Chorangioma (or chorioangioma) is the most common primary tumor of the human placenta with an incidence of approximately 1%. It is a single or multiple nodular vascular proliferation most often made up of capillary vessels, more rarely larger vessels. The majority of these tumors are small and without any fetal-maternal impact; but when they are large, they can cause fetal complications (intrauterine growth restriction, polyhydramnios, prematurity and neonatal (anemia, thrombocytopenia, etc). We report a case of placental chorioangioma complicated by intrauterine growth retardation in a 23-year-old primigravidae.

Adrenal hematoma is a rare condition with highly variable clinical manifestations, ranging from completely asymptomatic cases to specific signs. Abdominal ultrasound is the key examination for diagnosing and monitoring neonates. We present a case of adrenal hematoma diagnosed following neonatal anemia.

Anemia in the first week after birth, which could affect growth, development, and organ function, should be an important warning sign to clinicians. The aim of this study was to assess the related risk factors of early neonatal anemia and to analyze the effect of anemia on the expression levels of myocardial markers in newborns. Clinical data from 122 confirmed cases of anemic newborns and 108 nonanemic newborns were collected to analyze the independent risk factors for early anemia using logistic regression analyses. Blood samples were collected from both groups for the detection of myocardial markers, including the protein marker cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as well as enzyme markers creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that preterm birth (OR: 3.589 [1.119-11.506], p < 0.05), multiple pregnancy (OR: 4.117 [1.021-16.611], p < 0.05), and abnormal placenta (OR: 4.712 [1.077-20.625], p < 0.05) were independent risk factors for early neonatal anemia. The levels of myocardial markers, including cTnT (303.1 ± 244.7 vs. 44.2 ± 55.41 ng/L), CK-MB (6.803 ± 8.971 vs. 2.5326 ± 2.927 μkat/L), and LDH (32.42 ± 35.26 vs. 19.73 ± 17.13 μkat/L), were significantly higher in the anemic group than in the nonanemic group. Multiple pregnancy, preterm birth, and abnormal placenta were identified as risk factors for early neonatal anemia. The occurrence of early neonatal anemia was associated with increased levels of myocardial markers.

Background: Anemia is the most prevalent medical condition during pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization, anemia in pregnancy is defined as having a hemoglobin concentration below 11 g/dl and a hematocrit below 33%. Iron deficiency is the primary cause of anemia in over 90% of cases, while deficiencies in folic acid and vitamin B12 account for 5% of total cases. Additionally, there is a direct correlation between maternal hemoglobin levels and the presence of anemia in newborns, with mothers who are anemic more likely to give birth to anemic infants. In this study we have studied the effect of maternal anemia to the neonatal anemia by estimation of cord hemoglobin levels. Material and Methods: We enrolled 71 anemic mothers coming to tertiary care center and investigated for CBC parameters were studied like hemoglobin, MCH, MCHC, MCV and Hematocrit. The data were analysed for the effect of maternal hemoglobin level on neonatal hemoglobin. Result: In our study, we found that: Cord blood hemoglobin (HB) was significantly lower in severe maternal anemia (7.00) compared to mild (8.73) and moderate (8.76) cases (p&lt;0.05). Newborn Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) was significantly lower in severe maternal anemia (100.00) compared to mild (100.22) and moderate (102.21) cases (p&lt;0.05). Newborn Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) was significantly lower in severe maternal anemia (33.90) compared to mild (34.08) and moderate (34.83) cases (p&lt;0.05). Newborn Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) was significantly higher in severe maternal anemia (33.90) compared to mild (33.20) and moderate (33.53) cases (p&lt;0.05). Newborn hematocrit (%) was significantly higher in moderate maternal anemia (46.44) compared to mild (36.49) and severe (38.30) cases (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: the maternal anemia having direct relation with the fetal hemoglobin level, MCH, MCHC ,MCV AND Hematocrit of the neonate and is having direct impact on the neonatal anemia.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and characterization of thrombocytopenia in neonates and the pattern of illnesses in these thrombocytopenic neonates. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 400 neonates in Pathology and Pediatric departments of Sheikh Zayed Medical College/Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, from November 2022 to July 2023. Analysis of data was done by using SPSS 23. Results: Out of 400 studied neonates, males made up 238 (59.5%), while females were 162 (40.5%). Thrombocytopenic neonates were 76(19%) while 324(81%) neonates had normal platelet count. Out of the 76 thrombocytopenic neonates, 42(10.5%) neonates had mild thrombocytopenia, 25(6.25%) had moderate thrombocytopenia and 9 (2.25%) had severe thrombocytopenia. Degree of thrombocytopenia revealed that 46 (11.5%) of neonates had thrombocytopenia in late onset phase while 30 (7.5%) had early onset thrombocytopenia. Correlation of thrombocytopenia with several disorders displayed that neonatal sepsis and anemia were significantly linked with thrombocytopenia, followed by birth asphyxia, neonatal birth in preterm and full-term neonates, low birth weight and Neonatal jaundice, furthermore, the p-value for bleeding in neonates allied with thrombocytopenia was found significant with value of 0.03. Conclusion: The current study discovered that mild thrombocytopenia among neonates is frequent followed by moderate and severe. Thrombocytopenia has strong correlation with neonatal sepsis, anemia, birth asphyxia, neonatal birth (pre term, full term) and bleeding. Severe thrombocytopenia can be used as a prognostic indicator in sick neonates. Hence thrombocytopenia is a frequent challenge for neonatologists to cope the serious consequences of neonatal health. Keywords: Neonatal thrombocytopenia, Platelet, Low birth weight neonates, Sepsis, Asphyxia.

