Neoclytus Acuminatus Research Articles

Blending Synthetic Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles to Develop Trap Lures That Simultaneously Attract Multiple Species

We evaluated attraction of cerambycid beetle species to blends of known cerambycid pheromones to determine whether such blends could be used as effective trap lures for detecting and monitoring multiple species simultaneously. Pheromone-baited traps captured 1,358 cerambycid beetles of which 1,101 (81.1%) belonged to three species in the subfamily Cerambycinae: Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), Neoclytus mucronatus (F.), and Xylotrechus colonus (F.). Beetles of these species were significantly attracted to synthetic blends that contained their pheromone components (isomers of 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 2,3-hexanediol, or both), despite the presence of pheromone components of different species, including other isomers of 2,3-hexanediol, (E/Z)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate, and citral. In some cases, attraction was partially inhibited by the pheromone components of heterospecific species, whereas for N. acuminatus, attraction was completely inhibited when blends contained (2R*,3S*)-hexanediol, the racemic mixture of diastereomers of its pheromone, (2S,3S)-hexanediol. Among the remaining beetles captured were three species in the subfamily Lamiinae: Astyleiopus variegatus (Haldeman), Graphisurus fasciatus (Degeer), and Lepturges angulatus (LeConte). All three lamiine species were previously known to be attracted to (E/Z)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate and were captured in significant numbers by blends containing that compound. Our results suggest that different types of cerambycid pheromones can be combined to create effective multispecies lures for use in surveillance programs that target exotic cerambycid species.

Using blends of cerambycid beetle pheromones and host plant volatiles to simultaneously attract a diversity of cerambycid species

We evaluated the attraction of native species of cerambycid beetles to blends of cerambycid pheromones and the host plant volatiles ethanol and α-pinene to determine whether such blends could be effective lures for detecting and monitoring multiple species. The complete six-component blend of pheromones included racemic 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 2,3-hexanediol isomers, (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol and the corresponding acetate, 2-(undecyloxy)-ethanol, and racemic 2-methyl-1-butanol. Bioassays in east-central Illinois captured 3070 cerambycid beetles of 10 species, including four species in the subfamily Cerambycinae ( Neoclytus acuminatus (Fabricius, 1775), Neoclytus mucronatus (Fabricius, 1775), Phymatodes lengi Joutel, 1911, and Xylotrechus colonus (Fabricius, 1775)) and six species in the subfamily Laminiae ( Aegomorphus modestus (Gyllenhal in Schoenherr, 1817), Astyleiopus variegatus (Haldeman, 1847), Astylidius parvus (LeConte, 1873), Graphisurus fasciatus (DeGeer, 1775), Lepturges angulatus (LeConte, 1852), and Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier, 1792)). Beetles were attracted to their pheromone components within the blend, with inhibition only evident in one species. Host plant volatiles synergized attraction for some species, and synergism usually was attributed to ethanol, with α-pinene enhancing attraction only for the pine specialist M. carolinensis. The optimal strategy for targeting a broad range of cerambycid species would be to bait traps with a blend of several pheromones plus ethanol and α-pinene because synergism by these plant volatiles is critical for some species, whereas strong inhibition is uncommon.

Distributional and Host Records of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Associated with Cupressaceae in New England, New York, and New Jersey

Eight native and two exotic species of Cerambycidae emerged from dead trunks or occupied pupal cells in live cupressaceous shrubs and trees sampled in New England, New York, and New Jersey between 1998 and 2007. Atimia confusa confusa (Say) developed in three hosts collected in one or more of seven states; Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky) in nine hosts in five states; Callidium frigidum Casey in five hosts in eight states; Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (Fabricius) in four hosts in five states; and Semanotus ligneus ligneus (Fabricius) in two hosts in Connecticut. Other species that developed exclusively in Juniperus virginiana Linnaeus were Callidium violaceum Linnaeus collected in Maine and New Jersey; Curius dentatus Newman in New Jersey; Oeme rigida rigida (Say) in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey; Tilloclytus geminatus (Haldeman) in New Jersey; and Urgleptes querci (Fitch) in Connecticut. Overall 5,806 cerambycids developed to adults in four native and six introduced species of Cupressaceae. New distributional and host records are discussed.

