Nepalese Society Research Articles

Gender Perspective on Neutral Acceptance of Death: A Study of Nepalese Youth

Background & Objective: This study explores gender differences in the neutral acceptance of death among Nepalese youth. Neutral acceptance is defined as the recognition of death as a natural and inevitable part of life without judgment or strong emotions. Methods: A cross-sectional, explanatory quantitative study was conducted among 196 college students using simple random sampling. Data were collected through the Death Attitude Profile—Revised (DAP-R), specifically focusing on neutral acceptance. The study employed statistical tests such as the Chi-Square test and independent samples t-test to assess gender differences in attitudes toward neutral acceptance. Results: The findings revealed significant gender differences in neutral acceptance of death. Female participants exhibited a higher mean score (M = 4.23) compared to males (M = 3.93). Statistical analysis (p = 0.003) confirmed that females are more likely to adopt a neutral acceptance of death than males. Conclusion & Recommendation: The study concludes that Nepalese females tend to exhibit a higher neutral acceptance of death than males, likely due to cultural and social factors that encourage emotional openness and caregiving roles. These findings suggest the need for further exploration of how gender influences death attitudes and coping mechanisms in Nepalese society. Novelty: This research fills a gap in understanding gender-specific differences in neutral death acceptance, shaped by societal norms and cultural factors. The study provides insights into how male and female perspectives on death vary, offering valuable information for mental health, policy, and cultural discussions around death and gender roles in Nepalese society.

Myths of Privatization in Education versus Reality: A Critical Exploration in Nepali Context

Abstract This paper explores the history of privatization in education in Nepal with the aim of exposing its multilayered negative impacts in different sectors of the country. Critiquing on the different illusions created by those supporting this privatization, an attempt is made to unfold its ugly reality and the way it corrupts different state mechanisms. The irony is that outwardly privatization seems to be playing a positive role for enhancing the quality of education as well as creating job opportunities. But in reality, it is playing a crucial role for the degradation of the quality of education and promoting exploitation in different forms. Moreover, privatization in education is corrupting the mentality of our youth and creating such a social environment where money is regarded as everything. Increased expenditure of people in basic needs like education and health has increased the pressure of earning that ultimately leads to corruption. The money earned from private institutions is being used to make state mechanisms failure. This paper concludes that the privatization of education is the source of multiple problems Nepalese society is facing at present. Therefore, the decision of privatization in education needs to change with critical understanding of the myths created by the supporters of privatization for a better society. This research paper can be helpful for those who are working in the field of education.

Genotype by Environment Interaction Using AMMI, GGE Biplot and Multivariate Analysis of Nepalese Aromatic Rice Landraces

Aromatic group of rice comprises fine, medium, long and extra-long grain that has rich in agro-biodiversity, carries historical and cultural significance in Nepalese society. The objective was to identify stable, high-yielding aromatic rice landraces for Nepal Thirty aromatic rice landraces including two released varieties as standard checks were evaluated at three locations during 2020 and 2021. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The combined analysis of variance indicated differences among genotypes and genotype-environment interactions for grain yield. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed that genotypic effects for 69%, genotype × environment interaction effects for 28% and environmental effects accounted for 3% of the total sum of squares. Similarly, GGE biplot analysis showed that the principal components (PC1 and PC2) accounted for 53% and 47% of the GGE sum of squares, respectively. Based on AMMI1, AMMI2 biplots, and GGE biplots, the genotypes Samba Masuli Sub-1 and Sugandhit Dhan-1 were identified as the high yielding and stable fine and aromatic rice landraces. Other promising genotypes are Damari Dhan, Tilki, Hiupuri, Kalo Basmati, Gouriya, and Brahmamusi Dhan. Specifically, Samba Masuli Sub-1 demonstrated the highest grain yield performance at the NRRP, Hardinath, while Sunaulo Sugandha and Balamsari Dhan excelled in the Tarahara and Khajura environments, respectively. In PCA analysis, four PCs showed significant eigen value >1.0 contributing more than 84% of total variance. Biplot analysis reflected that 1000 grain weight, panicle length, heading and maturity days, and grain yield showed greater variation among the landraces. The results provide a robust basis for the further evaluation and verification of this findings in advance stage trials. The superior and outstanding landraces with higher yields and aroma are potential future varieties that can be either use directly as varieties after selection or utilize in future breeding programs for the development of new aromatic rice varieties.

