JADE Research Articles

Questioning Multilevel Models

QUESTIONING MULTILEVEL MODELS JAN DE LEEUW AND ITA G.G. KREFT January 29, 1994 INTRODUCTION In this paper we discuss some of the practical problems in using multilevel tech- niques, by looking into the choices users of these techniques have to make. It is difficult, of course, to define user . Different users have different degrees of statis- tical background, computer literacy, experience, and so on. We adopt a particular operational definition of a user in this paper, which certainly does not apply to all users. Our user is defined by the set of questions asked by the Statistical Standards and Methodology Division of the National Center for Education Statistics (as formu- lated in a letter of 9-16-93 of Bob Burton of NCES to Jerry Sacks of the National Institute of Statistical Sciences). the path NCES =>• NSF This is in the context of a grant which has taken =>• NISS =>• UCLA, and which has the specific purpose to evaluate the practical usefulness of multilevel modeling for educational statistics. We cannot discuss, let alone answer, all the questions from NCES in this paper. Many of them will require additional statistical and computational research, but they il- lustrate nicely some of the practical methodological problems in using hierarchical linear models. We shall keep the statistics and mathematics as simple as possible. We shall also concentrate on the situation in which we have a relatively large number of relatively small groups. The situation in which we have only two or three groups does not really interest us here, and the situation in which we have a large number of very small groups (twins, couples) also requires a slightly different emphasis. We are thinking in terms of at least 20, but maybe as much as 1000, groups of size at least 5, but maybe as large as 50. This seems to cover most studies in which the individuals are students and the groups are schools or classes. ^hey denbush also illustrate the dominant position of the terminology and notation of Bryk and Rau- [7], and of the computer program HLM [8] in the field of official educational In many cases it seems as if fitting a multilevel model statistics. and using HLM are seen as identical activities. They are not, of course. There is more to structural equations modeling than LISREL, and there is more to Aspirin then Bayer. To avoid confusion, we shall not use the term hierarchical linear models, and if we say HLM we mean the computer program of that name.

Recurrent 1;17 translocations in human neuroblastoma reveal non-homologous mitotic recombination during the S/G2 phase as a novel mechanism for LOH: [formula omitted], Peter van Sluis, Nadine van Roy, Jan de Kraker, Frank Speleman, P.A. Voûte, Andries Westerveld, Rosalyn Slater, Rogier Versteeg. Dept. Human Genetics, Univ. Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands

Recurrent 1;17 translocations in human neuroblastoma reveal non-homologous mitotic recombination during the S/G2 phase as a novel mechanism for LOH: [formula omitted], Peter van Sluis, Nadine van Roy, Jan de Kraker, Frank Speleman, P.A. Voûte, Andries Westerveld, Rosalyn Slater, Rogier Versteeg. Dept. Human Genetics, Univ. Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands

Een Middelburgs tapijt aan de vergetelheid ontrukt: The last fight of the Revenge, 1598

