NdFeB Research Articles

Intelligent free energy usage through radiant energy space phenomenon: An IoT-powered prototype for modified Bedini generator

The balance between power generation and consumption is long debated. However, the practical steps towards generating renewable energy sources and utilizing the free energy are still in their nascency. These require smart and intelligent decisions such as tapping into free energy for addressing global energy needs. Based on Bedini's free energy generators’ design, the current study attempts to tap into free energy using the radiant energy space phenomenon. A modified 8-pole neodymium magnet based free energy generator is proposed powered through the internet of things (IoT), and a prototype is developed that captures the radiant energy through its intelligent decision making and utilizing the free energy. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the proposed prototype is calculated as 1.837 compared to Bedini's COP of 1.502, showing 30% greater efficiency than the original model. Besides, a cost savings of 35% can be materialized due to the reduced life cycle costs and maintenance requirements of the proposed model. If explored and implemented at a wider scale, the proposed prototype can address the global energy issues and help move towards smart cities and a smarter planet.

An ultra-stable 1.5T permanent magnet assembly for qubit experiments at cryogenic temperatures.

Magnetic fields are a standard tool in the toolbox of every physicist and are required for the characterization of materials, as well as the polarization of spins in nuclear magnetic resonance or electron paramagnetic resonance experiments. Quite often, a static magnetic field of sufficiently large, but fixed, magnitude is suitable for these tasks. Here, we present a permanent magnet assembly that can achieve magnetic field strengths of up to 1.5T over an air gap length of 7mm. The assembly is based on a Halbach array of neodymium magnets, with the inclusion of the soft magnetic material Supermendur to boost the magnetic field strength inside the air gap. We present the design, simulation, and characterization of the permanent magnet assembly, measuring an outstanding magnetic field stability with a drift rate of |D| < 2.8 ppb/h. Our measurements demonstrate that this assembly can be used for spin qubit experiments inside a dilution refrigerator, successfully replacing the more expensive and bulky superconducting solenoids.

Controlling the Movement of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Intended for Targeted Delivery of Cytostatics.

BackgroundA promising approach to solve the problem of cytostatic toxicity is targeted drug transport using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs).PurposeTo use calculation to determine the optimal characteristics of the magnetic field for controlling MNPs in the body, and to evaluate the efficiency of magnetically controlled delivery of MNPs in vitro and in vivo to a tumour site in mice.Material and MethodsFor the in vitro study, reference MNPs were used, while for in vivo studies, MNPs coated in polylactide including fluorescent indocyanine (MNPs-ICG) were used. The in vivo luminescence intensity study was performed in mice with tumours, with and without of a magnetic field at the sites of interest. The studies were performed on a hydrodynamic stand developed at the Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre of the Ministry of Health of Russia.ResultsThe use of neodymium magnets facilitated selective accumulation of MNPs. One minute after the administration of MNPs-ICG to mice with a tumour, MNPs-ICG predominantly accumulated in the liver, in the absence and presence of a magnetic field, which indicates its metabolic pathway. The intensity of the fluorescence in the animals’ livers did not change over time, although an increase in fluorescence in the tumour was observed in the presence of a magnetic field.ConclusionThis type of MNP, used in combination with a magnetic field of calculated strength, can form the basis for the development of magnetically controlled transport of cytostatic drugs into tumour tissue.

Compression molding of anisotropic NdFeB bonded magnets in a polycarbonate matrix

Anisotropic bonded Nd2Fe14B (NdFeB) magnets in a polycarbonate (PC) binder matrix are fabricated using a compression molding process. The weight fractions (w.f.) of NdFeB in PC on the batch mixer are 20, 50, 75, 85 and 95% compared to the twin screw extruder with 20, 50 and 75% respectively. The density of the 95% batch mixed magnets fabricated was 5.34 g/cm3 and the magnetic properties are, intrinsic coercivity Hci = 942.99 kA/m, remanence Br = 0.86 T, and energy product (BH)max = 120.96 kJ/m3. The measured tensile properties are in the range of 27-59 MPa, comparable to that of polyamide (PA), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) bonded magnets and demonstrating potential for bonded magnet applications. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the onset of failure occurs in the magnetic particle- matrix interface. This study demonstrates that compression additive molding technique can be used to fabricate high performance NdFeB polycarbonate composite magnets with improved mechanical properties.