mDia formin proteins regulate the dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton through their linear actin nucleation and polymerization activities. We previously showed that mDia1 deficiency leads to aberrant innate immune activation and induces myelodysplasia in a mouse model, and mDia2 regulates enucleation and cytokinesis of erythroblasts and the engraftment of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, whether and how mDia formins interplay and regulate hematopoiesis under physiological and stress conditions remains unknown. Here, we found that both mDia1 and mDia2 are required for HSPC regeneration under stress, such as serial plating, aging, and reconstitution after myeloid ablation. We showed that mDia1 and mDia2 form hetero-oligomers through the interactions between mDia1 GBD-DID and mDia2 DAD domains. Double knockout of mDia1 and mDia2 in hematopoietic cells synergistically impaired the filamentous actin network and serum response factor-involved transcriptional signaling, which led to declined HSPCs, severe anemia, and significant mortality in neonates and newborn mice. Our data demonstrate the potential roles of mDia hetero-oligomerization and their non-rodent functions in the regulation of HSPCs activity and orchestration of hematopoiesis.

Introduction: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) is not used routinely as a diagnostic biomarker in newborns. The high precision of hs-cTnT assays increases the ability to determine small differences in cTnT over time and to detect troponin T elevation; thus, we believe that hs-cTnT assays might improve clinical care. We explored the plausible association between hs-cTnT levels (ng/L) in healthy newborns and prolonged second stage of labor, neonatal, and maternal factors. Methods: A prospective study was performed among healthy newborns in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Hillel Yaffe Medical Center in Israel in January–June 2021. The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, maternal age, gravidity, parity, Pitocin use, epidural analgesia, and neonatal anemia were obtained from the electronic medical records. Gestational age was determined by ultrasound biometric measurements. We classified second-stage labor as normal or prolonged using the WHO guidelines. Samples from umbilical cord blood were drawn using syringes rinsed with anticoagulant by a specialist in pediatrics. The remaining blood was used to determine hs-cTnT levels (ng/L), which was defined as a continuous quantitative variable with the median value and the 25th–75th percentiles. Results: Overall, 184 cord blood samples were performed from healthy newborns (60.6% males) with a median hs-cTnT of 39.03 (25th–75th percentiles = 30.53–54.09) ng/L. A multivariable linear regression model showed no significant association between neonatal anemia and hs-cTnT levels (ng/L) (p = 0.8). Gestational age (B coefficient −4.24, p < 0.001) and gravidity (B coefficient −2.41, p = 0.03) were negatively associated with hs-cTnT levels (ng/L), while Pitocin use (B coefficient 6.91, p = 0.04) and prolonged second stage of labor (B coefficient 18.07, p = 0.02) were positively associated with hs-cTnT levels (ng/L). Conclusions: High hs-cTnT levels (ng/L) were documented in the cord blood of healthy newborns. Hs-cTnT levels were positively correlated with a prolonged second stage of labor and Pitocin use and negatively correlated with longer gestational age and higher gravidity. Hs-cTnT may signify labor-related fetal distress. A larger surveillance study is mandatory to establish this correlation and assess for possible prognostic significance of elevated hs-cTnT in this context.

