Neoclassical Canons Research Articles

Beauty Re-defined: A Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Ideals and Traditional Standards.

Background Traditional methods for assessing facial beauty rely on subjective measures like averages or "golden ratios." However, artificial intelligence (AI) offers a data-driven approach to analyzing attractiveness. This study explores how AI-generated beauty criteria compare to established ideals, considering cultural influences and the evolving concept of beauty. Methods To explore how AI-generated beauty ideals compare to traditional standards, we used three AI text-to-image generation tools (Dezgo (Dezgo SAS LLC, France), Freepik (FreePik Company, Malaga, Spain), and ImagineArt (Vyro, Islamabad, Pakistan)) to create images from a specific prompt. The first four generated images for each gender that met our criteria were included in this study. A single researcher used MediaPipe Studio software to identify ten key facial landmarks on each image. Landmark distances were measured twice in Adobe Photoshop 2023 (Adobe, San Jose, California, United States) and averaged for each measurement. The average values were then used to calculate 23 facial proportion ratios based on established neoclassical canons and golden facial ratios. We then compared these AI-generated ratios to the ideal values using one-sample t-tests in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29 (Released 2023; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States), p < 0.05 significance, to assess alignment with traditional beauty standards. Results AI-generated faces displayed statistically significant differences, p < 0.05, from established beauty standards in both neoclassical canons and golden ratios for both males and females. Differences were seen in facial width, upper and lower face proportions, and eye symmetry. Conclusion AI-generated faces deviated from traditional beauty standards of neoclassical canons and golden ratios for both genders. This suggests AI incorporates factors beyond established ideals, potentially reflecting contemporary preferences, cultural biases, or emerging trends.

Facial Anthropometry and Aesthetic Preferences in Malay Women: A Comparative Study

The study aimed to explore the relationship between Malay females’ facial attractiveness with golden ratio, neoclassical canons, “ideal” ratios and “ideal” angles; and to compare self-perceived facial attractiveness and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Malay females with different skeletal patterns. Sixty-four young Malay female participants each completed a set of self-administered questionnaires and have five facial photographs taken. The self-assessed satisfaction with facial appearance and HRQoL were compared between participants with different dentoskeletal patterns. Seventy-seven facial anthropometry parameters related to the golden ratio, neoclassical canons, ideal ratios and ideal angles were measured. Subsequently, 15 sets of photographs representing different skeletal patterns were randomly selected. A panel of juries evaluated facial attractiveness using a 7-point Likert scale. The correlation between facial attractiveness and measured parameters was studied. Results indicated that mean rank FACE-Q Rasch scores of participants’ self-rated satisfaction on their facial appearance and HRQoL were not significantly different statistically (p = 0.06–0.81) between Class I, II and III. One hundred and eighty juries (mean 24.33±3.82 years old) were recruited. No statistically significant correlations found between facial attractiveness rated by juries and measured parameters related to the golden ratio (r = –0.47 to 0.36; p = 0.08 to 0.98), neoclassical canons (r = –0.27 to 0.43; p = 0.11 to 0.96), ideal ratios (r = –0.32 to 0.47; p = 0.08 to 0.96) and ideal angles (r = –0.23 to 0.28; p = 0.31 to 0.92). In conclusion, the study found that the golden ratio, neoclassical canons, ideal ratios, and ideal angles were not found to be correlated with the facial attractiveness of Malay females. Therefore, these guidelines should be used with discretion during treatment planning and outcome assessment for this specific ethnic group.

Anthropometric and Cephalometric Facial Characteristics of Adult Saudi Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusions

Abstract Objectives: We aimed to assess adult Saudi patients’ facial anthropometry and cephalometric characteristics with skeletal Class III malocclusions compared to Class I malocclusion patients. Materials and Methods: Our cross-sectional study included a review of the orthodontic records of 108 patients: 54 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusions and 54 patients with skeletal Class I malocclusions, equally distributed between males and females. Using anthropometric landmarks, seven angular and eight linear measurements were recorded and compared between Class III and Class I patients. In addition, we compared three horizontal facial proportions and three horizontal neoclassical canons between the two groups. Finally, we used Student’s t-tests to compare continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. Results: Class III patients had significantly larger mandibular length, mandibular plane angle, mid- and lower-anterior face height, and posterior face height (P &lt; 0.05) compared to Class I patients. Class III patients had significantly proclined upper incisors, retroclined lower incisors, and an obtuse interincisal angle (P &lt; 0.05). The mouth: nose ratio differed significantly between skeletal Class III and I patients (P = 0.008). The orbital canon was valid in 14.8% of Class I and 9.3% of Class III patients, respectively. The orbitonasal proportion applied only to 31.5% and 20.4% of Class I and III patients, respectively. The naso-oral canon occurred in 18.5% and 1.9% of Class I and III patients, respectively. Conclusion: Saudis with Class III skeletal profiles have some distinctive Class III characteristics not observed in most other ethnic groups. The established horizontal facial proportions, neoclassical facial canons, and Class III skeletal profile did not apply to Saudis with skeletal Class I malocclusions, indicating that these proportions and characteristics may not be suitable as references when planning the surgical treatment for these patients.