Comparison of closed-form solutions to experimental magnetic force between two cylindrical magnets

The force between permanent magnets implemented in many engineering devices remains an intriguing problem in basic physics. The variation of magnetic force with the distance x between a pair of magnets cannot usually be approximated as x-4 because of the dipole nature and geometry of magnets. In this work, the force between two identical cylindrical magnets is accurately described by a closed-form solution. The analytical model assumes that the magnets are uniformly magnetized along their length. The calculation, based on the magnetic field exerted by one magnet on the other along the direction of their orientation, shows a reduction in the magnetic force with the distance x and a dependence on the size parameters of magnets. To verify the equation, the experiment was set up by placing two cylindrical neodymium iron boron type magnets in a vertical tube. The repulsive force between the identical upper and lower magnets of 2.5 cm in diameter and 7.5 cm in length was measured from the weight on the top of the upper magnet. The resulting separation between the magnets was recorded as x. The forces measured at x=0.004-0.037 m differ from the values calculated using the analytic solution by -0.55 % to -13.60 %. The calculation also gives rise to a practical remnant magnetic field of 1.206 T. When x is much large than the equation of force is approximated as a simple form proportional to 1/x-4. The finding can be directly used in magnetic levitation as well as applied in calculating magnetic fields and forces in other systems incorporating permanent magnets.

Diamagnetically Enhanced Electrolysis and Phase Separation in Low Gravity

The management of fluids in space is complicated by the absence of relevant buoyancy forces. This raises significant technical issues for two-phase flow applications. Different approaches have been proposed and tested to induce phase separation in low gravity; however, further efforts are still required to develop efficient, reliable, and safe devices. The employment of diamagnetic buoyancy is proposed as a complement or substitution of current methods and as a way to induce the early detachment of gas bubbles from their nucleation surfaces. The governing magnetohydrodynamic equations describing two-phase flows in low gravity are presented with a focus on bubble dynamics. Numerical simulations are employed to demonstrate the reachability of current magnets under different configurations, compare diamagnetic and Lorentz forces on alkaline electrolytes, and suggest scaling up procedures. The results support the employment of new-generation centimeter-scale neodymium magnets for electrolysis, boiling, and phase separation technologies in space, which would benefit from reduced complexity, mass, and power requirements.

Comparative Studies of Digestion Techniques for the Dissolution of Neodymium-Based Magnets

The digestion of neodymium (NdFeB) magnets was investigated in the context of recycling rare earth elements (i.e., Nd, Pr, Dy, and Tb). Among more conventional digestion techniques (microwave digestion, open vessel digestion, and alkaline fusion), focused infrared digestion (FID) was tested as a possible approach to rapidly and efficiently solubilize NdFeB magnets. FID parameters were initially optimized with unmagnetized magnet powder and subsequently used on magnet pieces, demonstrating that the demagnetization and grinding steps are optional.