AbstractSix tapestries depict the resistance of Zeeland's Sea Beggars to the Spaniards during the Eighty Years' War. Between 1572 and 1576 the fight for freedom was waged in the Scheldt delta. In 1591 the Estates of Zeeland ordered the first tapestry, a representation of the battle of Bergen op Zoom, from Francois Spierinx, a weaver in Delft. When it arrived in 1595, the Estates decided to have a series of tapestries made for the Prinsenlogement, or royal apartments, in Middelburg Abbey. The five tapestries were woven in the De Maecht workshop in less than ten years. Four of them, representing naval engagements, were designed by Hendrick Cornelisz. Vroom: The Battle of Rammekens, The Battle of Lillo, The Battle of Zierikzee and The Battle of Den Haak. The fifth, the Arms Tapestry, was woven after a design by Carel van Mander. Lord Charles Howard of Effingham, Earl of Nottingham (1536-1624) ordered from Spierinx a series of ten tapestries depicting the English victory over the Spanish Armada. These tapestries, which had hung in the House of Lords since 1650, were destroyed in a fire at the Houses of Parliament in 1834. Vroom based his designs for the Armada tapestries on maps by Robert Adams, engraved by Augustine Ryther. Compared with the Armada series, the composition of the Zeeland tapestries is fluent and vigorous. Vroom had actually visited Zeeland and spoken with eye-witnesses such as Joos dc Moor. The silhouettes of the towns are rendered in detail. Lord Thomas Howard ordered The Last Fight of the Revenge, dated 1598, from the De Maecht workshop in Middelburg. This fairly unknown tapestry, in a private collection since 1934, was on show at the Armada exhibition in the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich in 1988. It was erroneously presumed to have been woven by Spierinx in Brussels. Spierinx, however, came from Antwerp, and moved to Delft in 1591. In view of the dating and an art-historical comparison, an attribution to the Dc Maccht workshop is more likely. Hendrick Vroom designed The Revenge. It bears a marked resemblance to the Zierikzee and Den Haak tapestries in the Zeeland series; the border, too, is similar. Wool, silk, gold and silver thread were used. The latter were costly materials and rarely used in North Netherlandish tapestry production. The tapestry may have been ordered to commemorate Sir Richard Grenville's valiant action. On August 31 1591 Admiral Howard led his fleet to the Azores, off Pico island. His intention was to intercept a Spanish treasure fleet on its return voyage from the West. However, the English were taken by surprise by Armada ships. Howard ordered the retreat, but Grenville, vice-admiral and commander of the Revenge, ignored these orders. He engaged in battle with the attackers, was wounded and died on the Spanish flagship. The composition, a bird's-eye view, of the Revenge tapestry, bears a strong resemblance to the Zierikzee (1599-1603) and Den Haak (1600-1602) tapestries, both of which were woven under the supervision of Hendrick de Maecht, Jan de Maecht's successor. The borders of the tapestries woven in Middelburg echo Spierinx's Bergen op Zoom. The colours in the Bergen op Zoom tapestry are bright and soft, the figures are plastic and the surround merges harmoniously with the representation. Unfortunately this cannot be said of the Zeeland borders. Various alterations in the border of the Revenge mar the harmony and symmetry. The word 'Anno' and the year in the top corners are in the wrong order. In view of the woven rendering of the composition, the use of dark colours and the rather clumsy borders, The Last Fight of The Revenge is more likely to have come from Hendrick de Maecht's studio than from Jan de Maecht's. The latter's products are distinguished by the use of lighter colours and more accurate weaving, as is particularly evident in De Battle of Rammekens and to a lesser extent in The Battle of Lillo.

Het Toren van Babel-schilderij in het Mauritshuis. Een illustratie van de relatie tussen de 15 de-eeuwse miniatuur- en schilderkunst in de Nederlanden

AbstractIn the Mauritshuis at Thc Hague is the earliest extant painting on the theme of the Tower of Babel (fig. I). The panel's smal size (19.7 × 17 cm) and the min ute detail of the narrative scene suggest a relationship with the art of the miniaturc. This connection, which is demonstrable in other early representations of the theme (figs. 2-3), is confirmed by numerous motivic similarities with a number of miniatures (figs.4 6) in Les anciennes croniques et conquestes de Charlemaine, a manuscript which was illuminated by Jan de Tavernier between 1458 and c. 1465 and shortly afterwards showed up in the library of Philip, Duke of Burgundy. It is now in the Albert I Royal Library in Brussels. The anonymous painter of the panel was probably not in a position to base his work directly on the actual miniatures, but he may well have made use of sketches which served for the illumination of manuscripts in De Tavernier's studio. However, it cannot be ruled out that a Tower of Babel was painted in that studio. Neither the obvious relationship with De Tavernier's oeuvre nor corresponding motifs in paintings from the Bruges (fig. 8) and Haarlem (fig. 9) environments yield a logical hypothesis for an attribution of the panel in The Hague. The article does however draw attention, to the important but hitherto insufficiently examined relationship between 15th-century painting and the contemporary miniature (and other art techniques).