Pyknocytosis, a rare form of neonatal haemolytic anaemia

Effect of Anti-D titers in RhD-negative pregnant women on fetuses and newborns: A retrospective study

Neonatal anaemia is a very frequent clinical condition that may be due to apparent or not evident blood loss, decreased red blood cells (RBCs) production, or increased destruction of RBCs. RBCs transfusion criteria are clearly defined by several national and locally agreed guidelines. However, it is not possible to define a unique cut-off to guide clinicians' transfusion practice, which needs a multiparametric analysis of demographic variables (gestational age, postnatal age, birth weight), clinical evaluation, conventional and new generation monitoring (such as echocardiography and near-infrared spectroscopy). Unfortunately, few tools are available in the delivery room to help neonatologists in the management of newborn with acute anaemia. Early volume replacement with cristalloids and RBCs transfusion could be life-saving in the delivery room when a hypovolaemic shock is suspected, but the use of un-crossmatched whole is not risk-free nor easily available in clinical practice. Placental transfusion could be an extremely effective and inexpensive method to increase haemoglobin (Hb), to improve oxygen delivery, and to increase cardiac output with a reduced need for RBCs transfusions, a reduced risk of intraventricular haemorrhages, and an improved survival of the newborn.

Cerebral and intestinal oxygen saturation of different volumes of red blood cell transfusion in preterm infants

BackgroundThiopurines are commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thiopurines are considered safe throughout pregnancy. However, a published study suggested the risk of neonatal anemia was increased if exposed to thiopurines in utero. This prospective cohort study aimed to determine if there is an increased risk of cytopenia among infants born to pregnant people with IBD, exposed or unexposed to thiopurines, compared to infants born to those without IBD.MethodsPregnant IBD patients, with and without thiopurine exposure, and one cohort of control individuals were recruited over a 5-year period. Consenting individuals completed a questionnaire and infants had a complete blood cell count at the newborn heel prick. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 140g/L. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population. Fisher exact tests were used to examine differences in outcomes between groups, a P-value of < 0.05 was deemed significant.ResultsThree cohorts were recruited: 19 IBD patients on thiopurines, 50 IBD patients not on thiopurines, and 37 controls (total of 106). Neonatal median Hb was not different with 177g/L (IQR 38g/L) for the IBD thiopurine group, 180.5g/L (IQR 40g/L) for the IBD non-thiopurine group, and 181g/L (IQR 37g/L) for the controls. Nineteen infants (18%) were cytopenic with 12 (11%) anemic, 6 (5.6%) thrombocytopenic, and 1 (0.94%) lymphopenic. Thiopurine exposure was only in one, mildly anemic, infant.ConclusionsThese findings further support physicians and IBD patients contemplating pregnancy that current guidelines recommending thiopurine adherence do not lead to increased perinatal risk of anemia or cytopenia.

Characteristics, differential diagnosis, individualized treatment, and prevention of hyperhomocysteinemia in newborns

The aim of this study is to evaluate the test results of neonates delivered by COVID-19-positive mothers during pregnancy with those of neonates born to unvaccinated mothers who are COVID-19-free. A cohort study was conducted on 367 pregnant women who gave birth at Premiere Hospital, Timisoara, Romania, between May 2021 and February 2022. Two groups were established: Group 1, with 167 pregnant women infected with COVID-19, and Group 2, with 200 pregnant women who were not affected by COVID-19 during pregnancy. Maternal laboratory examination did not exhibit significant variations except for platelet count. In neonatal blood tests, WBC had a significantly lower median value in the group born to COVID-19-free mothers. Neonatal anemia and leukocytosis showed slightly higher prevalence in Group 1, but the differences were not statistically significant. This study suggests that maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy does not have significant associations with most maternal and neonatal characteristics.

