типу вищої нервової діяльності. За технологічного стресу знижується вміст загального білка, альбумінів, γ-глобулінів, церулоплазміну (р<0,05-0,001) та зростає вміст сечовини і активність трансаміназ (р<0,001) в сироватці крові тварин різних типів вищої нервової діяльності. Доведено взаємозв’язок між індивідуальними особливостями вищої нервової діяльності і обміном білка. Встановлено взаємозв’язки сили, врівноваженості та рухливості коркових процесів до дії технологічного подразника із вмістом альбумінів, сечовини, α2-глобулінів, та після дії технологічного подразника зі вмістом загального білка, сечовини, γ-глобулінів, АлАТ та АсАТ. Сила коркових процесів до технологічного стресу чинить достовірний вплив на вміст загального білка, альбумінів, сечовини та активність аспартатамінотрансферази у сироватці крові свиней, а після дії технологічного подразника на вміст загального білка, глобулінів, гаммаглобулінів, сечовини та активність трансаміназ у сироватці крові тварин.

Heterochrony of the Expression of Lanf and Foxg1 in the Lamprey Confirms the Appearance of the Telencephalon as an Evolutionarily Young Superstructure in the Central Nervous System of Vertebrates

One of the most important evolutionary innovations of vertebrates is a complexly structured telencephalon, which provides higher forms of nervous activity in animals and humans. This work is devoted to the study of the appearance of the telencephalon in the early stages of vertebrate evolution. At the same time, there is reason to believe that lampreys, due to their evolutionary antiquity, could retain some ancient expression patterns of genes that regulate the development of the brain in the very first vertebrates. The study of the features of spatio-temporal expression patterns of key genes that regulate the development of the forebrain in lampreys compared with other vertebrates can help to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the appearance and evolutionary development of this unique structure of vertebrates. This paper presents the results from analyzing the gene-expression dynamics of Lanf, FoxG1, Otx2, Goosecoid, and HoxB9 in the early stages of development of the European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. It was shown that lamprey genes involved in telencephalon differentiation (Lanf and FoxG1) exhibit heterochrony of expression compared with more evolutionarily advanced representatives of vertebrates. This fact confirms the idea that the telencephalon, being evolutionarily the youngest part of the brain, could appear in vertebrate ancestors as a superstructure in the late stages of their embryonic development.

Использование экспериментальных данных, полученных на животных, для понимания патофизиологических механизмов нервных расстройств пациентов в клиниках И. П. Павлова

Having studied the physiology of higher nervous activity in animals since 1901, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov simultaneously began to devote great attention to the physiological understanding of human mental activity in normal conditions and in various pathological states. In 1918 he began to visit the Psychiatric Hospital in Udelnaya, and later studied the patient histories in the psychiatric clinic of the Women’s Medical Institute. By the 1930s, Pavlov’s laboratories had accumulated vast experience in studying animal higher nervous activity not only in the norm, but also in various pathologies. Since the 1920s, experimental neuroses were successfully induced in test dogs applying various stimuli and their combinations. It was proven that the strength and depth of a neurosis depended on the type of the dog’s nervous system. The classification of these types, according to Pavlov, largely coincided with the classical types of temperament defined by Hippocrates (phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric and melancholic). Experimental neuroses were treated with various methods (bromide preparations, recesses in experiments, etc.). Pavlov was confident that the accumulated experience of studying pathological processes in the higher nervous activity of animals could be used to successfully treat patients with nervous and mental diseases, and his conviction in the matter led to the establishment of the Pathophysiology of Higher Nervous Human Activity Department at the Institute of Experimental Medicine (IEM) on October 6, 1931. The department supervised two new clinics — a psychiatric and a neurosis one, where psychiatrists and physiologists joined their efforts in administering treatment to the patients. For the first time in the history of Russian neuropathology, the physiological analysis of nervous and mental illnesses, such as neurasthenia, psychasthenia, hysteria, and also schizophrenia, narcolepsy, manic-depressive psychosis, etc., was conducted. A detailed pathophysiological analysis of more than 200 patients’ medical histories was produced as a result of this effort. Transcripts of clinical conferences were published between 1954 and 1957 in the form of a three-volume edition of “Pavlov’s Clinical Wednesdays” (1931–1936).

Structured neurobiological networks

Recent progress in the development of computational systems simulating nervous activity in animals is reviewed. The biological basis of a zonal model of cortical functions is reassessed, with a view to the simulation of unsupervised but motivated learning of motor activity in the cerebellum. A macrozone of the cerebellum is represented as an extended network of unit circuits, each consisting of granule cells and a Purkinje cell, together with several inhibitory interneurons. The potential of each neuron is defined by a set of activation levels, including several refractory and potentiated, as well as resting and firing levels. Learning is achieved by a stochastic process, involving the progressive modification of weights associated with the synapses of cells left in potentiated levels by activation. Results obtained from the operation of a computer program (listed in the appendix) are described, suggesting, among other things, an event sequencing role for extracellular potential waves generated elsewhere in the brain, and an inverse correlation between speed and accuracy in learning.