Voorlopige catalogus

AbstractA painting of a pastoral couple making music was sold at an auction in 1975 under the name of Abraham Bloemaert. The unsigned work should however be attributed to Aelbert Jansz. van dcr Schoor. Active in Utrecht, this painter specialized in portraits, figures, fish still lifes and Vanitas pieces. Although nothing is known of his early years or tuition, he was undoubtedly trained as a painter in Utrecht, possibly under Abraham Bloemaert, with whose work his own has much in common. His earliest dated paintings were done in the early 1640s. Most of them arc portraits, although a few interiors of this period are also known. As a genre and history painter Van der Schoor was much inspired by Jan van Bijlert and slightly less by Gerard van Honthorst, as well as by Abraham Bloemaert. His pictures, usually of musicians, but also the occasional history piece, such as Christ at Evimaus, are characterized by a clear and vivid use of colour, the monumental, plastic figures and the recurring, distinctive types of figure. Van der Schoor's portraits have a very sober, somewhat old-fashioned air. Here, too, he was influenced by better-known Utrecht painters like Jan van Bijlert and Hendrick Bloemaert. No stylistic development can be observed in his corpus of portraits, but this is perhaps because he was only active as a portraitist for a very brief period. He is unlikely to have painted any portraits after 1651. Instead, he concentrated on fish still lifes and Vanitas representations. He did however continue to paint figure pieces. Not surprisingly, Aelbert van der Schoor modelled his fish still lifes on examples by fellow-painters in Utrecht, Jan de Bont and Willem Ormea, for instance. His few surviving Vanitas pieces are more original, the undeniable highlight of this genre being the Vanitas in the Rijksmuseum, in which a skull is painted from six different angles. Aelbert van der Schoor's oeuvre currently comprises thirty paintings, but his output was surely larger. The fact that some of the paintings presently attributed to him were previously regarded as the work of Theodor Rombouts, Dirck van Baburen, Abraham Bloemaert or Jan Gerritz van Bronchorst, suggests that fresh additions will be made to his oeuvre within due course. The same must certainly apply to his drawings. Hitherto only one has been attributed to him, a sheet of figure studies drawn in preparation for the aforementioned pastoral couple. It demonstrates that in conceiving this very early painting Aelbert van der Schoor employed the method of the nestor of Utrecht painting, Abraham Bloemaert. It would therefore not come as a surprise if we should learn that Bloemaert was Aelbert van der Schoor's teacher.

Transitions Between Cultivation and Pastoralism in Sub-Saharan Africa [and Comments and Reply

This paper presents a dynamic optimality model of herding and farming as long-term survival strategies. The model can be used to predict which modes of subsistence will be associated with different ecological and economic conditions and therefore to examine under what circumstances people might change from one mode of subsistence to another. It predicts that the shift into pastoralism is associated, principally, with increasing wealth, and examples from recent history support his. It also explains such counter-intuitive b haviour as pastoralists' taking up cultivation in an area although farmers are moving out.

Invited reaction: Thoughts about on‐the‐job training and on‐the‐job learning

AbstractIt is important to get away from the prevailing notion that off‐the‐job training is always more efficient and effective than on‐the‐job training (OJT). Jan de Jong has done an admirable job of drawing attention to this important issue. I would like to provide support for several of de Jong's key points and raise issues with others. My aim is to enlarge the discussion beyond issues in de Jong's article and to frame questions that I—as a practitioner who has long grappled firsthand with this subject—feel are central to the continuing evolution of OJT and on‐the‐job learning (OJL) in the workplace.

Norman J. G. Pounds. <italic>Hearth and Home: A History of Material Culture</italic>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1989. Pp. x, 437. $57.50

Journal Article Norman J. G. Pounds. Hearth and Home: A History of Material Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1989. Pp. x, 437. $57.50 Get access Pounds Norman J. G.. Hearth and Home: A History of Material Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1989. Pp. x, 437. $57.50. Jan De Vries Jan De Vries University of California, Berkeley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 96, Issue 4, October 1991, Pages 1153–1154, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/96.4.1153 Published: 01 October 1991