Socio-cultural and Economic Status of Gurung women: A study of Birendranagar Municipality, Ward no. 1, Surkhet

Women and ethnicity are extremely important to Nepal's overall growth. Women and ethnicity play important roles in enhancing a nation's reputation abroad. The development of Nepal's economy is largely driven by women. It significantly influences Nepalese society and the economy. Women are revered as historical figures in the country. This study is conducted at Gurung community of Birendranagar Municipality Ward No. 1 Surkhet. The main objective of this study is to find out social, cultural and economic conditions and examining the changing pattern of social, cultural and economic situation of Gurung community. This research carried out a theoretical proportion of Gurung women in the situation of contemporary society of Nepal. This study had carried out to discover the demographic socio-cultural and economic profileand to suggest some remedial measures for their better economy. This study was conducted in a descriptive research design with purposive sampling. The information was gathered using both types of quantitative and qualitative data through households' survey, interview observation and questionnaires as tools together and generalization of the study. This study has also aimed to discover the major characteristics of Gurung women in contemporary society. Even though they have need to more empowerment providing by education, loan for business, and awareness program.

THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION FROM TRADITIONS TO FORMAL SYSTEMS UNDER THE RANA REGIME IN NEPAL

This study examines the historical evolution of education in Nepal, particularly focusing on the transition from non-formal to formal education during the Rana period (1846–1951). The purpose of the study is to analyze how education, initially confined to family traditions and religious teachings, was systematically introduced by the Ranas, primarily for their own elite class, while public education was deliberately suppressed to maintain political control. Utilizing a qualitative research design, data was collected from secondary sources including books, articles, and online databases, and analyzed using descriptive, analytical, and historical methods. The findings highlight that while Junga Bahadur Rana initiated formal education following his visit to Britain, these efforts were limited to benefiting the Rana family. Subsequent rulers made minimal reforms under external pressure, yet the overall Rana regime left Nepal largely illiterate, with two generations deprived of educational opportunities. The study underscores the need for further exploration of the long-term impacts of this suppression on Nepal’s socio-economic development and suggests that future research could investigate the post-Rana educational reforms and their role in shaping modern Nepalese society.

Knowledge of Periconceptional Folic-Acid among Women of Childbearing age Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal

The value of periconceptional folic acid supplementation in reducing the incidence of neural tube abnormalities in newborns is widely known. Yet, Nepalese women of childbearing age are mainly ignorant of it. The current study examined different sociodemographic and health factors related to women’s level of knowledge about folic acid among women visiting Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatients at a Tertiary Care Center in Nepal. It also evaluated the awareness and relevance of knowledge regarding folic acid and its periconceptional supplementation. 400 women aged 18 and 45 who sought Obstetrics and Gynecology Outpatient Services at the Tertiary Care Facility participated in this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic information was gathered with the help of a self-report questionnaire and processed in IBM-SPSS software at a significance threshold of 0.05. Results of the studies showed that while 47.3% had heard of it, only 34.25% had adequate knowledge of periconceptional folic acid supplementation. Also, besides age (p=.493), knowledge of folic acid was significantly associated with factors including education(p=.026), ethnicity (p=<.001), income (p=.011), employment (p=.001), marital status (p=.007), past pregnancies (p=.031) and ANC visits (p=<.001). The study demonstrates the need for more public awareness to boost folic acid knowledge, adherence, and intake and ultimately lower the prevalence of related birth abnormalities. To quantify the hidden issue, further studies on the prevalence of NTDs in Nepalese society and the contribution of folic acid to their reduction are required.