The Validity of Three Neoclassical Canons on Attractive South Korean Faces

Neoclassical thinkers and artists defined several facial proportions that supposedly evaluate facial attractiveness in an objective manner. While these neoclassical canons are highly influential in Western art and beauty cultures, their influences on East Asian beauty perception are unclear. This research paper explores the relevance of three neoclassical canons on South Korean beauty standards by calculating three facial proportions of 31 attractive female South Korean celebrities and comparing the average values of each proportion with the corresponding neoclassical canon. This study presents further insight to anthropologists about the cultural influences on beauty perception. Furthermore, these findings can also help plastic surgeons offer more practical advice to clients of different ethnicities with facial features that may not conform to the beauty standards defined by neoclassical canons and clients who subscribe to different beauty standards.

Facial Anthropometric Analysis of a Representative Subset in an Average Kerala Population: A Pilot Study.

Background The Neoclassical canons, originally framed based on the Renaissance artworks, vary across genders, races, and ages. This has been proved in multiple studies conducted on the Western population, but minimal studies exist on the Eastern population and lesser so on the Indian population. This study aims to define the standard Keralite face and assess its variation from the canons. Methods A total of 250 people of Kerala origin aged 18 to 40 years were studied over a period of 1 year in our institute. Standardized frontal and profile photographs of the subjects were taken. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and analyzed for variation between genders, from published Indian standards and their conformity to the Neoclassical canons. Results Compared to the Keralite men, there were significant differences in 14 of 19 measurements in Keralite women. The men had wider and longer faces than women. Five of 10 measurements in females and 6 of 10 measurements in males significantly differed from the published Indian norms. The average Keralite face was wider, longer, and rounder. None of the facial proportions fit the Neoclassical canons. Conclusion The average Keralite face significantly differed from the Neoclassical canons and there were some significant variations between genders. This study highlights the need for a larger population-based study with more representation from various regions across India.

The Science Behind Nefertiti's Beauty: A Plastic Surgeon's Analysis.

Introduction The famous stucco limestone coated "Bust of Nefertiti" housed in the Neues Museum, Germany dated 1,345 BC is an icon of beauty. Sculpted around three millennia ago by Thutmose, the bust still emits a charm that leaves its audience spellbound. However, no one, to the best of author's knowledge, has analyzed this sculpture or its photographs objectively to determine if there is any scientific basis to its attractiveness. Materials and Methods High-resolution photographs of the bust were anthropometrically analyzed in frontal and right lateral profile views using neoclassical canons and Farkas' studies. Results The photographs of the bust exhibit many of the neoclassical canons and proportions of Farkas' studies exactly, while many of the remaining are very close to these measurements. A few measurements are out of range of what is considered acceptable these days; however, her overall appearance is pleasing. Conclusion Despite passage of more than three millennia, the proportions and parameters defining beautiful faces have largely remained unchanged.

Does 3-dimensional facial attractiveness relate to golden ratio, neoclassical canons, ‘ideal’ ratios and ‘ideal’ angles?

BackgroundThe established recommendations and guidelines regarding ideal measurements for an attractive face are mostly based on data gathered among Caucasian population. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perception of 3-dimensional facial attractiveness and golden ratio, neoclassical canons, ‘ideal’ ratios and ‘ideal’ angles in Hong Kong Chinese.MethodsThirty 3-D photographs (15 males and 15 females) were shown to 101 laypersons and 60 patients seeking orthognathic treatment. The photographs were rated based on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 (very unattractive) to 100 (very attractive).ResultsMore than half of the measurements (42/77) in females and thirty-two measurements in males were found to be significantly different from the ideal target value (p < 0.05) upon the comparison of the attractive faces with golden ratio, neoclassical canons, ‘ideal’ ratios and ‘ideal’ angles. Meanwhile, correlation tests between VAS scores and the parameters detected significant results (p < 0.05) in only six ratios, eight angles, one neoclassical canon and one proportion.ConclusionsDespite several renowned ‘ideal’ parameters of attractive faces that have been recommended in the literature, only a few of them were found to be significantly correlated with attractive faces in Hong Kong Chinese.

