Neotectonic Movements Research Articles

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE MONGOLIAN-BAIKAL REGION

The origins and formation mechanisms of neotectonic structures in a part of the Mongolian-Siberian region were identified by geodynamic zoning based on multidimensional statistical analysis of numerical arrays describing geological-geophysical and geological-geomorphological processes. These processes in the regional lithosphere were described by a set of 11 geological and geophysical parameters, divided into three main groups using the hierarchical method of cluster analysis. The first group includes the seismic moment, the density of active faults, the rates of current horizontal deformations, and the magnitude of the deep heat flow. The second group involves the thicknesses of the earth’s crust and exogenous active layer, the velocities of current horizontal movements, and the amplitudes of vertical neotectonic movements. The third group includes gravity anomalies and the lithosphere thickness. The spatial grouping of parameters by cluster analysis (K-means method) yields seven clusters, whose spatial position and composition are determined by the geological history, geological structure, geodynamic evolution of the region, and the current deformation rates. Some clusters characterize large rigid lithospheric blocks, while other clusters describe large active fault systems in the given area. The search for latent factors that make the greatest contribution to the dispersion of the geological and geophysical parameter values was carried out using the principal component method, which makes it possible to minimize the number of factors. Four main factors were identified for areas that differ in the morphology and origin of neotectonic structures: (i) higher horizontal compressive and tensile strains, (ii) dynamic effect of mantle anomalies, manifested in uplifts and arching, (iii) activation of thinned lithosphere within the boundaries of lithospheric plates and large blocks, and (iv) active shear deformation of the earth’s crust. The results of clustering and factor analysis of numerical arrays describing the geological-geophysical and geological-geomorphological processes within the Mongolian-Siberian region can be interpreted in the framework of physical mesomechanics.

Facies variations in response to tectonic evolution, climate and sea-level changes since the Late Cretaceous in Wuhu region, Eastern China

Eastern China has a complex environmental dynamics system in the western Pacific tectonic domain, and the study of its sedimentary records controlled by tectonic movements is distinctly significant for exploring sea-land interactions, global climate change and sea level fluctuations. A reliable OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) chronostratigraphic framework was established based on a systematic investigation of the stratigraphic lithology of the boreholes in Wuhu area, Eastern China, and the depositional environment since the Late Cretaceous was reconstructed by multiple environmental proxies. Significant regional changes in sedimentary activity since the Mesozoic indicate that the Yanshan movement and the Neotectonic movement controlled the evolution of sedimentary basins and fracture tectonics in the study area and influenced the paleo-geographic environment and sedimentary patterns in a regional geotectonic context. Since the Middle Pleistocene, the temperature and sea level trends were split into six stages, four of which (MIS 6, 4, 3 and 2) can be categorized as periods of decline, with MIS 1 being a period of significant increase. The other phase (MIS 5) was characterized by violent fluctuations in climate and sea level, with periods of increase in MIS 5a, 5c and 5e and decrease in MIS 5b and 5d. Sedimentary process in eastern China are mainly controlled by regional geotectonic activity, and the specific evolution of the depositional environment is also influenced by the combined effects of regional climate and sea level.

TRACES OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN THE LAKE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF EASTERN FENNOSCANDIA

This paper presents the results of a study on traces of ancient earthquakes in the lake bottom sediments of eastern Fennoscandia (Kola region and Karelia). Based on the sediment cores from six lake basins located within large active structures of the region, consideration is being given to the most typical features of sedimentation affected by neotectonic movements of the Earth’s crust. The data presented here provide lithological-stratigraphical, paleobotanical and chronometrical evidence for lakes. The paper causes and mechanisms of formation of seismic structures in bottom sediments and their distinction from deformations of another origin. Generalized earthquake history in provided an opportunity to organize the existing information on the time of paleoearthquake manifestations and distinguish three active periods in paleoseismicity. These are Late Glaciation-Early Holocene marked by the most rapid uplift after the retreat of the last ice sheet (13500–8100 cal yr BP), Middle Holocene (6800–6600 cal yr BP), and Late Holocene (3100–200 cal yr BP). The results of this study showed that the number and intensity of seismic events changed at different stages of sedimentation. Since the Younger Dryas, fault zones (or their segments) have been repeatedly activated. Combined with the data on paleoseismicity in adjacent parts of Fennoscandia, our studies indicate an irregular pattern of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene seismic activity in stable areas formerly covered by glaciers. The obtained data make further adjustments to the neogeodynamic and seismic estimates of intraplate areas.