A Study of Sculptures Reveals Hindu-Buddhist Religious Harmony in Nepal

In a multi-religious country like Nepal, religious harmony is essential for sustaining peace and calmness. Religious discord in society may result if religious concord is not addressed. Even though Nepal is a secular country with a Hindu majority, Buddhists remain crucial and inseparable elements of Nepalese society. They have lived in religious harmony in Nepal. During the period, there were no religious riots or tensions between Hindus and Buddhists. According to the Principle of Religious concord, when two cultures meet and interact, religious ideas will be exchanged, with the dominant culture prevailing. Harmony in cultures and customs evolved in Nepal for a variety of reasons. Because of their social acceptance and respect in society, Buddhists have become a vital part of it. Buddhism is seen as a component of Hindu philosophy by Hindus, and vice versa. In recent years, however, they have sought to differentiate themselves by religiously violating decades of peace and harmony. Nepal, a country with diverse religious traditions, has faced occasional tensions between different groups, including Hindu-Muslim, Buddhist-Hindu relations, Christian minorities, indigenous beliefs, and political dimensions. These tensions are often linked to socio-political issues, competition over religious sites, and accusations of proselytization or conversion activities. Recently in Nepalganj, Muslims disturbed Hindus during Deepawali and Hindu disturbed in tajia procession. The purpose of this research is to examine the critical factors that contribute to religious harmony in a multi-faith society, as well as the reflection of religious harmony in Nepali sculptures. An in-depth interview and library research technique are used to investigate the topic of religious harmony. The goal of this article is to examine the underlying factors that lead to religious harmony in a multi-religious community, as well as its reflection in Nepali sculptures. This study also looks at the elements that influence harmony in the setting of Nepali sculptures. As a result, the conversation strives to foster long-term religious harmony between Nepal's Hindu and Buddhist religious communities. The findings may motivate them to keep strong connections.

Challenges of Madheshi Women’s Feminists in Nepal

Nepalese society is patriarchal, and the concept of an egalitarian society is not well understood by its people. The Madheshi feminists have been fighting against oppression, discrimination, and inequality between the sexes. This article looks at what challenges, Madheshi women feminists’ have encountered to achieve gender equality in society. The methodology used for this article is a face-to-face in-depth interview and Key informant interview. The writer argues that the number of Madheshi women feminists has been gradually increasing. However, there are still several challenges to feminism. One of the major challenges is identified as the mainstream feminist movement’s tendency to homogenize women’s experiences that cannot address the diverse experiences of women from different castes, classes, sexual orientations, religions, and regions. The issues of marginalized women, including Madheshi are often not acknowledged by the mainstream feminist movements. The paper concludes that feminism is important for Nepalese and integrating all different voices is one of the challenges. The author suggests that the intersectionality perspectives of the mainstream feminist movement in Nepal could solve the barriers of Madheshi women. The research helps to understand the dilemmas experienced by Madheshi feminists. The study’s findings contribute to the existing literature on Madheshi women, providing valuable insights for policymakers to advocate for equal opportunities for marginalized women including Madheshi. The affirmative policy will increase their participation in politics as well as executive positions. It also helps to build a more inclusive and representative feminism in Nepal. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 11, Issue-3: 58-65.

Sheltering hope: A case study on the urgent need for care and support for homeless people in Nepalese society

Homeless means person with no home to his/ her own living support by others. Worldwide, we can see many homeless people living in the street, by the mercy of development institutions, relatives, and through care centers. In context of Nepal, homeless people are raising day-by-day reasoning many social and cultural factors. This study has been designed to analysis the situation of homeless people in Nepal. A data obtained from the pilot field study during an execution of Ph.D. dissertation program tried to highlight the situations of homeless people in the study area of Makwanpur district, Hetauda city within Bagmati Province. Both a qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied in this study and try to reflect the situation analysis for the homeless peoples. The collected data further illustrate that the homeless people are caused due to the social, cultural, and psychological reason as stated by the surveyed respondents. The study data also highlights that all respondents are residing under the care center which is taking care and providing best to survive and make them able to perform best in the society. However, many challenges arouse to run the center among which funding constrains is the major and lack of interest of the development agencies are the ongoing challenges in the present-past conditions. The study concluded as the homeless are burning issues in the Nepalese society are raising the number of challenges and all types of supports are required to manage the challenges in the coming days. A long-term policy strategy is the need of the study are, however a comprehensive survey is advised.