Reduced Rank Models for Contingency Tables

Biomtlrika (1991), 78, 1, pp. 229-32 Printed in Great Britain Reduced rank models for contingency tables BY JAN DE LEEUW Departments of Psychology and Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024-1563, U.S.A. AND PETER G. M. VAN DER HEIJDEN Department of Empirical and Theoretical Sociology, University of Utrecht, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands SUMMARY Some key words: Canonical analysis; Correspondence analysis; Latent class analysis; Reduced rank models. 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years much attention has been given to models for two-way contingency tables that can be formulated in terms of reduced rank of a matrix with probabilities. A well-known reduced rank model is the independence model, where the rank is one. For rank higher than one distinct classes of reduced rank models are possible. Each has the independence model as the special case for rank one. A first class of such models is closely related to what is known under names as canonical analysis or correspondence analysis. Recently much attention has been given to the maximum likelihood estimation of versions of these models by Goodman (1985, 1986, 1987) and Gilula & Haberman (1986, 1988). A second class of models that can be formulated in terms of reduced rank is latent class analysis, LCA, for two-way tables. Latent class analysis was proposed by Lazersfeld (1950a, b). See Clogg (1981) for a more recent review. In this paper we relate these classes of models to each other. The relation has been discussed earlier by Gilula (1979, 1983, 1984), Gilula & Haberman (1986), Goodman (1987), and van der Heijden, Mooijaart & de Leeuw (1989). We summarize existing results in a simple way using new proofs. Gilula (1979) provided conditions that had to hold for rank-2 correspondence analysis to imply rank-2 latent class analysis. We show here that rank-2 correspondence analysis always implies rank-2 latent class analysis. This implies that the theorem and the example given by Gilula (1979) are incorrect. 2. GENERAL REDUCED RANK MODELS The basic model studied in this paper assumes that a n n x m probability matrix II has rank p, where p = min (n,m). We call this model R p . The probability matrix II has all elements nonnegative, while the sum of the ny is equal to one. We suppose, unless indicated otherwise, that II is full, in the sense that its row sums ir l+ and its column sums v +J are all positive. Thus no row or column is equal to zero. We compare this model with the canonical model C p , in which at most p - 1 of the canonical correlations between the row and the column variables of the table are nonzero. These canonical correlations are the stationary values of the product moment correlation coefficient, seen as a function of scores for rows and scores for columns. Downloaded from biomet.oxfordjournals.org at University of California, Los Angeles on May 18, 2011 Reduced rank models for the analysis of two-way contingency tables are introduced. Two classes of reduced rank models are discerned, with well-known exponents canonical analysis and latent class analysis. The relation between these two classes is discussed. Results on the subject mentioned earlier in the literature are shown to be either redundant or inaccurate.

Agricultural trade liberalization and the European Community

Part 1 International and macroeconomic effects: international effects of CAP trade liberalization, Klaus Frohberg et al intersectoral effects of CAP trade liberalization, Jean-Marc Burniaux effects of a reduction in US agricultural protection, Fred H.Sanderson. Part 2 Effects on income redistribution: analysis of CAP trade policy changes, Louis P.Mahe and Catherine Moreddu national effects of CAP trade liberalization, Jan de Veer budgetary and economic effects of CAP trade liberalization, Kenneth J.Thomson. Part 3 Effects on the agricultural sector: impact of CAP trade liberalization on agricultural supply, Pierpaolo Pierani and Klaus Frohberg effects of decreasing common agricultural prices, Knud J.Munk effects of decreasing agricultural prices on the EC cereals market, Hannes Weindlmaier price policies and international distortions in the wheat market, Alexander H.Sarris. Part 4 Perspectives for common economic policies: the best enemy of the could - bargaining in the EC, Helen Wallace industrial integration - the core of EC rediscovered, Jacques Pelkmans agricultural integration - problems and perspectives, Harald von Witzke and C.Ford Runge monetary and financial integration - problems and perspectives, Alberto Majocchi.

Diversity and the Transformation of American Studies

it always been given by the president. Even on those occasions when it is offered by presidents, the American Studies Association has not been content to leave them to their own devices. Presidents (I can reveal to you) get very strict instructions. We are reminded, for example, that most presidential addresses in most organizations are deadly dull. We are told that dullness often results from letting presidents speak about anything that pleases them. We are instructed not to speak about our own research in self-indulgent papers which, if submitted to the program committee, would never have been permitted on the program at all. Unlike the practice of other organizations, our president is to offer a keynote address, linked to the theme of the convention, and in that way constrained by the choices of the Program Committee. Our presidents are not free to be self-indulgent. When, however, the 1988 Program Committee, chaired by Jane De Hart and Jose Limon, chose the theme of our convention The Intersection of Race, Class, Gender, and Ethnicity in the Study of American Culture, they freed me to be self-indulgent. Indeed, I feel something like Susan B. Anthony on a December day in the mid-1870s. She was on a speaking tour in Iowa, and had come by train to Cedar Rapids, and then been taken by sleigh to Vinton, a small town several miles to the north where she had been invited

The public hospital revisted: The twenty-fifth anniversary of Jan de Hartog's "The Hospital".