Corrigendum

EPPO BulletinVolume 39, Issue 1 p. 83-83 Free Access Corrigendum This article corrects the following: Potential distribution ranges in Europe for Aeolesthes sarta, Tetropium gracilicorne and Xylotrechus altaicus, a CLIMEX analysis H. Vanhanen, T. O. Veteli, P. Niemelä, Volume 38Issue 2EPPO Bulletin pages: 239-248 First Published online: July 11, 2008 First published: 11 March 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02240.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat The authors, H. Vanhanen, T. O. Veteli and P. Niemelä, Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, POB 111, FI-80101 Joensuu (Finland); e-mail: henri.vanhanen@joensuu.fi, would like to correct the first two paragraphs of the article: Potential distribution ranges in Europe for Aeolesthes sarta, Tetropium gracilicorne and Xylotrechus altaicus, a CLIMEX analysis. The corrected first two paragraphs appear below: Introduction To date, six species of introduced longhorned beetles have established populations in Europe. Of these, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), A. chinensis (Forster) and Xylotrechus stebbingi (Gahan) are Asian, and Parandra brunnea (Fabricius) and Neoclytus acuminatus (Fabricius) are North American (Schwenke, 1974; Campadelli & Sama, 1989; EPPO, 1999; Braud et al., 2002; EPPO, 2002; EPPO, 2004; Maspero et al., 2005; Pellizzari et al., 2005; Benker & Bögel, 2006; and Mattson et al., 2007). Some of these longhorned beetles are considered to be pests in the areas where they have been introduced in Europe, for example Anoplophora chinensis and A. glabripennis. These species have spread despite eradication measures and have caused tree mortality (Hérard et al., 2005). A. glabripennis has caused widespread problems in North America, especially in cultural habitats, but it has not yet caused serious damage to natural or commercial stands. The species originates from China (Haack et al., 1997). In the USA the impact of A. glabripennis on ornamental trees in cities has been immense (Haack et al., 1997; Hérard et al., 2005). Despite eradication programs removing 7000 trees infected by this pest, the distribution range of the species has widened (Bancroft & Smith, 2005) and has had an economic impact amounting to 650 million USD (Nowak et al., 2001). In Europe the infestation has not extended widely and control measures have been taken to eradicate the pest, but these are still without success (Krehan, 2003; Hérard et al., 2005; Benker & Bögel, 2006; Hoyer-Tomiczek, 2007). Reference Vanhanen H, Veteli TO & Niemelä P (2008) Potential distribution ranges in Europe for Aeolesthes sarta, Tetropium gracilicorne and Xylotrechus altaicus, a CLIMEX analysis. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 38, 239– 248. Volume39, Issue1April 2009Pages 83-83 ReferencesRelatedInformation

7‐methylheptacosane is a major component of the contact sex pheromone of the cerambycid beetle Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus

Abstract Male Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) attempt to mate with females only after touching them with their antennae, suggesting that mate recognition is mediated by contact pheromones in the cuticular wax layer of females. Consistent with that hypothesis, males exhibit similar responses to dead females in laboratory bioassays, but not to solvent‐washed dead females with their cuticular hydrocarbons removed. The mating response of males is restored when solvent extracts are reapplied to carcasses of solvent‐washed females, indicating that the contact pheromone is present in solvent extracts. Solvent extracts of the female cuticle contain six methylalkanes that are not present in extracts of males, three of which (7Me‐C25, 7Me‐C27 and 9Me‐C27) constitute almost 40% of the total hydrocarbons. The bioactivity of these three compounds is tested by applying synthetic standards to solvent‐washed carcasses of females and presenting them to males. Standards are tested singly, pairwise and as the complete blend; freeze‐killed females serve as controls. Males attempt to couple with solvent‐washed female carcasses treated with 7Me‐C27 alone and in combination with 9Me‐C27 but only the complete blend elicits the same number of mounting and coupling attempts as does the control. These findings suggest that 7Me‐C27 (7‐methylheptacosane) is the major component of the contact sex pheromone of N. a. acuminatus and that 7Me‐C25 and 9Me‐C27 act as synergists.

Seasonal Abundance of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Pecan Trees in Northern Coahuila, Mexico

Seasonality of Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.) and other coleopteran borers of pecan trees was determined weekly in 15 ethanol-baited traps in commercial orchards of five counties of northern Coahuila, Mexico, from 2000 to 2004. Simple and inexpensive traps were made of 600-ml plastic water bottles filled with 300 ml of 50% ethanol, which caught as much as 10 times more insects than yellow sticky traps in preliminary observations. The most abundant beetle was X. ferrugineus, with 93% occurring from July to October, suggesting a multivoltinism for this species. Ocurrence of X. ferrugineus from December to May was practically zero, indicating a dormancy of the insect during this period. Abundance of X. ferrugineus was greater in 2000, decreased during 2001–2003, and increased again in 2004. Temperature and rainfall were not associated with these fluctuations. Captures of X. ferrugineus were significantly more abundant in Nava County than in the remaining counties. Other coleopterans caught in the traps less frequently included the buprestids Chrysobothris sp. and Agrilus sp.; the cerambycids Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), Megacyllene caryae (Gahan), Oncideres cingulata (Say), and Saperda sp.; and the bostrichid Xylobiops sp.

Calling Behavior of the Cerambycid Beetle Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (F.)