Configuration of Man’s Position within Patriarchal Structure in Nepalese Society

Patriarchy is a powerful philosophy and structure of male domination and supremacy. It is not new, nor is the recognition of women’s demoralized existence well-established patriarchal system and it embraces that there is an inferior position of women since historical period. Patriarchy is a social system in which men use, abuse, control, oppress and exploit women. The concept of patriarchy highlights the interconnection of different aspects of gender discrimination and women are often underprivileged in many areas of social existence. Theories and philosophies of patriarchy explore the division of interests between most men and women formed by the social system of gender perceptions, practices and relationships. Gender is a relationship of power and inequality and not merely of variation. There are various supplementary expressions that have extremely related meaning to patriarchy. These incorporate gender command, gender arrange, gender display and sex-gender formulation. They are comparable in pointing to the powerful interconnection of various sphere of influence of gender discrimination. Analyses of patriarchy differ as to whether men's position as head of the household and family or society or state entity is recognized as the key to their potentiality to rule and oppress, or whether the institutional features of men's supremacy are pictured and imagined. In this context, this study provides an analysis of the understanding and accepting of man's position within existing patriarchal structure in Nepalese societies inside the background of gender standpoints and different educational status. It also tries to explore the common judgments and ruling ideologies on patriarchy and its practices and social insights of gender relationships.

Dalit Consciousness and Voice of Resistance in Pabitra Sunar’s Yugako Āwāj

The article explores how Nepali literature written on Dalit subjects and issues portrays the socio-cultural, political and economic disparity and injustice experienced by Dalits; and, how the literature expresses dissatisfaction, resistance and protest against it. The article basically aims to explore Dalit consciousness and voice of resistance expressed in poems. For this purpose, the researcher has studied Pabitra Sunar’s anthology of poems “Yugako Āwāj [Voice of the Era] from the concept of class consciousness connecting with Dalit consciousness. Her poems mainly express the agony, pain, suffering, inequality, injustice, discrimination, exploitation and oppression; and, also expresses hope, expectation and revolt for rights, equality, justice, freedom and dignity of Dalits. Fundamentally, the poems portray Nepalese society, socio-cultural, political and economic status of Dalits, and, present the right path for socio-cultural liberation of Dalits. The poems also plea the entire Dalits to revolt against caste system for overall transformation. Moreover, the binary appositions such as pessimism and optimism, dark and light, rejection and acceptance, fear and braveness, discrimination and equality faced by Dalits in society; and, Dalits’ wish for liberation and dignity are the tenets in Sunar’s poems. The researcher has adopted qualitative approach with explorative and analytical methods while studying the poems.

Social Work Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal: Current Practices and Future Considerations

ABSTRACT This paper examines the findings of a small qualitative study focusing on two virtual discussions facilitated by the Social Workers’ Association Nepal (SWAN) in May and June 2020 and follow-up interviews conducted with the participants during June 2020. The aim of these discussions and follow-up interviews was to examine the role of social workers in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. Seven social work practitioners (including Master’s of Social Work graduates (n = 3), PhD student (n = 1), and social work practitioners (n = 3)) from across the country participated as invited speakers in the sessions with approximately 500 Nepalese social workers engaged as voluntary participants. Based on these discussions, a process of thematic analysis was utilized, where a series of findings emerged that gave consideration to the role of social workers in assisting Nepalese civil society in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings centered upon nationwide action including: emergency responses, relief goods coordination and distribution, quarantine management, psychosocial support, and infodemic management administered by social work practitioners. A series of recommendations emerging from the study’s findings serve to inform the central role of social workers in responding to the current pandemic in Nepal.

Conceptual Understanding of Ethnicity in Nepal: Exploring Primordial and Constructivist Approach

This paper critically analyzes the primordial and constructivist approaches to understanding ethnicity in Nepal and examines how intersectionality, hybridity, power dynamics, and agency shape ethnic identity construction. The study draws on diverse perspectives and scholarly literature to explore the complexities of ethnicity in Nepalese society. The findings reveal the interplay of primordial factors, such as shared ancestry and kinship, with constructivist factors, including social construction and fluidity, in shaping ethnic identity formation. The analysis also highlights the significance of intersectionality, where gender, caste, class, and ethnicity intersect, in influencing ethnic identity construction. Additionally, the study emphasizes the role of hybridity, power dynamics, and agency in shaping and contesting ethnic identities. The implications of these dynamics for marginalized ethnic communities are discussed, focusing on their challenges in challenging dominant narratives and advocating for their rights. The research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of ethnicity in Nepal and informs future research, policy considerations, and interventions related to ethnicity and identity.