Expanding the Classic Facial Canons: Quantifying Intercanthal Distance in a Diverse Patient Population.

Background:The intercanthal distance (ICD) is central to our perception of facial proportions, and it varies according to gender and ethnicity. Current standardized reference values do not reflect the diversity among patients. Therefore, the authors sought to provide an evidence-based and gender/ethnicity-specific reference when evaluating patients’ ICD.Methods:As per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Medline, and Embase was carried out for studies reporting on the ICD. Demographics, study characteristics, and ICDs were extracted from included studies. ICD values were then pooled for each ethnicity and stratified by gender. The difference between men and women, and that across ethnicities and measurement types were compared by means of independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA (SPSS v.24).Results:A total of 67 studies accounting for 22,638 patients and 118 ethnic cohorts were included in this pooled analysis. The most reported ethnicities were Middle Eastern (n = 6629) and Asian (n = 5473). ICD values (mm) in decreasing order were: African 38.5 ± 3.2, Asian 36.4 ± 1.6, Southeast Asian 32.8 ± 2.0, Hispanic 32.3 ± 2.0, White 31.4 ± 2.5, and Middle Eastern 31.2 ± 1.5. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) existed between all ethnic cohorts, between genders among most cohorts, and between most values stratified by measurement type.Conclusions:Our standards of craniofacial anthropometry must evolve from the neoclassical canons using White values as references. The values provided in this review can aid surgeons in appreciating the gender- and ethnic-specific differences in the ICD of their patients.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRE- AND POSTOPERATIVE ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF PATIENTS SUBMITTED TO RHINOPLASTY

Facial anthropometry has an important role in rhinoplasty, as it makes palpable for surgeons the irregularities they deal with, while also assisting in the choice of the tools to correct them. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the pre- and postoperative nasal anthropometric measurements of patients undergoing rhinoplasty in a tertiary hospital (IPO Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil), given that such studies are scarce in the Brazilian population. The evaluation of the nasal measurements was performed via specialized software and compared to classical values from the literature. Except for the nasolabial angle, the remaining values differed from the neoclassical canons of beauty, both pre- and postoperatively.The data corroborated a previous population study from the region, while showing the changes in this population thought to be mostly Caucasian. The postoperative outcome indicates a narrower and shorter nose trend, with a more obtuse nasofrontal angle and nasolabial angle values preserved.

Analysis of Neoclassical Canons in Adult Kenyans of Indian Descent.

Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional. Objective: To establish anthropometric norms and test the validity of four neoclassical canons among Kenyans of Indian descent. Methods: Using direct anthropometric landmarks, 3 vertical and 4 horizontal measurements were made on the faces of 130 adult Kenyans of Indian descent. The mean of each anthropometric measurement was calculated and a student t-test was used to identify significant gender differences. These results were compared to four neoclassical canons and the percentage of each canon and its variants were recorded. A chi-square test was then performed to assess any gender differences between these findings. Results: When comparing sexes, the anthropometric means of males were larger than those of females except for eye fissure length. In addition, only the upper third displayed sexual dimorphism. As for the neoclassical canons, the orbital canon was found to apply to 20.0% of males and 21.6% of females, followed by the naso-oral canon found in 16.4% of males and 17.6% of females, and the orbito-nasal canon present in 14.5% of males and 18.9% of females. The vertical canon was not found to be applicable to any participant. Conclusion: The facial morphometric measurements in this population differ from the described neoclassical canons since they do not apply to the majority of these individuals. Therefore surgeons should be guided by the observed population-specific differences during reconstructive and facial aesthetic surgery.