The public hospital revisted: The twenty-fifth anniversary of Jan de Hartog's "The Hospital".

What Does Comparative Religion Compare?

The term has disparate meanings. It can refer to the comparison either of whole religions or of specific elements within religion like creation myths, earth gods, and shamans. Alternatively, the term can refer to the study of those who do the comparing. When the term refers to the study of comparers from all disciplines, it is equivalent to theories of religion. When the term refers to comparers in religious studies alone—persons I call religionists—it is identical with the history and phenomenology of religion. Of the hundreds of books on comparative religion, many have been studies of religions or aspects of religion themselves. Others have been studies of theorists of religion. Still others have been studies of historians and phenomenologists of religion. Among contemporary surveys of theorists of religion, Eric Sharpe's Comparative Religion is probably the best known. Other well-known contemporary surveys, some of them selections from theorists themselves, include Jan de Vries' The Study of Religion: A Historical

Correspondence Analysis, with Special Attention to the Analysis of Panel Data and Event History Data

Correspondence Analysis, with Special Attention to the Analysis of Panel Data and Event History Data Peter G. M . van der Heyden; Jan de Leeuw Sociological Methodology, V o l . 19. (1989), pp. 43-87. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0081-1750%281989%2919%3C43%3ACAWSAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-l Sociological Methodology is currently published by American Sociological Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http: // w w w .j s tor. org/j oum al s/as a. h tml. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact suppoit@jstor.org. http : // w w w .j s tor. org/ Sat Sep 30 12:02:47 2006

The Interorganizational Control of an Occupied Country

This is a revised verson of a paper presented at the workshop Corporatist Economic Organization during the Second World organized by the Leyden Institute for Law and Public Policy, University of Leyden, April 1987. I want to express my gratitude to Jan de Groot for his assistance in the analysis of the relevant literature, to Thea de Beer and Astrid van Ekelenburg for typing all the preliminary versions of this paper, to Professors I. Schdffer and J. C. H. Blom and to Jan Nekkers for their valuable comments on an earlier version, to the editors and reviewers of ASQ for their helpful suggestions, and, last but not least, to Inez Seeger for reading the English text. In this paper the German occupation of Belgium, The Netherlands, and Norway during the Second World War is analyzed from an interorganizational perspective. The concept of the intermediate organization is elaborated, two subtypes being distinguished-the control and the representative intermediary-and a system of governance of a country is sketched as consisting of a hierarchy of intermediary organizations with a mixture of control and representative functions. The reorganization by the occupation authorities is then characterized in terms of the agencies they superimposed on indigenous webs of organizations and the changes they brought about in existing arrangements. On the whole, the measures taken by the occupant were intended to strengthen the control and contain the representative functions of the organizations in question. However, the more drastic the attempts to repress the representative functions of intermediary organizations, the less useful they were as control agencies, especially if effective control required a measure of cooperation from the controlled. It is also concluded that a system of administration consisting of several layers of intermediary organizations is intrinsically unfit to serve as an efficient and effective tool of top-down control for most purposes.'

The Agricultural Economy of an Old Kingdom Town in Egypt's West Delta: Insights from the Plant Remains