Abstract Background Neonatal anemia contributes to the global burden of anemia, a crucial public health concern. It is primarily associated with mild to severe neurological impairment, which may result in perinatal mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and its association with sex and age in newborns at Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. A retrospective observational study was performed using the R-studio/r-base coding tool. The analysis included the mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range, correlation matrix, and logistic regression. The overall prevalence of neonatal anemia was 25.36% (n = 140). The mean±SD of hemoglobin (Hgb) (g/dl) was significantly different between anemic and nonanemic neonates, with values of 9.36 ± 1.04 and 15.74 ± 3.35 (P &lt; 0.0001). The prevalence of neonatal anemia in males and females was 29.8% and 20.5%, respectively. Among males, the neonatal anemia Severity was 14.4% (mild anemia) and 6.1% (moderate anemia), while among females, it was 20.1% (mild anemia) and 9.7% (moderate anemia). In female neonates, the prevalence of microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia was 6.08%, 62.36%, and 31.56%, respectively. In contrast, the prevalence rate of microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia among male neonates, was 8.3%, 54.4%, and 29.07%, respectively. In females, only normocytic iron deficiency anemia was observed (55%), whereas the prevalence of normocytic iron deficiency anemia and microcytic iron deficiency anemia in males was 69% and 31%, respectively. Overall, iron deficiency anemia affected 65% of males. Compared with neonates aged 0-90 days, neonates aged 90-180 days have ~0.4 times more likelihood of developing neonatal anemia. Female sex is one of the risk factors associated with anemia. Further investigation and implementation of preventive measures are crucial to address the prevalence and severity of neonatal anemia.

ABSTRACTBackground:Anemia in pregnancy can considerably elevate the maternal mortality risk and can negatively distress the development of fetus.Object of the Current Work:To assess the association between neonatal outcomes and maternal anemia (MA) among pregnant women (PW).Subjects and Methodology:The present work is a clinical prospective one performed at Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital in Baghdad from January 1, 2022 to June 30, 2022. Current study selected 120 term PW with anemia admitted to hospital for caesarian section. Data were collected as a questionnaire. The data were directly taken from PW. The acquired data from anemic PW were distributed as followings: Age of anemic PW, which was classified into two groups; 25–29 years and 30–35 years. The gestational age of anemic PW, which was categorized into three groups; 37th week, 38th week, and 39th week of gestation. Anemia characteristics were studied, which included hemoglobin level (Hb) and packed cell volume test (PCV), which were done by taking 5 ml blood from each PW for s. ferritin, s.iron, Hb level, and blood film in laboratory of Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital. The Hb helped in detecting anemic PW joined this study, as Hb was <10.5 g/dl at third trimester.Results:Mean gestational age (GA) of anemic PW was 37.5 ± 0.5 weeks; 58.3% of them were at 37th week, 39.2% of them were at 38th week, and 2.5% of them were at 39th week GA. So, the mean Hb of anemic PW was 8.6 ± 1.3 mg/dl, and the mean PCV was 28.6 ± 3.6%. Anemia was classified into mild (20%) and moderate (72.5%); also, mean ultrasound fetal head circumference (HC) among PW with mild anemia was 32.3 cm and for PW with moderate anemia was 32.1 cm, and mean ultrasound fetal abdominal circumference (AC) for PW with mild anemia was 31.3 cm and with moderate anemia was 31 cm, and validity results of MCA/UA-PI ratio regarding severe anemia of anemic were as follows: sensitivity (81.8%), specificity (79.8%), +ve predictive value (29%), −ve predictive value (97.8%), and accuracy (80%).Conclusion:The gestational mean age (GA) of anaemic PW was 37.50.5 weeks; 58.3% of them were in the 37th week and 39.2% were in the 38th week. Thus, the mean ultrasound foetal head circumference (HC) was 32.3 cm for PW with mild anemia and 32.1 cm for those with moderate anaemia. The mean ultrasound foetal abdominal circumference (AC) was 31.3 cm for those with mild anaemia and 31 cm for those with moderate anaemia, but 30 cm for those with severe anaemia, with no discernible difference. The following were the MCA/UA-PI ratio’s validity findings for severe anaemia of anaemic: sensitivity (81.8%) and specificity (79.8%).

