Nepalese Society Research Articles

A General Review on Women Empowerment in Nepal

In developing nations like Nepal, gender equality and women empowerment are always burning issues. Most of the indicators of women empowerment in Nepal are found below the standard. Thus the study, tries to explore the condition of women at home and their socioeconomic challenges. Many studies in the present era, in the issues of causes of gender inequality and remedies for women empowerment are the need of the modern world including Nepal. The study is the general review of available resources in internet about the issues (need and solution) of women empowerment of Nepal. The study analyses the inequality of women and its solution in Nepalese society. The study concludes, that the review identifies, inequality between men and women, domestic violence, sexual harassment, and illiteracy are the major problems. In conclusion, the opportunity for education, health, job and entrepreneurship access are the basic tools of women empowerment to mainstream gender inequality in Nepal.

Restructuring Nepalese Societies Through Residential Relocation and it's Social Effects

This paper focuses to voluntary relocation of residents of Nepalese society and its effects on social relationship which unfolds the restructuring and transforming old residential structure of Nepalese society. Some scholars attribute the individual factors to the residential relocation and exemplify the life-cycle changes of household heads or household composition such as the age, employment or marital status of the household head and the number of children (Rossi, 1955, p. 24). They believe that the increase of marriage rate and fertility rate are determinative conditions for the residential relocation and rapid expansion of suburban areas. Besides these arguments, many scholars have embraced various facets of social change with residential relocation and find that most residents move to significantly higher income and less racially segregated suburban neighbourhoods with access to better infrastructure, services, and amenities (Deluca et al., 2005; Diewald and Mayer, 2009). Suburban growth is propelled by transportation and technology development such as mass-produced automobiles and highways. It is interesting social phenomenon in Nepal that the residents on hilly side and remote areas are relocating slightly downward and near to market areas. This paper follows field work on Lele valley, Lalitpur district which is emerging suburban area. It finds that people prefer to relocate their residents near to market and transport facilities creating a new social relationship. . It is found that they relocate their residents because of income sent from their family members who are in foreign employment or they sell their land. They introduce a new type of nexus and relationship with new neighbors who are not among their kinship and start bounding in every occasion.

Lahure Culture and Educational Achievement in the Gorkha Communities in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal

Nepalese societies have a long history of Gurkha Army culture for centuries. There is no question about the role of this culture in enhancing the socioeconomic status of these communities from the past. However, along with its positive aspects, this trend has brought some possible adverse effects on those communities who are directly or indirectly associated with the Gurkha Army recruitment process. This study has aimed to explain the possible impact on education attainment of youth from these communities due to participation in the Army preparation and selection process. For the study explanatory research methods were used, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data for insightful investigation of the phenomenon, where 184 aspiring youths from different army training centers operated in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Kaski were selected to gather quantitative insights from young individuals from the Gurkha community actively engaged in Army preparation training. Furthermore, qualitative data was collected through Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) conducted with esteemed principals and administrative figures from educational institutions offering class 11 and 12 courses in Pokhara, Kaski. The recruitment process for the Army, particularly among youths from the Gurkha communities, presents a significant challenge to educational pursuits, resulting in a diversion of focus away from academic endeavors. This trend has led to a substantial number of individuals prioritizing military training over education. Consequently, this phenomenon has adversely affected educational attainment, limiting future opportunities for these communities. Additionally, the Gurkha community’s historical involvement primarily in Gurkha recruitment has perpetuated their societal exclusion and marginalization. While self-realization within the Gurkha community is crucial, effective governmental policies promoting inclusive education and opportunities are equally imperative. Collaborative efforts between communities and policymakers are necessary to bridge these disparities, fostering an equitable environment and integration beyond traditional roles.