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Agricultural Economy of an Old Kingdom Town in Egypt's West Delta: Insights from the Plant RemainsMarie-Francine Moens, and Wilma WetterstromMarie-Francine Moens Search for more articles by this author , and Wilma Wetterstrom Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Near Eastern Studies Volume 47, Number 3Jul., 1988 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/373282 Views: 17Total views on this site Citations: 24Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1988 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Kuangyuan Nong, Xingjun Hu, Mark Merlin, Tao Chen, Guilin Zhang, Hongen Jiang Potential legume forage selection in arid regions of northwest China: utilization of Melilotus cf. albus (Fabaceae) as army horse fodder in a Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) beacon tower, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14, no.99 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01634-yNatalia Małecka-Drozd More remarks on settlement patterns in the Nile Delta in the 3rd millennium BC, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean , no.30/230/2 (Dec 2021): 29–79.https://doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam30.2.15Chris Stantis, Arwa Kharobi, Nina Maaranen, Colin Macpherson, Manfred Bietak, Silvia Prell, Holger Schutkowski Multi-isotopic study of diet and mobility in the northeastern Nile Delta, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13, no.66 (Jun 2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01344-xClaire Malleson Agriculture and environment in the Wadi Tumilat, Egypt, 2nd–1st millennium BC, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37 (Jun 2021): 102942.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102942Georges Verly, Frederik W. Rademakers, Claire Somaglino, Pierre Tallet, Luc Delvaux, Patrick Degryse The Chaîne Opératoire of Middle Kingdom smelting batteries and the problem of fuel: Excavation, experimental and analytical studies on ancient Egyptian metallurgy, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 37 (Jun 2021): 102708.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102708Judith Bunbury The Nile and Ancient Egypt, 265 (Jun 2019).https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511997884Z.A. Abdel-Salam, V. Palleschi, M.A. Harith Study of the feeding effect on recent and ancient bovine bones by nanoparticle-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and chemometrics, Journal of Advanced Research 17 (May 2019): 65–72.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2018.12.009Jixiang Song, Hongliang Lu, Zhengwei Zhang, Xinyi Liu Archaeobotanical remains from the mid-first millennium AD site of Kaerdong in western Tibet, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10, no.88 (Jun 2017): 2015–2026.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0521-6Claire Malleson Informal intercropping of legumes with cereals? A re-assessment of clover abundance in ancient Egyptian cereal processing by-product assemblages: archaeobotanical investigations at Khentkawes town, Giza (2300–2100 bc), Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 25, no.55 (Feb 2016): 431–442.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-016-0559-xJohn M. Marston, Naomi F. Miller Intensive agriculture and land use at Roman Gordion, central Turkey, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23, no.66 (Jun 2014): 761–773.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0467-xJuan Carlos Moreno García Invaders or just herders? Libyans in Egypt in the third and second millennia bce, World Archaeology 46, no.44 (Jun 2014): 610–623.https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2014.931820Veerle Linseele, Heiko Riemer, Jan Baeten, Dirk De Vos, Elena Marinova, Claudio Ottoni Species identification of archaeological dung remains: A critical review of potential methods, Environmental Archaeology 18, no.11 (Feb 2014): 5–17.https://doi.org/10.1179/1461410313Z.00000000019Michael Wallace, Michael Charles What goes in does not always come out: The impact of the ruminant digestive system of sheep on plant material, and its importance for the interpretation of dung-derived archaeobotanical assemblages, Environmental Archaeology 18, no.11 (Feb 2014): 18–30.https://doi.org/10.1179/1461410313Z.00000000022Joy McCorriston, Sanford Weisberg Spatial and Temporal Variation in Mesopotamian Agricultural Practices in the Khabur Basin, Syrian Jazira, Journal of Archaeological Science 29, no.55 (May 2002): 485–498.https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0741Gil J. Stein Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World, (Jan 2001): 353–379.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72611-3_10 Food and Drink around the World, (Dec 2000): 1121–1121.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521402156.002Naomi F. Miller, Wilma Wetterstrom The Beginnings of Agriculture: The Ancient Near East and North Africa, (Dec 2000): 1122–1139.https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521402156.003Marijke van der Veen The economic value of chaff and straw in arid and temperate zones, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 8, no.33 (Sep 1999): 211–224.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02342721Michael Charles Fodder From Dung: the Recognition and Interpretation of Dung-Derived Plant Material from Archaeological Sites, Environmental Archaeology 1, no.11 (Jul 2013): 111–122.https://doi.org/10.1179/env.1996.1.1.111Gil J. Stein Heterogeneity, power, and political economy: Some current research issues in the archaeology of Old World complex societies, Journal of Archaeological Research 6, no.11 (Mar 1998): 1–44.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02443149Ahmed Gamal El-Din Fahmy Evaluation of the weed flora of Egypt from Predynastic to Graeco-Roman times, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 6, no.44 (Dec 1997): 241–247.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01370445Willem van Zeist, Gerrit Jan de Roller Plant remains from Maadi, a predynastic site in lower Egypt, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2, no.11 (May 1993): 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00191701Robert J. Wenke The evolution of early Egyptian civilization: Issues and evidence, Journal of World Prehistory 5, no.33 (Sep 1991): 279–329.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00974992Sekkina Ayyad, Knut Krzywinski, Richard Pierce Mudbrick as a bearer of agricultural information: An archaeopalynological study, Norwegian Archaeological Review 24, no.22 (Jan 1991): 77–96.https://doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1991.9965535