A Comparative Study on the Perceived Attractiveness of Oriental and South Asian Faces

The computation of perceived attractiveness from facial images has long been a research topic. Many models have been developed to predict the attractiveness of the face from the individual models that have been used to describe the geometry of the face (symmetry, golden ratio and neoclassical canons, according to artists from the Middle Ages, and a combination of the three). An experiment was conducted based on Oriental and South Asian ethnic groups, represented by Chinese and Pakistani facial images. Visual assessments of perceived attractiveness were carried out using a 6-point categorical scale and the results were used to derive a new set of facial feature ratios that maximized the perceived attractiveness of the two ethnic groups. The results were also used to develop a new polynomial model of attractiveness, and to test four existing models. The new model performed the best for Oriental faces. The new model was also best for South Asian faces together with the combined model. Ethnic group differences did not have a significant impact on the perceived attractiveness of the two groups. A set of new facial ratios for the two ethnic groups was determined to maximise attractiveness.

Analysis of Determinants of Postoperative Satisfaction After Rhinoplasty.

To analyze different variables that influence postrhinoplasty quality of life outcomes to ascertain the determinants of postoperative satisfaction. Prospective, observational study. This was a prospective, observational study where patients were divided into two groups based on the postoperative Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) score: high satisfaction group, when postoperative ROE scores were >50, and low satisfaction group, when postoperative ROE scores were ≤50. Patients' general characteristics, Portuguese version of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE-p) score, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, nasal angles, and measures from the esthetic facial analysis of postoperative photographs were compared between the groups. Seventy-eight patients were included: 19 in the low satisfaction group and 58 in the high satisfaction group. The median reduction in the NOSE-p score was -45 (interquartile range [IIQ] -20 to -60) (P < .001) in the high satisfaction group and -10 (IIQ -10 to -30) in the low satisfaction group (P=.053). The high satisfaction group had a significantly higher reduction in NOSE-p scores. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the analyzed facial parameters, although a significant difference was found when comparing them with the ones established in the literature as a pattern. Previous rhinoplasty, preoperative crooked nose, and higher NOSE-p scores were significantly associated with lower ROE scores (P < .05) in the robust Poisson regression model. Functional results play an important role in satisfaction after rhinoplasty. Neoclassical canons were not fulfilled even in a group of patients with a high postoperative satisfaction evaluation. 3 Laryngoscope, 132:1569-1575, 2022.

Historical Tools of Anthropometric Facial Assessment: A Systematic Raw Data Analysis on the Applicability of the Neoclassical Canons and Golden Ratio.

The fundamental tenets of facial aesthetic surgery education have not changed in centuries. Research is beginning to demonstrate that the Neoclassical Canons and the Golden Ratio, Phi, have limited utilization in populations other than those of White European extraction. The purpose of this study was to analyze comparable raw data in the literature to determine (1) if there is interethnic variability in Neoclassical Canon and Phi measurements, and (2) if the measurements in these representative samples differ from the "ideal." A PubMed/Scopus search was performed. Manuscripts with raw data and individuals aged ≥16 were included. Measurements were extracted and employed to calculate the Neoclassical Canons and Phi. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted to compare mean measurements across 6 ethnic groups (P < 0.05). Twenty-seven articles were included. Every continent was represented except Antarctica and Australia. Men were less commonly studied than women. Participant ages ranged from 16 to 56. Averaged Canons 2, 6-8 measurements had significant interethnic differences in males, whereas Canons 5-8 had significant differences across ethnicities in females. For men, there was significant interethnic variability in measurements of Phi 2, 5, 8, 10, and 17. For women, Phi 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, and 17 varied across ethnicities. No ethnic/gender group showed consistent approximation of the "ideal" for both the Neoclassical Canons and Phi. Today, the utility of the Neoclassical Canons and Phi is limited. It is incumbent on our field to systematically study and define the anthropometric measures that define the "ideal."

A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine and Compare the Craniofacial Anthropometric Norms in a Selected Kenyan and Chinese Population.