Sinjar Anticline Northwest of Iraq: A Tectonic Geomorphological Study

The Sinjar Anticline (Mountain) is an outstanding structural and geomorphic feature in the northwestern part of Iraq. The anticline is a double plunging with almost E – W trend dividing the gently rolling plain in which it is developed into two parts, Al-Jazira Plain in the south and Rabi’a Plain in the north. The Sinjar anticline is asymmetrical with steeper northern limb (45 – 80)° and gentler southern limb (15 – 25)°, its length is about 80 km, whereas the width ranges between (9.25 – 12. 5) km. The oldest exposed rocks belong to the Shiranish Formation, whereas the youngest rocks belong to the Fatha Formation. Different geomorphological and structural forms were observed through interpretation of satellite images, geological and topographical maps of different scales, beside field observations. Among those forms are: Abandoned alluvial fans, radial, inclined, and cross-shaped valleys, whale-back shape, wind gaps, and parasitic folds. All these forms are good indications about the lateral growth of the anticline. Neotectonic measurements were carried to estimate the rates of upward and downward movements. These estimations were performed by measuring the elevation of the contact between the Fatha (Middle Miocene) and Injana (Late Miocene) formations at different selected locations on both sides of the anticline. Keywords: Sinjar anticline, lateral growth, neotectonic movements, wind gap, abandoned alluvial fans

Contribution of Remote Sensing and GIS to the Inventory and Analysis of Factors influencing on the Development of Karst Features in the Middle Atlas, Morocco

The development of karst features is a complex and interactive process of many factors with varying influence over time. The following main factors seem to have influenced the occurrence and development of karst features in the Middle Atlas in Morocco: Precipitations after extreme weather events depending on the precipitation pattern modified by orographic effects and exposition of the terrain towards the main rain-bearing clouds are determining surface water input and infiltration as well as the outline of morphologic watersheds and drainage basins. The lithologic conditions such as the outcrops of lower Jurassic limestones, the geomorphologic disposition, the volcanic activity within limestones combined with hydrothermal dissolution processes, and the structural conditions influencing water permeability in fault and fracture zones and, thus, the dissolution intensity, are further factors. Ongoing aseismic vertical and horizontal neotectonic movements due to plate tectonic activities and shallow earthquake activities are causing the development and reactivation of fault zones and as consequence modifying groundwater flow conditions in the karst hydrologic systems. Seismic activity can lead as well to the development of sinkholes and the collapse of caves. The development of a systematic Karst-Geo Information System (GIS) is recommended that should be updated regularly.

Structural and geodynamic control of abnormal thermobaric conditions and physical properties of oil reservoirs in the Chezhen sag of the Jiyang depression, East China

Geologically, the rift system of East China has a complex block structure influenced by large-scale and differently directed tectonic movements which took place in the Earth’s crust many times in the geological history of East China. The neotectonic movements greatly complicated the geological structure and, naturally influenced formation of the modern fluid dynamical system. Exploration for oil within the Chezhen block of the Shengli field involves certain difficulties associated with the complex block geological structure, small size of most oil pools and varying thermobaric conditions within a pool (even in the range of two neighbor wells). This article describes the studies aimed at enhanced efficiency of exploration for oil, including shale oil which is a new petroleum source in East China. The physical properties of oil and the thermobaric conditions of oil occurrence in the Paleozoic and Paleogene deposits in the Chezhen sag are described. Well information is analyzed in package with geological and geodynamic data. It is for the first time found that in the Chezhen sag: the local areas of increased thermobaric conditions in the oil pools and the better quality oil (lower density and viscosity) occur at the faults of the younger age; the actual deviations from the classical geological and physical correlations (direct reservoir pressure–temperature–depth dependence, direct oil viscosity–temperature/depth dependence) are governed by the migrational geodynamics; the borderline between the notions of a reservoir and a non-reservoir (cap) is quite tentative. The authors propose two mechanisms of origination of the abnormally high reservoir-pressure zones in pools of oil, including shale oil, associated with the migrational geodynamics and with the formation and accumulation of hydrocarbons.