The Dutch Navy and National Survival in the Seventeenth Century

Twentieth-century ing the advantages which the Dutch Republic of the seventeenth century derived from what superficially may appear to be 'modern' characteristics. Uniquely, it contained a predominantly urban society concerned with commerce, finance, and industry, whose leading interests had the ability to influence a system of government that operated through tiers of representative institutions in the cities, provincial states, and the States General, in what can best be described as participatory oligarchy. Obviously, the Republic needed an effective navy to ensure the functioning of an economy dependent largely on overseas trade, on the import of industrial raw materials, the export of manufactures and fish, and the re-export of European and colonial commodities. Consequently, it is impossible to deny to the Dutch Republic the titles of the first bourgeois state and the first modern maritime power. But, influenced consciously or unconsciously by twentieth-century and especially Marxist assumptions, it is easy (but unwise) to conclude that the Republic during its Golden Age was an aggressive, self-confident, expansionist, and notably efficient state. Its limitations and vulnerability emerge from a detailed examination of the nature, organization, and deployment of Dutch sea power, whose role in European wars, like the whole political and economic strategy of the state which depended upon the navy, was essentially defensive. As we can see from their logs and reports, admirals like Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp and Michiel Adrianszoon de Ruyter were, from personal experiences at sea, far more acutely aware of the vulnerability of the Republic than their political chiefs, Jan de Witt and then William III. Many of the geopolitical factors that facilitated seventeenth-century Dutch commercial success turned into serious causes of weakness in war, and the Republic was at war for sixty years during the century. The

De Amsterdamse verzamelaar Herman Becker (ca. 1617-1678); Nieuwe gegevens over een geldschieter van Rembrandt

De Amsterdamse verzamelaar Herman Becker (ca. 1617-1678); Nieuwe gegevens over een geldschieter van Rembrandt

Agrarian Transformation and the Rural Labour Market: The Case of Nicaragua

Development and ChangeVolume 19, Issue 1 p. 115-138 Agrarian Transformation and the Rural Labour Market: The Case of Nicaragua Hermine Weijland, Hermine Weijland Hermine Weijland is senior lecturer in development economics at the Free University in Amsterdam. She wrote a doctoral dissertation on ‘Distributive Forces in Economic Development Processes’, and is currently engaged in rural employment studies. Her recent publications are mainly on rural industry.Search for more papers by this authorJan de Groot, Jan de Groot Jan de Groot is senior lecturer in agricultural economics at the Free University in Amsterdam. His special field of interest is agricultural development in Central America and the Caribbean. He has written papers on technological aspects of farming and on collectivism in the region, and is currently working on a study of land reform in the Dominican Republic.Search for more papers by this authorRudolf Buitelaar, Rudolf Buitelaar Rudolf Buitelaar was employed as research assistant to the development economics section of the Faculty of Economics at the Free University in Amsterdam. In 1985 he did fieldwork in Nicaragua. At present he works for UNIDO in Uruguay.Search for more papers by this author Hermine Weijland, Hermine Weijland Hermine Weijland is senior lecturer in development economics at the Free University in Amsterdam. She wrote a doctoral dissertation on ‘Distributive Forces in Economic Development Processes’, and is currently engaged in rural employment studies. Her recent publications are mainly on rural industry.Search for more papers by this authorJan de Groot, Jan de Groot Jan de Groot is senior lecturer in agricultural economics at the Free University in Amsterdam. His special field of interest is agricultural development in Central America and the Caribbean. He has written papers on technological aspects of farming and on collectivism in the region, and is currently working on a study of land reform in the Dominican Republic.Search for more papers by this authorRudolf Buitelaar, Rudolf Buitelaar Rudolf Buitelaar was employed as research assistant to the development economics section of the Faculty of Economics at the Free University in Amsterdam. In 1985 he did fieldwork in Nicaragua. At present he works for UNIDO in Uruguay.Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1988 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1988.tb00297.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue1January 1988Pages 115-138 RelatedInformation

Food Shortage, Climatic Variability, and Epidemic Disease in Preindustrial Europe: The Mortality Peak in the Early 1740s. John D. Post

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsFood Shortage, Climatic Variability, and Epidemic Disease in Preindustrial Europe: The Mortality Peak in the Early 1740s. John D. Post Jan de VriesJan de Vries Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 59, Number 4Dec., 1987 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/243294 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 1987 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.