Introduction:The global prevalence of anemia in pregnancy is about 42%, and in sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of newborn anemia ranges from 25–30%. Anemia in newborn babies may cause complications such as delayed brain maturation and arrested growth. However, there is limited data on prevalence of newborn anemia and its risk factors in people living in resource-limited settings.ObjectivesWe determined the prevalence and risk factors for newborn anemia and its correlation with maternal anemia in southwestern Uganda.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of 352 pregnant women presenting to Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital for delivery. We collected maternal blood in labor and umbilical cord blood from the placental vein, as a proxy for newborn hemoglobin. We estimated hemoglobin using a point-of-care Hemocue machine. We used summary statistics to characterize the cohort, and compared demographic characteristics and outcomes using Chi-square, t-test, and Wilcoxon Ranksum analyses. We defined newborn anemia as umbilical cord hemoglobin < 13g/dl and estimated the relationship between maternal and umbilical cord hemoglobin using linear regression analysis, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsThe prevalence of newborn anemia was 17%. The average maternal parity was significantly higher for anemic and non-anemic newborns (3.5 versus 2.8, P = 0.01). Mean age [SD] was significantly lower for participants with umbilical cord hemoglobin < 13g/dl than those > = 13 g/dl, (26 [5.6] versus 28 [6.3], P = 0.01). In multivariable linear regression analysis, a 1-point decrease in maternal hemoglobin was associated with a 0.14-point decrease in umbilical cord hemoglobin (P = 0.02). Each one-unit increase in maternal parity was associated with a 0.25-point decrease in umbilical cord hemoglobin (P = 0.01). Cesarean delivery was associated with a 0.46-point lower umbilical cord hemoglobin level compared to vaginal delivery (P = 0.03).ConclusionsWe found a significant correlation between maternal and newborn hemoglobin levels, underscoring the importance of preventing and correcting maternal anemia in pregnancy. Furthermore, maternal anemia should be considered a risk factor neonatal anemia.

Aim: To compare frequency of the anemia in neonates in early versus delayed umbilical cordclamping in term infants. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and duration of study: Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Divisional Headquarters Hospital Mirpur AJK from 30th January 2021 to 29th July 2021. Methodology: The study enrolled 96infants which were delivered at term within the gestational range of 37-41 weeks (as assessed on LMP). Those infants who were born to diabetic, sepsis mother or with inborn metabolic errors, jaundice neonatorum or Rh incompatibility and PROM were excluded from the study. Then selected women were placed randomly into two equal groups i.e. Group A (early cord clamping) &amp; Group B(delayed cord clamping) by lottery method. Respective group selection was performed through randomization. In group a neonates, early cord clamping (cord clamping within 15 seconds of birth) was done while in group B neonates, delayed cord clamping (cord clamping after 3 minutes of birth) was done. In both groups, blood sample of all infants was sent after 6 hours of birth for hematocrit level measurement and neonatal anemia was noted. Results: The mean age in years of patients in group A was calculated as 26.52±5.17 while in group B it was calculated as 27.17±3.89. The age of 80.21% patients was within 18 to 30 years and the mean gestational age was determined as 39.23±1.48 weeks. The mean gestational age in group A was 39.25±1.48 weeks and in group B was 39.21±1.49 weeks. Frequency of neonatal anemia in group A (early cord clamp) versus group B (delayed umbilical cord clamping) was 11 (22.92%) and 04 (8.33%) respectively with p-value of 0.049. Practical Implication: we recommend that delayed umbilical cord clamping should be preferred in our routine practice for prevention of neonatal anemia. Conclusion: This study concluded that the neonatal anemia is high after early cord clamping in infants at term as compared to delayed cord clamping Keywords: Cord Clamping, Delayed, Anemia.