Males of the cerambycid beetle Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (F.) assume a body posture, never displayed by females, that appears to be associated with release of an aggregation pheromone: they periodically stop walking and fully extend their front legs, elevating their head and thorax above the substrate. In this article, we demonstrate that this body posture, the “pushup stance,” coincides with release of pheromone and that it serves to elevate pheromone glands above the substrate. We also use a pheromone proxy system (sublimation of naphthalene) to demonstrate that the pushup stance increases rates of pheromone dissemination. The pushup stance provides a convenient indictor for studying the role of pheromones in reproductive behavior and facilitating collection of pheromone in the laboratory.

Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone of the Cerambycid Beetle Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus

This is the first fully verified report of an aggregation pheromone produced by a cerambycid beetle species. Field bioassays with adult Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) revealed that males produce a pheromone that attracts both sexes. Extracts of odors from males contained a single major male-specific compound, (2S,3S)-hexanediol. Field trials determined that both sexes were attracted by the racemic blend of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-hexanediols and that activity was similar to enantiomerically enriched (2S,3S)-hexanediol (e.e. 80.2%). However, the blend of all four 2,3-hexanediol stereoisomers attracted few beetles, indicating inhibition by one or both of the (2R*,3S*)-stereoisomers. Females of the cerambycid Curius dentatus Newman were attracted to traps baited with the four component blend, suggesting that a male-produced sex pheromone for this species may contain (2R,3S)-hexanediol and/or (2S,3R)-hexanediol. The pheromone of N. a. acuminatus, and presumed pheromone of C. dentatus, bear structural similarities to those produced by males of six other species in the Cerambycinae (straight chains of 6, 8, or 10 carbons with hydroxyl or carbonyl groups at C2 and C3). It is likely that males of other species in this large subfamily produce pheromones that are variations on this structural motif.

Notes on Cerambycidae Co-Inhabiting Girdles of Oncideres pustulata Leconte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Nineteen species of cerambycid beetles found co-inhabiting Tepehuaje (Leucaena pulverulenta, Fabaceae) girdled by adult Oncideres pustulata LeConte at the Sabal Palm Grove Sanctuary, Cameron County, Texas, USA, are listed and their habits briefly discussed. Literature concerning cohabitation of 0. pustulata girdles by other longhorned beetles is reviewed. Charac- ters for separating larvae of 0. pustulata and the closely-related Lochmaeocles c. cornuticeps (Schaeffer) are enumerated. Other insects associated with 0. pustulata-girdled Tepehuaje include 14 species in the beetle families Buprestidae, Curculionidae, Bostrichidae, Tenebrionidae, Mordel- lidae, Trogositidae, Cleridae; and the Tineidae (Lepidoptera). The cerambycid beetle Oncideres pustulata LeConte, commonly referred to as the Girdler, is distributed widely in southern Texas and northern Mexico, where it breeds in a variety of leguminous (= Fam. Fabaceae) trees and shrubs. Adults create suitable larval habitat by girdling the trunks of sapling-size trees or the distal portions of branches of larger hosts. Such girdling can be quite destructive, and 0. pustulata occasionally has been considered a pest of some economic significance. Bionomical information has been presented by High (1915) (as 0. putator Thomson), Linsley and Martin (1933), and Vogt (1949). Dead and dying Oncideres-pruned branches provide an equally suitable habitat for other phytophagous insects, and numerous opportunistic species of cerambycids have been recorded as utilizing these girdles. Craighead (1923) described the larvae of Geropa concolor (LeConte) (as Achryson con- color) and Neocompsa mexicana (Thomson) (as Ibidion townsendi Linell) from 0. pustulata-girdled Huisache (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.). These two beetles and four others, Neocompsa exclamationis (Thomson), Obrium maculatum (Olivier), Neoclytus acuminatus (presumably subspecies hesperus Linsley,) and Anelaphus sp., probably debilis (LeConte) (as Anoplium trun- catum LeConte), were reared from girdles of Huisache and Ebony (Pithecel- lobium flexicaule (Benth.)) by Linsley and Martin (1933). Six additional spe- cies later were recorded from several genera of legumes by Linsley (1940): Placosternus difficilis (Chevrolat), Euderces (reichei) exilis Casey, Ecyrus arcuatus (Gahan) (as E. texanus Schaeffer), Sternidius wiltii (Horn), Sterni- dius mimeticus (Casey) (as Leiopus houstoni Casey), and Sternidius texanus (Casey) (as Leiopus texanus). (Dillon (1956) placed texanus as a synonym of mimeticus; the type of texanus is, however, quite distinct from that of mime- ticus. Further study may show texanus to be a synonym of either S. naevii- cornis (Bates), from Mexico, or the widespread S. alpha misellus (LeConte)). Vogt (1949) increased the number of associated species to 16 with the addi- tion of Stenosphenus lugens LeConte, Lissonotus flavocinctus puncticollis Bates, Thryallis undatus Chevrolat and Lochmaeocles c. cornuticeps