Neotectonic structures and modern geodynamics of the middle flow region of the Don river (the territory of the Novovoronezh nuclear power plant)

Background. Structural and geodynamic studies are conducted in the region of the middle flow of the Don river.Aim. An identification and evaluation of neotectonic structures, determination of geodynamic conditions for their formation and an analysis of intensive exogenous geological processes in connection with the need to ensure the safety of the Novovoronezh nuclear power plant (NPP) located in this area, the largest in the central part of the Eastern European platform.Materials and methods. According to the concept of deep geodynamic systems, the lithological, structural-geomorphological and neotectonic conditions of the territory were studied. Field observations and publications based on geological survey data were the factual material for the studies.Results. Various types of uplifts and troughs, geodynamically active zones and lineaments were identified. The formation of structures is associated with deep (intracortical) stresses of compression and tension, under the influence of which the tectonic-gravity and suffosion-karst processes negative for the territory of the nuclear power plant are activated. Among the ancient Precambrian faults of the crystalline basement, the latitudinal Sudzhen-Ikorets and submeridional Semiluki-Lipetsky faults are active. The latter is considered as a geodynamically active zone. At the NPP site and in its vicinity, the zones of increased fracturing and permeability were identified, which is consistent with the buried forms of the relief — paleo-reliefs of the Don river and its tributaries. These zones are found to be deeply embedded in the Cretaceous and Devonian carbonate rocks, which is the reason for the increased leaching of these rocks and the removal of fine particles from the fluvioglacial strata. A quantitative assessment of summary and step-by-step amplitudes and speeds of neotectonic movements was carried out.Conclusion. The territory of the Novovoronezh NPP is geodynamically calm, the movement speeds (both calculated and according to instrumental measurements) are relatively low; however, these movements activate exogenous processes, which in turn negatively affect the stability of the Novovoronezh NPP site.

Alpine tectonic movements and salt tectonics of Eastern Ukraine

Within Eastern Ukraine, in the course of previous studies, neotectonic movements were established, caused by both salt tectonics and Attic (post-Miocene - pre-Pliocene) thrust dislocations of northeastern vergence. They are partially displayed in modern relief. The aim of the study was to reveal the structural results of the interaction of post-Pliocene fold-thrust deformations and modern salt tectonics of Eastern Ukraine. Research methodology. The base of the Cenozoic deposits of Eastern Ukraine was chosen as an indicator surface reflecting both those and other movements. Its initial orientation is horizontal. Deviations from the horizontal reflect the direction and amplitude of deformations. The morphology of this surface was depicted by isolines with a vertical step of 20 m. To build a map of the supporting surface, state geological maps and data from more than 2,100 wells drilled in this area were used. Research results. A map of the shape of the Cenozoic base in tectonic blocks between the Attic thrusts and beyond their development has been constructed. Uplifts of this surface, which are not associated with thrust movements, have been revealed. The dimensions of such uplifts are 8÷30 × 6÷15 km with vertical amplitude of 40 - 100 m or more. The uplifts are usually contoured by ring or arc compensation troughs a few kilometers wide and 20-100 m deep. Some of these uplifts are associated with the known salt domes of the area. Other uplifts do not contain such domes. It is possible that they formed over salt "pillows", which did not have enough salt reserves to form salt diapirs. The area of distribution of such uplifts approximately corresponds to the area of distribution of Devonian salt deposits at a depth of 5-10 km or more. Scientific novelty. Neotectonic uplifts were discovered, similar in shape and size to those caused by salt tectonics, but located outside the areas of distribution of known salt-bearing strata. It is hypothesized that this is related to the older Hercynian overthrusts. The uplifts are located above the hanging blocks of the Hercynian overthrusts in the north and south of the study area. These thrusts were formed on the northern and southern sides of the former Dnieper-Donetsk depression during its destruction by the Hercynian folding. It is possible that the nappes over thrusts the Devonian salt-bearing deposits with metamorphic rocks of the crystalline basement. The decrease in the level of the World Ocean in the Quaternary period further increased the lithostatic load on the salt-bearing strata. This activated the isostatic upwelling of salt and the formation of gently sloping neotectonic uplifts. Practical significance. These results clarify the geological structure of the territory and make it possible to expand the area of hydrocarbon prospecting.