Background: Craniofacial anthropometry provides essential data for diagnosis and treatment planning, with the norms for many races having been investigated. The results reveal that facial morphometry varies greatly because of geographical, ethnic, and racial variations. This study aims to gather the normative anthropometric data and compare the differences in facial morphometry between the Kenyan population and that of the Chinese. Methods: Four vertical measurements (trichion-nasion, nasion-subnasale, subnasale-gnathion, and superaurale-subaurale) and 6 horizontal measurements (zygion-zygion, exocanthion-endocanthion, endocanthion-endocanthion, pupil-pupil, alare-alare, and chelion-chelion) were obtained manually from subjects with no craniofacial abnormality. Results: A total of 180 participants (90 Kenyans and 90 Chinese) were included. Among the Kenyans, males generally had greater dimensions in comparison to the Kenyan females with the exception of the upper third, lower third, and intercanthal, and interpupillary distances. Among the Chinese, there was a significant difference between the 2 genders with the exception of intercanthal distance. All measurements were greater in Chinese males in comparison to the females. Comparison between races shows that Kenyans had greater vertical measurements with exception of the ear length for both genders. The Chinese males had increased facial width and intercanthal distance, while the Chinese females showed increased intercanthal distance compared to Kenyans. Kenyans exhibited hyperleptoprosopic-type face, while Chinese exhibited mesoprosopic-type face, with none of the 2 groups conforming to the neoclassical canons. Conclusion: Kenyans generally have greater craniofacial measurements versus Chinese, except for the facial width and intercanthal distance for males and interorbital distance for females.

To Check the Validity of Neoclassical Canon in Western Maharashtra- An Anthropometric Study

Introduction: In ancient days, it was believed that attractive and harmonious faces were having certain fixed proportions known as neoclassical canons. These canons were used extensively by Leonardo Da Vinci, Durer in their art during renaissance. They served as guidelines for artists as well as for aesthetic surgeons for centuries and proved to be helpful till now. From ancient days to modern era, the exact formula of beauty is not yet calculated. The norms of beauty changes from country to country and race to race. A face is beautiful and shows harmonious features if the individual components are proportional, this is what is referred as facial balance. In ancient Greece, they calculated the formula for creation of art and these formulae are called as neoclassical canons. The classical Greek canons of facial balance are still foundation of modern reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. Aim: To check the validity of neoclassical canon in Western Maharashtrian population. Materials and Methods: This was an observational type of study carried out from March 2018 to January 2020. The validity of Naso-oral canon was checked in Western Maharashtrian population. According to this canon ideal mouth width (ch-ch) (mouth width (distance between right and left corners of mouth called chelion)) is 1.5 times of Nose width/alar width (al-al) (alar width (distance between right and left ala of nose)). Mouth width=1.5 times of Nose width. However, the mouth width can be less than 1.5 times of nose width or mouth width can be greater than 1.5 times of nose width. This study was carried out in the five cities Sangli, Kolhapur, Islampur, Karad and Satara of Western Maharashtra, India. Total 1500 male and female students, 300 from each city, between the age group of 18-20 years were selected. Measurements were taken with the help of digital Vernier caliper. The methodology adopted for the measurements was taken from the guidelines given by Farkas LG in his book- “Anthropometric facial proportions in Medicine”. Results: In present study, total 68.33% subjects including males and females were having mouth width (ch-ch) lesser than one and half times of nose width/alar width (al-al) i.e., ch-ch &lt;1.5 (al-al). Remaining 31.67% subjects were having mouth width greater than one and half times of nose width/alar width i.e., ch-ch &gt;1.5 (al-al). Conclusion: Naso-oral neoclassical canon was not found valid in Western Maharashtrian young adults. In 78.32% male and 62.80% female population of Western Maharashtra, mouth width was found lesser than one and half times of nose width.

Modelling visual impressions for Chinese and Pakistani ethnic groups

This work describes an investigation into the relationship between the visual impressions of a number of facial images each described by a set of parameters related to the position and size of discrete components: the eyes, the nose and the lips. Observations were made by members of two ethnic groups, Chinese and Pakistani, and the images comprised female faces from the same two groups. The observers used 16 impression scales to assess each image and a forced-choice scaling technique. From the factor analysis, the results showed that three visual impressions, attractive, feminine and mature, can well represent all the 16 scales. In the second experiment, the observers assessed visual impressions of more images using only these three impressions.Data are presented relating to the differences between the observations for the various facial locations, as well as between observers from different ethnic groups. Models have been developed that describe the data and their predictions outperformed traditional models, i.e.symmetry, golden ratio and neoclassical canons. The differences between the results of the two ethnic groups were found to be small; there were however, some significant differences in the responses to different facial features.