Gender equality in Nepal: How is it going as a goal of SDG?

This paper explores the relationship between gender equality and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the context of Nepal. The paper aims to shed light on the multifaceted challenges faced by Nepalese society in achieving gender parity and sustainable development simultaneously. It begins by providing a comprehensive overview of the status of gender equality in Nepal, examining key indicators such as education, employment, healthcare, and political participation. The study then delves into the intersectionality of gender issues and the SDGs, analyzing how achieving gender equality contributes to the accomplishment of broader development objectives. It investigates the interlinkages between gender-specific targets outlined in the SDGs and their impact on poverty reduction, economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion in the Nepalese context. It uses a method of exploring and consolidating secondary sources to discuss how SDGs impact social, economic, and environmental aspects, emphasizing the significance of gender equality for human well-being and justice. It stresses the necessity of unified efforts to address gender gaps, empower women, and involve them in decision-making. The findings and recommendations presented in this paper contribute to ongoing discussions on gender equality and sustainable development in Nepal, providing insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners alike.

Religious Leaders' Perspectives Towards LGBTIQ in Nepal

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans gender, Intersex, Queer plus is an emerging social issue in Nepal. Still Nepalese society has hardly accepted the issue yet. There might be various reasons; this concept has not earned priority in current social structure. Social structures are guided by the religious belief and practice. Religious leaders’ hold the governing positions to construct the perception of society. For the reason, it aims to explore the perception of religious leaders towards LGBTIQ. The religious leaders from Hindus (Sanatana Dharma), Buddhist, Islam and Christian around Kathmandu valley were selected as the respondents of the research. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interview. In their own worshipping places through field visit. Respondents felt uneasy on the topic though they preferred to explain the good features of the religion rather than the issue. Hindus claimed that they respect third gender as the grace of the god, though they believe that it is against the rule and nature constructed by the god. Similarly, the devotees of Buddhism take oath to follow the ‘Eight-Fold-Path’ as their guideline which consist the five precepts. The Christians consider sexuality to be a divine gift, though it ignores the sexual orientation of LGBTIQ and there are significant disagreements among the Christian community in Nepal. Islamic faith is controlled by holy Quran, which does not give permission for unnatural sex. Though, in the holy text, the story of Luth is mentioned to aware the devotees from the sinful act performed by LGBTIQ. Though, the religious leader accepted the biological features of the LGBTIQ but they denied the sexual activities they perform or express. They perceive it as a sinful act of previous life. Moreover, they believe that the lesbian, gay issues were mostly influenced by western culture and the advancement of the modern technologies. Thus, the religion guided structure of Nepal left behind to address the LGBTIQ to struggle for decades to achieve the rights in the country.

Sexual Harassment and its Effects in Nepalese Society - A Systematic Review

Sexual harassment (SH) is a form of illegal, unwelcome sexual act, and other verbal and physical conduct of a sexual nature in the workplace and other environments. This paper aims to analyze the situation and its effect on Nepalese society. The systematic review procedures were followed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. This paper has covered to eligible and inclusion of all articles and search databases published on Nepjol, ResearchGate, Taylor and Francis, Mind and Society between 2019 and May 2023, to be written in English, specially, survey relating to the topic of sexual harassment in those open access journal articles. The initial trial and error method was used to select the sample articles at different times, titles and contents. Most of the sexual harassment study was found in Kathmandu Valley targeting the higher school level of female students. The study found that the majority of victims were female, with girls being the most affected by males. The systematic review revealed that the targeted participants were female rather than male. However, there was a sample bias, non-probability sampling techniques, and a lack of inferential research. The findings support that the systematic review identified the common types of it, various perpetrators, and physical, verbal, and non-verbal effects on the victim. Sexually, the majority of victims were female. A systematic review and descriptive research design are limited, with inferential analysis lacking. Policy reviews and surveys are lacking. Future research should focus on preventive measures, policy formulations, and exploring more areas to address sexual harassment and its effects on individuals and society.