Nepalese Society of Lichhavi Period (1-9th Century) : A Historical Study

Nepalese Society of Lichhavi Period (1-9th Century) : A Historical Study

Occupational Shift among Dalits

This paper examines how caste relations are affecting conventional caste-based artisan occupations at present changing scenario of Nepali society. Its focus has been to examine how changes in livelihoods have affected the traditional occupational status of Dalits in semi-rural parts of the Kaski district. Relationship between Dalit and non-Dalit families, traditional artisan and occupations have been an integral part of Nepalese society and culture. They have bound Nepali families together based on their livelihoods. Patron-client relationships between Dalits and non-Dalits, on the other hand, were based on an unequal relationship. This relationship is labeled “unequal” because the people belonging to the Dalit community have been discriminated all life in social practices while having a no way out to escape from the clutches of the cashless peasantry and artisan occupations of the 'Balighare and Hali pratha' while lagging behind in land ownership. Sewing, Ploughing, and Blacksmithery, works based on birth were common. This form of patron-client relationship where the upper castes exploitatively extracted more from what the Dalits had to offer is best termed as an “unequal relationship”. For the purpose of this qualitative research, on-site interviews were arranged with the sixty members from the Dalit households, as per the consent and availability of the participating families. All of them had a history of working the traditionally assigned artisan occupations, while some of them still continued doing so. Most respondents have terminated 'bali pratha' which was based on patron-client relationships between Dalits and non-Dalit families. The young generation shows indifference to the forefather's occupation. Different factors, like the market-based production system and migration trends and the influences of urbanization encourage them to change their traditional occupations. Large numbers of Dalits are now employed in non-agricultural areas for a living. Similarly, livelihood diversification is helping weaken the caste-based occupation in the study area.

The Constitutional Accommodation of Social Diversity in Nepal

This article presents the status of social diversity in Nepal and its constitutional accommodation. It reflects the multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-lingual society and the conflicts based on their diversity, which are the major issues of Nepalese society. In multi-structured society, the diverse groups create the conflict, socio-economic tensions, autonomy movements or struggle for separations. It has originated from the prehistoric age and gradually developed with the evolution of mankind. Nepal has been struggling with some level of inequality which is the great barrier in its social and economic development. This article tries to address the major areas of social diversities which create inequalities in Nepal and its constitutional accommodation. It also focuses on the process of inclusion under the constitution, so that the diversities should be accommodated. This paper is based on multicultural and liberal theory of political science research with normative approach. The paper also used the qualitative method and secondary sources to collect information. The major thrust of this paper is to discuss about the social diversities of Nepal and its accommodation under the constitution which makes it a multicultural, multilingual, multiethnic, multi-religious country. There are various groups which are in the state of political exclusion such as indigenous, women, madhesi, dalits (the lower caste), janajati and many others. It is necessary to have representation of all these groups not only in politics but also in socio-economic sector. This paper aims to analyze the constitutional accommodation which constitutes the society in a fabric of unity in diversity.

Gender Mainstreaming in Schools, Classrooms and Textbooks: Historical Perspective

This study aims to explore how the gender mainstreaming process in schools. Similarly, this study has focused on gender-related content in textbooks. The gender mainstreaming is very important for Nepalese society. So this study analyses gender mainstreaming in schools, classrooms, and textbooks. In particular, gender mainstreaming empowers women in society. Therefore government need to make a good effort to create a gender-friendly environment in schools and textbooks. So how gender mainstreaming helps gender equality is the main concerning part of this study. It is based on field data generated through interaction with the participants. This study mainly dealt with two themes: gender mainstreaming in textbooks, and gender issues in school and class.