Cytogenetics of Mammalian Embryonic Development

x+362pp. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987This monograph has an interesting history. It was first published in Russian by Nauka (Moscow) in 1978. The authors kindly sent copies to some fellow cytogeneticists in Britain who, after perusing it as well as they could, agreed that the Englishspeaking world should be given the chance of reading it too. Largely through the good offices of Dr Anne McLaren, Oxford University Press undertook to publish an English translation of an updated version and here it is. The translation has been accomplished very stylishly by one of the authors, V. S. Baranov, and OUP should be congratulated on their bold decision.The book deals in a systematic and thorough manner with an expanding field of enquiry. It is mainly devoted to experimental work on laboratory mammals, especially the mouse, but human examples of related phenomena (e.g. hydatidiform moles versus androgenetic embryos) are often described. The first seventy pages deal with effects of haploidy, triploidy etc. and how they arise. The authors then describe how numerical and structural changes come about, with emphasis on nondisjunctional mechanisms. Strangely, they do not include the fact that practically all existing reciprocal translocations in the mouse have been induced by radiation or radiomimetic chemicals whereas Robertsonian (whole arm) ones all seem to have arisen spontaneously in laboratory and wild populations. Next comes a detailed coverage of the various aneuploidy conditions in mice, on which they have worked extensively themselves. Inevitably, there is some overlap here and elsewhere with Epstein’s very useful monograph on the consequences of chromosome imbalance but they have different points of view, so the effect is additive rather than subtractive. The authors then describe in detail their studies on the developmental effects of chromosome imbalance generated by the well-known T6Ca translocation and some others, but comment that little work has been done in this field. This gap in our knowledge has been narrowed recently (see Progress and Topics in Cytogenetics, vol. 8) but much more needs to be done, especially on regions conserved between mouse and man.In a stimulating chapter on the functional activity of chromosomes and control mechanisms in early embryonic development, the authors discuss, inter alia, their own hypotheses on the initial regulation of development by ‘early genes’ (e.g. for actin and tubulin) clustered together on a few autosomes (Dyban) and on the importance of interchromosomal relationships and the mutual activation of homologous chromosomes in early embryogenesis (Baranov). This latter hypothesis would imply that, for the chromosomes concerned, monosomy and nulhsomy should have equally severe effects, since loci on a single unpaired chromosome would be more or less completely inactivated. We have recently disproved this for one mouse chromosome, since nullo-15’s die earlier than mono-15’s (Beechey & Searle, Cytogenet. Cell Genet.) but possibly the phenomenon, if it exists, is connected with chromosomes involved in genomic imprinting, which exonerates no. 15.The influence of specific genes on early mammalian development is also dealt with at some length and there is an interesting chapter on higher nervous activity in animals with chromosome anomalies. The latter is largely based on work by Soviet scientists. This brings out one very valuable aspect of this book, namely its inclusion of much relevant work by East European scientists which might be missed otherwise. In the Preface it is stated that Russian scientists “are always adequately informed on all scientific work published in English or in any other Western language.” Perhaps this is a slight exaggeration but it does point to a general informational imbalance, which this book helps to redress in one branch of biology at least The book is well illustrated and has about a thousand references, as well as a subject index. The authors’ goal for this new edition was to produce a book “of use to the English readers”; I feel sure that this will be.

The Influence of Ablation of the Dorsal Section of the Hippocampus on Alimentary Conditioned Reflexes in Cats

At present a great deal of attention is given to questions of the physiological role of the hippocampal formation in the higher nervous activity of animals and man. A sizable number of both experimental and clinical-neurological investigations indicate that the hippocampus plays a definite part in conditioned reflex activity. Both ablation and stimulation produce noticeable alterations (Grastyan [13, 14], Brady [1], Bures et al. [11], Zager et al. [3], Urmancheyeva [9, 10] etc). (1)

On certain characteristics of higher nervous activity in animals subjected to antenatal ionizing radiation

On the 15th day after coitus female rabbits were subjected to a single x-irradiation in a dose of 400 r. Stabilization of conditioned reflex activity was investigated in the progeny: observations covered the somatic state of the animals with determination of hematological indices and inquiry into the cerebral morphology. In animals irradiated during organogenesis there is a slower elaboration and a slower stabilization of conditioned positive reflexes; differential response to sound stimulus is not elaborated. By irradiated animals differed but little from the controls hematological and weight indices. Histological investigation disclosed a reduction of the brain mass, considerable atrophy of the cortex and its disturbed development; corpus calossum is either absent or underdeveloped and so is cerebellum. Clinically there appear rotational and pendulum-like movements and development of spastic paralyses of hind extremities. According to the brain function indices subcortical formations are the ones of suffer most in these animals.