Introduction: Haemoglobin levels are usually used to diagnose neonatal anaemia. By the time haemoglobin levels drop, body iron is depleted. Serum ferritin is the standard measure for assessment of iron levels in neonates and detects iron deficiency earlier than haemoglobin levels.&#x0D; Aims: To determine the prevalence of low haemoglobin and ferritin levels amongst term and preterm newborn babies. To determine the value of serum ferritin in the diagnosis of low iron stores amongst term and preterm newborns.&#x0D; Methodology: This was a cross sectional descriptive study carried out at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria between June and December 2014. The study included 140 newborns of all birth weights delivered at the UNTH. These were categorized into preterm (gestational age &lt;37 completed weeks) and term (gestational age ≥37 completed weeks. Babies with C-reactive protein levels &gt; 10mg/dl, who were intra-uterine growth restricted, and whose mothers had conditions associated with low iron stores were excluded from the study. Anthropometric measurements were done for all subjects. Haemoglobin estimation and ferritin assay were carried out and the prevalence of neonatal anaemia was determined using each of these.&#x0D; Results: The range of haemoglobin concentration in the study population was 12.22g/gl – 22.80g/dl. The mean serum haemoglobin concentrations were 15.69mg/dl ± 1.58 and 16.45 ± 1.92 in the preterm and term babies respectively (t = 2.557, P = .0116). The prevalence of low haemoglobin concentrations amongst both preterm and term babies was zero= .024). The range of serum ferritin level in the study population was 20.6µg/l - 296µg/l. The mean serum ferritin levels were 63.13µg/l ± 23.93 and 133.67µg/l ± 50.14 in the preterm and term babies respectively (t = 10.623, P &lt; .001). The prevalence of low serum ferritin in the study population was 22.14%, but was higher in preterm than term babies 35.7% vs 8.6%: (OR – 5.926, 95% C.I OR = 2.248 – 15.619)(P&lt;.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: Serum ferritin assay is more useful than haemoglobin as an indicator of anaemia during the neonatal period.

Background: Short inter-pregnancy interval (SIPI) has been linked with low maternal haematological indices and adverse fetal outcome. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended a minimum of 24 months inter-pregnancy interval to reduce the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. However, sub-optimal pregnancy spacing is common in many developing countries including Nigeria. Objectives: To determine the impact of inter-pregnancy interval on maternal serum ferritin, haematocrit level and fetal outcome among parturient in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Study Design: A prospective cohort study of parturient less than 20weeks gestation. Those who did not satisfy the WHO recommended inter-pregnancy interval of at least 24months were categorized as group II while gestational age and social status matched parturient who satisfied the WHO recommendation were in group I. Methodology: A total of 316 parturient who satisfied the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study by systematic sampling. These were equal number of 158 participants each as subject and control. Subject and control were matched for gestational age and social status. The serum ferritin and haematocrit levels as well as fetal outcome were evaluated for each participant. The results were analysed using SPSS version 20.0 with appropriate tables and figures generated. Results: There was statistically significance difference in the mean levels of serum ferritin (P&lt;0.001) and haematocrit (P&lt;0.001) at booking for the two groups of participants. There was statistically significant difference in the gestational age at delivery (P&lt;0.001) with higher rate of preterm delivery (22.1% vs. 1.9%; P&lt;0.001) in group II compared to group I. In addition, there were higher percentages of group II babies with 1st (32.5% vs. 9.6%; P&lt;0.001) and 5th minute (18.2% vs. 1.9%; P&lt;0.001) APGAR scores &lt; 7 compared to group I babies (P&lt;0.001). The mean birth weight was lower in group II (2.70±0.35 vs. 3.10±0.31; P&lt;0.001) with higher need for neonatal resuscitation (16.9% vs. 2.6%; P&lt;0.001) and intensive care admission (18.2% vs. 1.3%; P&lt;0.001) among neonates of women in group II. Neonatal anaemia (15.4% vs. 0.0%; P&lt;0.001) occurred only in group II participants’ babies. Neonatal mortality was zero for group I and 18(11.7%) for group II babies. Conclusion: Inter-pregnancy interval below the WHO recommendation is associated with low maternal serum ferritin and haematocrit levels as well as adverse fetal outcome. Recommendations: Adequate child spacing should be emphasized during antenatal visits, postpartum counselling, postnatal clinic visits as well as other contacts with non-pregnant women of reproductive age.