Financial Risk and Governance Nexus in Nepalese Cooperative Societies

This study aims to investigate the relationships between credit default risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, and investment risk and their connection to the governance system of Nepalese cooperative societies. The research hypothesis tries to explore that these financial risks are not significantly associated with the governance system of cooperatives. The findings reveal a significant connection between the governance system of cooperatives and credit default risk, leverage risk, and investment risk. However, liquidity risk does not demonstrate a substantial link with the governance system, suggesting the influence of additional factors. These results underscore the pivotal role of effective governance in mitigating financial risks within cooperative societies. Interestingly, the lack of a significant connection between liquidity risk and the governance system implies that other factors are at play in influencing liquidity risk. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers and cooperative management, facilitating the enhancement of governance and risk management strategies, and ultimately contributing to the sustainability of cooperative societies in Nepal. The evaluation involves a comprehensive analysis of financial risks and the governance system in Nepalese cooperative societies, utilizing data from a sample of 126 cooperative societies in Kathmandu.

Challenges Facing Women in School Leadership Positions: At Community Schools in Lalitpur Nepal

Women's leadership in education, particularly in the role of women head teachers, plays a pivotal role in advocating for women's rights and fostering inclusive development. However, women in school leadership positions encounter substantial obstacles stemming from cultural, economic, and social factors. This study's primary objective is to delve into the perceptions and experiences of women headteachers concerning the multifaceted challenges they confront while leading community schools in the Lalitpur district of Nepal. To accomplish this, in-depth interviews will be conducted with three women head teachers representing different community schools. Despite the evolving landscape, Nepal still grapples with the prevailing perception of women as second-class citizens. Furthermore, state laws have not entirely rectified these societal disparities, particularly within educational leadership roles. In many instances, women in school leadership positions do not receive the encouragement they deserve, and they often face bias, where they are seen as inferior to their male counterparts. The complex challenges and disparities faced by women in educational leadership underscore the need for further research to comprehensively understand the issue, given the potential diversity of perspectives within Nepalese society.

Ideology in Advertisement: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Selected Nepali Advertisements

This paper explores the way ideology is embedded in the underlying structure of advertisements, applying Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a theoretical tool focusing on the ideas of Michael Foucault and Norman Fairclough. Four advertisements telecasted in Nepal Television are selected for the analysis. They represent four different fields such as jewelry shop, bathing soap, food supplement and electric cable. Following qualitative research design, this study has used critical, analytical and interpretative method for analyzing the textual data. Critical analysis of these representative advertisements has led to the conclusion that mass media discourse is a fertile playground for ideological games. Keeping in mind the social structure of Nepalese society, they all in a united form impart patriarchal ideology to the audiences. This article proposes a solution to such biased representation. Language is being used as a means of imparting the patriarchal ideology and we should seek a solution from there. We should create critical linguistic awareness for the audience and empower them to resist all such misrepresentations. Resistance is essential for gender equality and only critical linguistic awareness can help create a just society.

Statistically Left Outs and Socio-Historically Legitimized Groups in Nepal

This article explores the realities underpinning the statistically left outs and socio-historically legitimized groups in Nepal by relating the Vedic and Western theoretical perspectives to perceive the reality at the grassroots level. It does so by summarizing the Vedic perspectives and various sociological theories and then looking at the local issues linking with the Western perspectives with my reflection. It reveals that experiential knowledge, globalization, and legitimization are the major sociological aspects influencing the Structure of Nepalese society. The article concludes that the ruling class prepares Statistical data for their purpose, which leaves out the actual/accurate data about the subaltern, ethnic, and minority groups. Voices of the poor students, girls, ethnic and minority group of the School can be addressed by making the policy in education and transforming the school structure with inclusive pedagogy into equity and equality social environment for the students is the major implication of this article.