Unexpected magnetic attraction: Evidence for an organized energy field in the human body

Introduction &amp; Background: In recent months unexpected reports have surfaced claiming the presence of magnetic attraction in the shoulder regions of subjects who had recently received the COVID-19 vaccination. Purpose: To determine if such claims are legitimate or spurious. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed utilizing standard neodymium magnets and non-magnetized paper clips in a rigorously standardized application protocol. Magnets and paper clips were applied over various regions of both deltoid muscles. The attraction score was calculated by adding one point for each pole of the magnet that attached to each arm over the deltoid muscle for a maximum score of 4. Likewise, three sizes of paper clips were tested with a maximum score of 6. The field score was calculated by adding the magnet score to the paper clip score for a maximum score of 10 points

Synthesis and Characterization of a Magnetic Ceramic Using an Easily Accessible Scale Setup

In this experiment, students explore the synthesis and physical property characterization of the magnetic material strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19). SrFe12O19 crystallites are prepared by a simple but fascinating sol–gel autocombustion synthesis. The prepared powder is compacted into pellets and sintered. With variation of the sintering temperature, it is possible to modify the magnetic properties. The structural properties of the samples are analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction. A tutorial demonstrates for the students how powder X-ray diffraction data from the sample combined with Rietveld refinement can extract phase purity and crystallite size. The magnetic properties are measured using a simple setup with a scale and a strong neodymium magnet; this gives an intuitive understanding of magnetism and how to measure magnetic properties. Additionally, the magnetic properties are measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer and compared to the results obtained using the simple scale method. The lab exercise can be adapted to different levels of education based on the background of the students and the equipment available in the laboratory.

A programmable 3D printing method for magnetically driven micro soft robots based on surface tension

The micro soft robot which mimics the movement of microorganisms is one of the important research directions in the field of robotics. This study proposes a programmable 3D printing method for magnetically driven micro soft robots based on surface tension. High-performance surfactant was used to reduce the surface free energy of the printing substrate, so that the liquid printing material can maintain a stable shape under the effect of surface tension. Pre-printed auxiliary lines with ultraviolet curing adhesive made the subsequently printed silicone maintain its shape defined by the auxiliary lines in the plane, and the thickness of its shape was adjusted by controlling the total amount of silicone. Silicone mixed with and without neodymium–iron–boron powder was printed into different areas successively, which eventually combined into a magnetically driven micro soft robot with a specific two-dimensional structure. Magnetically driven motion experiments confirmed that micro soft robots with different driving modes can be manufactured by this 3D printing method, and the influences of printing parameters as well as magnetically driven parameters on the motion performance of the microrobots are studied.

Magnetization performance of hard/soft Nd9.6Fe80.3Zr3.7B6.4/α-Fe magnetic nanocomposites produced by surfactant-assisted high-energy ball milling

Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets are sintered anisotropic materials. They were commercially introduced in the early 1980s, and since have been used in different applications owing to their superior properties. Herein, we investigated the influence of 0.5 to 8 h of milling time on the morphological, structural, and magnetic performance of Nd9.6Fe80.3Zr3.7B6.4 powders produced using surfactant-assisted high-energy ball milling (SA-HEBM). The results revealed that the relationship between coercivity (H ci ) and milling time had a non-monotonous character reaching a maximum value of H ci = 8.92 kOe after 1 h of milling. The effect of the volume ratio of various magnetic phases (Nd2Fe14B and α-Fe) on microstructure and magnetic properties was also reported. The highest specific saturation magnetization (σ s = 120 emu g−1) was attained after 8 h of milling for powders with volume fraction: Nd2Fe14B–81 ± 2% and α-Fe–12 ± 2%. The expected value of Nd2Fe14B specific saturation magnetization was estimated (σ N = 108 ± 2.5 emu g−1) using the experimental value of σ s and magnetic phase volume fractions. The ratio of remanence to saturation magnetization of the Nd2Fe14B with milling time was also determined and analyzed.