Peculiarities of the higher nervous activity of animals irradiated in the antenatal period with ionizing radiation. Report 5. Peculiarities of the higher nervous activity in early postnatal ontogenesis in puppies irradiated during embryonic development

Conditioned reflex activity was studied during the period of early postnatal ontogenesis by the olfactory and shaking methods in dogs irradiated with X-rays on the 45th or the 20th day of embryogenesis in a dose of 200 R. There were 38 puppies under observation: 15 control, 9 irradiated on the 20th day and 14-on the 45th day of embryogenesis. The puppies of experimental litters developed very unevenly (as compared to control) both in somatic respects and in respect to the higher nervous activity. At the age of 2 months the difference in weight between various experimental puppies constituted about 150%, whereas in control animals it did not exceed 10–15%. The connective function of the cerebral cortex in the experimental puppies was deranged right from their birth and up to the age of 6 months. Conditioned reflexes and especially differentiation in the experimental puppies appear at a later date. Frequent occurrence of phasic conditions (paradoxical, ultraparadoxical) in irradiated animals points to the functional deficiency of cortical cells. In puppies irradiated on the 20th day of embryogenesis the neurodynamic disturbances and especially the processes of cortical inhibition were seen to be more marked than in those irradiated on the 45th day.

Changes in the conditioned reflex and blood cholinesterase activity of animals under the influence of the phosphorganic insecticide, phosphamide

In studying the action of phosphamide, a phosphorganic insecticide, on the higher nervous activity of animals with the aid of the conditioned reflex method, it was established that in doses and concentrations not provoking any visible signs of poisoning this preparation caused changes in the conditioned reflex activity of cats and depression of cholinesterase activity of the serum and erythrocytes of these animals. Changes in the conditioned reflex activity were observed in depression of cholinesterase of erythrocytes and serum by 40 and more per cent, i.e., depression of cholinesterase activity was an earlier and a more sensitive index of intoxication. Disturbances of the higher nervous activity observed in the animals during the action of phosphamide were manifested in intensified active inhibition (differential and extinction), reduction of conditioned reflexes according to the anesthetic phase type; by the nature of the changes these disturbances were similar to those of the higher nervous activity in acetylcholine poisoning.

CONDITIONED REFLEXES IN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD

The history of medicine shows that every important step in the progress of scientific medicine has been followed by development in the corresponding branch of clinical medicine. Among the biologic disciplines physiology is especially closely connected with the clinic. At the close of the last century the physiologists made great progress in the investigation of almost all organs, but physiologic study of the brain remained decidedly backward. However, during the last three decades there have been great achievements in this branch of physiology. In 1901, Prof. I. P. Pavlov, with many co-workers, began an intensive study of the higher nervous activity in animals by the strictly physiologic method of conditioned reflexes. Great results have been attained in this field of investigation, and many important laws regulating cerebral activity have been discovered by these workers. The inspiring advances of Pavlov's work stimulated me to elaborate on the method, so that it

THE CONDITIONED REFLEXES AND CHILDREN'S NEUROSES

Though our knowledge of the activity of the brain dates back to the middle of the last century and important facts about that activity had already been discovered, all those single facts did not comprise all phenomena of the highest nervous activity of the animal, and did not let us understand the physiologic mechanism of its behavior as a whole. The systematic study of the function of the cerebral hemispheres, as an organ of the highest nervous activity of animals by the purely physiologic method of conditioned reflexes, was begun by Prof. I. P. Pavlov 1 in 1901. It is known that Professor Pavlov proposed to make use of the reflex of the salivary glands as a reaction of the animal to external stimuli, and proved that this reflex, by means of the associative mechanism of the cortex, will respond to numerous external stimuli. The external stimuli could produce salivation,

Conditioned reflexes and the physiology of the large hemispheres

Research Acad. I.P. Pavlov, concerning the study of the functions of the higher parts of the central nervous system, the general results of which are summed up by his recently published book "Twenty Years of Objective Study of the Higher Nervous Activity of Animals," belong to rare and exceptional events in the history of science, area, a strong stream suddenly appears, saturated with the dynamics of a new methodology, a large and sharply outlined boundary is immediately erected, denoting a new era here, and the further development of this area along a new path is predetermined, constantly, as it moves, opening up new and new perspectives and enlivening the work of further by asking questions.