A Study on Marriage Practices and Changes in Nepalese Society: A Case Study of Namobuddha Kavray

“Marriage practices and its changes” research done at Namobuddha, Kavray Marriage is a socially supported union involving two or more individuals. Marriage practices are influenced by various factors which bring changes in these marriage practices. Here in this research on the marriage practices today and their changes throughout the years. The main objective of this research was to understand the changes in marriage practices. It focuses on influence of modernization, globalization, and technological advancement on marriage practices in Nepalese society. The descriptive research design was used for data collection. We used schedule questionnaire, face to face interview and observation method for collecting responses of sample. Altogether, there were 50 samples that were selected randomly based on the purpose of the study. In this study, we found slow changes in marriages practices because of the role of education, media, technology, empowerment, and modernization. Many people have married at their legal age with a minimum age gap and without any pressure from family. They also have registered their marriage, and both the spouses take the important decision of their family.

Critical Perspectives in Language Education Research: Exploring English-generated Inequalities from Marxist-influenced Theory

This paper critically examines the major threads of critical perspectives that are pervasively employed in Social Sciences in general and language education research in particular. First, it examines briefly about three critical theories (viz. Marxist-influenced, poststructuralist and postcolonial) with reference to language education related notions. Then, building on the theoretical underpinnings of Marxist-influenced theory, it delineates and discusses the English language-generated issues and inequalities prevalent in the multilingual context of Nepal. The authors argue that English as a medium of instruction (EMI) has created social and epistemic inequalities between the students from dominant languages and indigenous communalities in Nepalese society. EMI has been implemented in the schools at the cost of other indigenous languages and posed injustice to the students from diverse linguistic groups. It is claimed that critical pedagogy as being one of the threads of Marxist-influenced perspectives can be employed to mitigate such inequalities.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elderly Abuse in Family Environment

Elder abuse in the family is a widespread and challenging issue in society. The purpose of this study is to look into the prevalence of elderly abuse in the family environment of Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City, as well as the risk factors that influence it. A survey of 412 elders was conducted using simple random sampling. The data was gathered using a structured face-to-face interview schedule. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyses the collected data. The descriptive and inferential analysis of the collected data demonstrated that elderly abuse occurred in 35.90% of the study population. Elders with functional disability had the highest odds ratio (binary logistic regression) of being abused (12.13 times), followed by living without a spouse (4.44 times), elders without property ownership (3.84 times), and illiteracy (3.06 times), according to the study. Although the prevalence in this study was lower than in many previous studies, the prevalence of 35.90 percent is still significantly high and should be avoided. The study discovered a significant use of social exchange theory and Foucault's view on power in describing Nepalese social behavior. Having a functional disability, living without a spouse, not owning property, and being illiterate are the major predictors of elderly abuse, according to the study. The study emphasizes the importance of policies and programmes aimed at preventing elder abuse, which undoubtedly necessitates collaboration between the social, health, and justice sectors. In Nepalese society, functional disability, living without a spouse, not owning property, and being illiterate are major predictors of elder abuse. To prevent elder abuse, policies and programmes are required, as well as collaborative action from the social, health, and justice sectors.

Trends, Patterns and Effects of Remittance in Nepal

Remittance refers the sending or transfer of cash or kinds received or sent or by individual or household from one place to another place within the country or our of country through the legal channel and it is important lifeline in many developing countries. Almost 25 percent GDP of Nepal coveraged by Remittance. The main purpose of this article is to analyzed trends, patterns, using areas, coverage of remittance and its’ social effects in Nepal. An article is prepared on the basis of available data /information related to remittance sent in Nepal. Other data/information has not been collected and analyzed by the Author rather than Remittance Transfer situation of Nepal and its social effects. The sources of information has been clearly mentioned and also given the references. Author has prepared this article maintaining the academic ethics and value. Secondary based quantitative information are analyzed and interpreted with inductive approach. Percent of household receiving the remittance almost three times increased since 1995/96 to 2010/11 and it is gradually increased until fiscal year 2017/18. Terai household received more remittance comparing to mountain and hills. Same way, more remittance are receiving by rural areas comparing to urban areas. The remittance is coverage the almost more than 25 percent GDP of Nepal. Largest amount of remittance utilize for food and cloths. However, there are huge effects of the remittance in Nepalese society (CBS, 2014, KC B.B. 2017 and Nepal Rastra Bank, FY 2018/19).