Nasal Anthropometry and the Validity of Neoclassical Nasal Canons in Adult Ibibios

Nasal Anthropometry and the Validity of Neoclassical Nasal Canons in Adult Ibibios

Normative anthropometry and proportions of the Kenyan-African face and comparative anthropometry in relation to African Americans and North American Whites

BackgroundThere is no normative craniofacial anthropometric data for the Kenyan-African population. The purpose of this investigation was to determine normative anthropometric craniofacial measurements and proportional relationships for Kenyans of African descent and to compare the data with African Americans (AA), North American Whites (NAW), and neoclassical canons.MethodsTwenty-five direct facial anthropometric measurements, and 4 angular measurements, were taken on 72 Kenyan-African participants (age range 18–30 years) recruited at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. The data were compared with AA and NAW populations, and neoclassical canons. Descriptive statistics of the variables were computed for the study population.ResultsSignificant differences between both Kenyan males and females were detected in forehead height (~ 5 mm greater for males, ~ 4.5 mm for females), nasal height (reduced by ~ 4 mm in males, ~ 3 mm in females), nasal width (8–9 mm greater), upper lip height (> 3 mm), and eye width (greater by ~ 3 mm) compared to NAW subjects. All vertical measurements obtained were significantly different compared with NAW. Differences were observed in comparison with AA subjects, but less marked. Mouth width was similar in all groups. Angular measurements were variable. Neoclassical canons did not apply to the Kenyan population.ConclusionsAnthropometric measurements of NAW showed clear differences when compared with the Kenyan population, and variations exist with comparative AA data. The anthropometric data in terms of linear measurements, angular measurements, and proportional values described may serve as a database for facial analysis in the Kenyan-African population.

What Is the Most Beautiful Facial Proportion in the 21st Century? Comparative Study among Miss Universe, Miss Universe Thailand, Neoclassical Canons, and Facial Golden Ratios.

Background:An ideal facial proportion has been attempted since the ancient times. However, modern facial proportions of the most beautiful women in the 21st century are unavailable and have never been determined.Methods:A retrospective review of the photographs of Miss Universe Thailand and Miss Universe from 2001 to 2015 was conducted. All photographs were searched from Internet websites. Twenty-six dominant points were identified. Comparisons of the facial proportion among Miss Universe Thailand, Miss Universe, neoclassical canons, and facial golden ratios were performed.Results:Sixteen Miss Universe Thailand and 16 Miss Universe were included. Nine points of facial proportions were found to be statistically significant between Miss Universe Thailand and neoclassical canons. Miss Universe Thailand showed wider nasofrontal angle, thinner lower-upper lip height ratio, and less chin projection. Ten points of facial proportions were found to be statistically significant between Miss Universe and neoclassical canons. Miss Universe showed wider nasofrontal and nasofacial angle, more nasal tip projection, and thinner lower-upper lip height ratio. Seven points of facial analysis were found to be statistically significant between Miss Universe Thailand and Miss Universe groups. Of the 16 facial golden ratios, 12 demonstrated statistical significance in both the Miss Universe Thailand and Miss Universe groups.Conclusions:Modern facial proportions of beauty are different from the past. Photogrammetic analysis demonstrated longer forehead, thinner lower-upper lip height proportion, wider interala-medial canthus width proportion, and wider nasofrontal angle compared with previous references. Furthermore, facial golden ratios were statistically significantly invalid in modern facial proportions of beauty.

Anthropometric Analysis of the Nigerian Face: Any Conformity to the Neoclassical Canons?

This study defines the facial anthropometric and aesthetic measurements in young Nigerians. This is a prospective cohort study involving facial anthropometric measurement in young adults without craniofacial abnormalities. Ten anthropometric measurements (upper facial height (tr-n), mid-facial height (n-sn), lower facial height (sn-gn), height of auricle (sa-sba) bilaterally, intercanthal width (en-en), palpebral fissure width (en-ex) bilaterally, face width (zy-zy), nose width (al-al), mouth width (ch-ch) and the interincisal distance) were determined. Proportions were compared with neoclassic cannons, published North American and Asian norms 151 individuals consisting of 50 males and 51 females with age range from 16 to 31 (23.9 + 2.49) were enrolled. Only 1% of the study population had equal facial thirds, the midface was the shortest of the facial thirds and the male gender generally had larger mean values of the facial dimensions than the female gender. About half of the participants had the lower third > upper third > middle third, the intercanthal width was equal to the nasal width in only about a tenth of the participants and less than the nasal width in majority (88.1%) of the participants and the mean interincisal distance was 51.1 (SD ± 6.997). The anthropometric measurements from this Nigerian study do not conform to the neoclassical cannons. Racially sensitive facial canons and measurements are advocated during reconstructive and aesthetic interventions in the craniofacial region.