Environmental Degradation in the Nepalese Society: An Eco-Critical Approach

The paper aims to explore the direct or indirect link between the patriarchal Nepalese society and the degradation of Nepal’s forestry and environment. The males of Nepal have been dominating and disrespecting women as the inferior sex for centuries, and thereby treating natural resourses as feminine, weak to be manipulated and consumed objectively for their benefits. The research tool taken to carry out the research is eco-feminism. To notice the relationship between gender and natural resources of Nepal, the theoretical concerns of such eco-feminist critics as Greta Gaard and Vandana Shiva are chiefly focused on. The Nepalese society, like most of the South-Asian societies, is a male-dominated society. It exploits both women and nature regarding them to be inferior. The chief finding is that the natural resources of Nepal such as air, water, green fields, climate, land, forestry, minerals, environment, and the species of Nepal have been getting threatened because of the Nepalese patriarchal society. The Nepali people exploit nature as carelessly as they have been exploiting women. It is assumed that the research scholars interested in exploring Nepalese society from the perspective of eco-feminism can take the article as a reference.

Fear and posting in Nepal: countering spectacles of fear through everyday social media practices

ABSTRACT This article sheds light upon the cultural politics of fear in post-war Nepal by narrowing in on the Nepal banda – a recurring political spectacle in which the organizers seek to shut down Nepalese society through violent means – tracing both how it shapes and is appropriated in (offline and online) everyday life. In doing so I demonstrate how the online tactics that people employ to navigate the Nepal banda may be understood as countering its spectacle of fear. This happens primarily through the injection of everyday creativity, enjoyment, and leisure into the spectacle of fear embodied in the Nepal banda via the Instagram hashtag #Nepalbanda. As such, the findings indicate that in a society like Nepal where political violence has remained widespread in the post-war period, online engagement often appears as a more viable avenue to practice political dissent than offline resistance. The study furthermore demonstrates the benefits of exploring everyday tactics which are not explicitly political in their intent as countering spectacles of fear. An additional benefit of focusing on such subtle practices is that it does not run the risk of re-iterating the trauma of the original spectacle; an ethical issue raised by previous studies on the matter.

Practice of treating Chronic Subdural Hematoma (cSDH) among Neurosurgeons in Nepal: A nationwide survey with literature review

Objectives: To survey Nepali neurosurgeons regarding the practice of managing chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH). Methods and Materials: A survey questionnaire was sent to all neurosurgeons practicing in Nepal from the database of the Nepalese Society of Neurosurgeons (NESON). Results: 60% (50/84) responded to the questionnaire. There was variation in practice among neurosurgeons regarding the use of drain and the administration of antiepileptics. However, many concurred regarding postoperative computed tomography scan, size of the burr hole, and positioning after surgery. Conclusion: For a common neurosurgical procedure like drainage of cSDH, scientific evidence keeps on changing. Based on the available evidence we need to change our practice for the best possible outcomes. For most of the variables studied, there is concordance with available scientific evidence among neurosurgeons regarding cSDH management in Nepal.

The Battle for Geographical Indication Protection of Basmati Rice: A View from Nepal

This article is a contribution to the debate on geographical indication (GI) protection for basmati rice, stressing its relevance to Nepal. After providing an overview of Nepal’s intellectual property regime, this article gives a detailed account of justifications for Nepal to oppose India’s European Union GI registration of basmati rice. The analysis, which highlights the connection between basmati rice and Nepalese society, focuses on the social and cultural values of basmati rice in local communities. The basmati rice controversy provides an opportunity for Nepal to brand its local product in order to penetrate both national and international markets. The GI system may be an auxiliary agent in achieving these goals.

An Evaluation of Inequality of Enterprising Women in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nepal

This study aims to analyze the existence of gender inequality in Nepalese society and the response of the government towards it through policy documents. It also explores the changing scenario of women representation in the political and public sector because of the government policies. This research provides a critical review of the government policies and social practices regarding affirmative action and gender equality in Nepal. This research further unravels the systematic review of policy documents and future insight into government policies to enhance the position of women in public sector employment.
 This research is based on secondary data and a descriptive method has been adopted to show the status of women in Nepal. Secondary data were taken from the academic published articles and policy documents of the Government of Nepal. This research has found that the Government of Nepal has taken up aggressive steps to ensure gender equality in each sector by increasing representation of women. The latest constitution of Nepal, 2007 and the second amendment of Civil Service Act, 1993 are the key policy documents from which, women representation in public sector has been increasing marvelously. Hence, the country has been moving towards gender equality and has impacted positively on society. It could be an example for other developing countries as well.