Indicator type device for aligning of pump shafts

An indicator centering device based on neodymium magnets is developed, which makes it possible to control the axial and radial clearances. The general methods of alignment used in production are considered. Keywords: shaft alignment, dial indicator, electric motor, pump, half-coupling gystomyasov@mail.ru

The Effect of Temperature on the Braking Force Experienced by Magnet Falling Through a Copper Pipe

The braking experienced by a magnet falling through a conductive pipe is often shown in laboratories, as it is highly intriguing and captures the imagination of students. The Eddy current is the physical phenomenon behind Eddy current braking, which has a lot of utility as Eddy current brakes do not utilise friction and hence do not wear. Linear eddy current brakes, often used on rail vehicles, use the rail as a conductor. Consequently, it is important to address the impact of the rail's properties. Previous papers have explored the significance of thickness and material however temperature has yet to be considered.&#x0D; Here, coils were wrung around a copper pipe and an oscilloscope was used to determine the position of a neodymium magnet falling through pipe at various temperatures in order to determine the magnet’s terminal velocity. This data was then used to determine the braking force exerted by the pipe on the magnet. The experimental findings were compared to a theoretical model for the braking force. Graphing the inverse of the dragging constant and temperature showed a positive linear relationship suggesting that increasing the temperature reduces the braking force experienced by the magnet, which is in line with pre-existing theory that increasing the temperature will reduce conductivity, in turn reducing the eddy currents that cause the braking force.&#x0D; Finally, this study establishes that temperature, and hence the weather plays a significant role and needs to be considered when designing eddy current based machines, such as magnetic brakes in high-speed trains.

Frictionless Energy Generation using Flywheel

The intention of this project is to build a straight forward human powered generator from a used bicycle and to use it to power light bulbs, cell phones, laptops, and other small appliances. This project will help to develop engineering skills while learning about a clean way of generating electricity and satisfying our basic requirement. We are going to use the hard drive magnet and inductive coil to generate electricity due to which our mobile phone will be charge and followed by ac to dc converter. This is totally clean way of generating energy. As fuel is not a renewable energy source and the prices are increasing day by day. It will not be affordable by a common man after some period. Here no fuel is required to generate electricity, so everybody can afford this method for power generation also it eliminates the emission of CO2 which will reduces the pollution. Conventional methods for generating electricity make use of dynamo and wind turbine, but they have disadvantage that they produce friction and reduces speed which require more efforts. For the project to work we need strong electromagnets so we have used Neodymium magnets and also used coil. The basic idea of this project comes from the functioning of motor, that is how it rotates in the magnetic field and cut’s the magnetic line and how flux is introduced into the coil. The motivation behind the project is to generate electricity without having any friction and without using natural resources.

Growth Characteristics of Chilli Pepper (Capsicum annuum) under the Effect of Magnetizing Water with Neodymium Magnets (NdFeB)

The present study aims to identify the impact of magnetized water on the growth characteristics of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. A total of 80 chilli seeds were separated into four groups: the first group was watered with non-magnetized water, while the three groups were dampened with water magnetized using 3, 6, and 9 neodymium magnets (NdFeB), respectively. The findings revealed that magnetized water caused changes in the study parameters. Although the plants watered with magnetized water were taller than the plants watered with non-magnetized water, there were no significant differences between the four groups (p = 0.224). The results revealed that the stem thickness of chilli peppers is pretty affected by the magnetized water. There was no significant difference between the four treatments (p = 0.218). The current study found that the number of leaves is significantly influenced by watering with magnetized water (p = 0.015). The leaves of chilli peppers dampened with water treated with six magnets (74.50 ± 13.57) were the highest, and those saturated with non-magnetized were the lowest in number (60.00 ± 6.09) among four groups. The influence of magnetized water relies on the number of magnets utilized for magnetizing water.

A hysteresis model considering temperature effects for sintered NdFeB and its application in electromagnetic buffer

With the continuous expansion of the application field of sintered neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), its demagnetization behavior in specific devices deserves further attention. The systematic research on the demagnetization model of NdFeB and its application in specific devices was yet studied. To end this, a suite of tests was implemented to obtain the demagnetization curves at different temperatures of NdFeB. Referred to Jiles-Atherton (J-A) model, the hysteresis model used herein was fitted by the experimental data, so that a set of improved J-A model parameters for the tested materials was achieved. The model was further applied to the simulation calculation of electromagnetic buffer and the corresponding experimental research was also carried out. The simulation model was verified by comparing the electromagnetic buffering force and the buffering displacement obtained from both the simulations and experiments. The finite element model that had been verified by experiments was further applied to the calculation of more severe and complex working conditions. This article takes a specific application of sintered NdFeB as an example. Starting from the energy source, the influence of the nonlinearity of the sintered NdFeB hysteresis loop and temperature on the working process are fully considered. The calculation results of the simulation model provide a reference for the design of the electromagnetic buffer, and also provide ideas for the simulation and design of other electromagnetic devices

Determination of effective magnon mass of neodymium magnet by temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization

The effective mass of a magnon in a neodymium magnet is evaluated using Bloch temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization. We use the Hall effect magnetometer and thermo-couple thermometer for measurement of the temperature of the water in which the encapsulated commercial magnet is immersed. The experiment can be repeated in every school and methodological remarks for experimental data processing are given with great detail and attention. The purpose of the paper is to illustrate the simple relation between the quantum spectrum of magnons and the easily measured magnetic field of a permanent magnet.

Hard-magnetic liquid metal droplets with excellent magnetic field dependent mobility and elasticity

Magnetic liquid metal droplets (MLMDs) have been proven to be very important in many fields such as flexible electronics and soft robotics. Usually, soft magnetic particles such as nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) are mixed or suspended into the liquid metal to obtain soft MLMDs (S-LMDs), which can be easily manipulated under the magnetic field due to the favorable deformability and flexibility. In addition, hard magnetic particles such as neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) with a high residual magnetization can also be dispersed into the liquid metal and the hard MLMDs (H-LMDs) become more compact due to the interaction between internal particles induced by remanence. This work reports a kind of H-LMDs with high surface tension, high flexibility and mechanical robustness, whose electrical conductivity and strength are better than the S-LMDs. Under the magnetic field, the H-LMDs have a faster response time (0.58 s) and a larger actuating velocity (4.45 cm/s) than the S-LMDs. Moreover, the H-LMDs show excellent magnetic controllability, good elasticity and favorable mobility, as demonstrated by magnetically actuated locomotion, bounce tests and rolling angle measurements. Finally, the droplets can be further applied in wheel-driven motors and micro-valve switches, which demonstrates their high application potential in robotic manipulation and microfluidic devices.

Highly-resolved scanning of magnetic surfaces by FPR integrated on optical fiber

We present a new type of polymer-based Fabry–Perot resonator (FPR) for scanning of the magnetic field distribution with submicrometer resolution. FPR structures were fabricated in a single–step process by three–dimensional (3D) laser lithography based on the direct writing process in polymer IP–Dip and integrated at the end of optical fiber. The key optomechanical part is a thin polymer membrane creating the flexible mirror of FPR with a ferromagnetic microsphere sensitive on a vertical component of magnetic field. For the magnetic field distribution analysis, we used a neodymium magnet composed of microcrystalline grains. The measurement was provided by scanning the FPR probe over the magnetic surface of the neodymium magnet. The interaction of the ferromagnetic microsphere with the magnetic field caused changes of the FPR leading to the spectral changes of reflected light. Detection of dip spectral shift allowed very precise lateral resolution of magnetic induction demonstrated on neodymium magnet surface characterization.

A DETERMINATION OF THE SHEAR FORCE OF THIN HIGH-COERCIVITY PERMANENT MAGNETS MADE FROM THE ALLOY WITH RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS

The article considers the possibility of using a standard method for calculating the shear force of thin, high-coercivity neodymium–iron–boron type permanent magnets in magnetic clutches (couplings). The research results allowed to introduce a correction coefficients in the method of calculating the transmitting torque in magnetic clutches (couplings) with thin magnets. The possibility of 08H22N6T brand steel using for magnetic flux conductors manufacturing in a magnetic couplings.