Suicide attempts due to child abuse: A perspective into the Nepalese legal framework and societal norms

Children who experience violence are more prone to develop high-risk behaviour, mental illness and anxiety disorder. Nepalese law is against any form of physical violence but corporal punishment by parents on children continues in patriarchal Nepalese society. We describe a case of a young boy who attempted suicide twice due to maltreatment and discuss the legal and social issues involved.

School Dropout of Dalit Students at Basic Level in Nepal

This paper examines the situation of school dropout students at basic level in Nepal. The term dropout refers to a person who has abandoned a course of study. The focus of the analysis has covered one of the most privileged groups of Nepalese society in a community schools of Nepal, which is known as Dalit. In this paper the dropout refers to Dalit students who dropout of school before completing a course of instruction. . For this purpose, quantitative research design was applied to collect data. Both primary and secondary data were used and questionnaire method was applied to collect primary data. Secondary data were collected from the official records of schools. The finding shows that Dalit students are facing the dropout problem before completing basic level. The finding also indicates that Dalits are considered one of the disadvantaged group of Nepalese society as well as backwards in terms of socio-economic status and education. The caste and gender discrimination has also played a significant role to increase dropout of Dalit students. The government of Nepal has declared various lows, policies and program to increase students' participation and to ensure equal access in education of Dalit students. However, the rate of dropout Dalit students are higher than other groups of people. As a result, at the basic level continues to grow, yet its high dropout rates remain a pressing and complex problem in Dalit community.

Metatheatricality and Self-reflexivity in Subedi’s Plays

This paper seeks to explore meta-theatricality and self-reflexivity in Abhi Subedi’s two plays, A Journey into Thamel and The Caretaker’s Sky, to mark how the playwright reflects the changing social and cultural milieus of Nepal through these dramatic techniques. Through a close reading of Subedi’s A Journey into Thamel and The Caretaker’s Sky from the metatheatrical perspectives propounded by Lionel Abel and Richard Hornby, the research surveys how the playwright connects theatricality and realism in these plays. A Journey into Thamel portrays the hardships of people living in the post-war scenario of Nepalese society. The Caretaker’s Sky deals with the quest for freedom of creativity. But both plays share the common ground in terms of form, as Subedi’s dramaturgy expresses using metadrama as a rhetorical vehicle. In doing so, he uses as many metatheatrical tools as possible in making the plays self-reflective. The chief finding of this research is that Abhi Subedi exploits meta-drama as a rhetorical vehicle and at a time responds to the co-existence of realistic drama, staged theatricality, and anti-theatricalism in these plays so as to portray the Nepalese problems. The research scholars intended to work on Nepali theatre are expected to take the paper as a reference.

Dowry Practice among Madheshi Community of Dhanusha District of Nepal Continuity and Change

Dowry system is a burning issue in the Nepalese and Indian society. In Nepal, dowry practice is more prevalent in the Tarai region in the border areas between Nepal and India. Dowry practice has been found mostly in higher caste and higher educated family of Madheshi people. Among them Yadav and Sah Caste has its higher and higher practices. They have been found to giving continuity of dowry to main social prestige and can't leave the social cultures that have strongly rooted in Madheshi community. It is difficult and bad situation of Tarai in regards of women violence that is directly and indirectly interlinked with dowry practice. So in this article I argued that practice of dowry is increasing day by day but the cases are in hidden way. Based on key informants this study highly demands for removing of this dowry practice from Tarai. It is needed of further research activity, effective formulation and implementation of government Laws & Policies and to punish those who are directly and indirectly involved in giving and taking dowry. Thus way it is expected that the life of young married girls could be saved in the Tarai region of Nepal, particularly in my study area.