Применение морфометрического анализа для оценки рельефа Юго-Западного Прибайкалья

The results of the South Western Baikal region relief morphometric analysis in the aspect of reconstructing its development history are presented. Maps of different-order (from the 6th to the 2nd) basic surfaces, and those of the basic surfaces’ differences, were compiled. The statistical coefficients of the basic surfaces’ differences in the studied territory are calculated. The obtained results enable estimating the intensity of neotectonic movements during the Quaternary period. It was revealed that during the this time of relief formation, the amplitude of neotectonic movements was more than 1100 m, with average values of 278 m. Relatively stable (upper reaches of the Bolshaya Bystraya River the southwestern tip of Lake Baikal) and active surface areas (upper reaches of Malaya Bystraya River, middle ones of Bolshaya Bystraya river, watershed surface of the Pokhabikha and Slyudyanka as well as the western tip of the Bystrinskaya basin) were identified. The maximum values of negative and positive movements were noted during the formation of river valleys of the fifth and fourth orders. A decrease in the intensity of neotectonic movements is noted from the time of formation of older to younger surfaces.

About the Influence of the Neotectonic Movements on the Placement of Oil and Gas Deposits in the Difficult Mining and Geological Conditions of the Nepa-Botuoba Anteclise

The Nepa-Botuoba anteclise is one of the unique territories within the ancient Siberian platform. At present, after more than half a century of oil and gas exploration, the territory of the Nepa-Botuoba petroleum area under consideration, with a comparative assessment of the oil and gas potential of the sedimentary cover of the Lena-Tunguska petroleum province, which covers the predominant part of the Siberian platform, is unambiguously distinguished as one of the petroleum region richest in hydrocarbons raw materials. This article examines the neotectonics of the territory of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise, provides information on the structure of the sedimentary cover. A brief description of the methodological approach is given, aimed at optimizing the methodology of oil and gas exploration in the conditions of the study area.

Neotectonic vertical movements of Northern Sikhote-Alin and adjacent territories and its relationship with the characteristics of the stream network

Morphostructural analysis of the relief and the analysis of the self-similarity characteristics of stream network of the Northern Sikhote-Alin and adjacent territories were carried out. The relief of the studied territory has an inherited character; it was formed in several stages during the neotectonic stage. The most intense vertical movements occurred at the early phases of the neotectonic stage. At Pleistocene time the intensity of vertical movements decreased significantly. At this time, the modern erosion-denudation forms of relief was formed. At the final stages of neotectonic development (at the end of the Pleistocene — Holocene), there was a slight activation of vertical movements with a changes in the structural plan and the manifestation of NNE stretched structures in the relief, which was reflected in the features of the residual relief. The boundaries of areas with increased residual relief coincide with areas of increased seismicity in the region. A modification of the complex self-similarity parameter PRNS was proposed, the use application of which allowed us to improve the correlation of this parameter with the latest (youngest) movements detected by the morphostructural method. Zones of maximum PRNS values correlate with the areas of greatest relief increment, and zones of it’s minimum correlate with areas the smallest relief increment, or areas of most significant erosion. The results of the analysis of the characteristics of self-similarity of the stream network are mainly comparable with the manifestations of vertical tectonic movements at the final stages of neotectonic development.

Assessment of the influence of neotectonic movements on the relief of the basins of lakes Ladoga and Onega

We obtained new data about the high degree of relationship between the relief and the nature of the latest movements within the depressions of the Ladoga and Onega lakes as a result of geomorphological studies. Computer geodynamic modeling showed that this relationship is explainable by the development of the supposed active faults identified by us on a detailed scale in an environment of northeastern extension, the axis of which is oriented across the strike of the considered lake basins.

黄河流域内蒙古段植被时空变化特征及条带状分布成因

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 黄河流域内蒙古段植被时空变化特征及条带状分布成因 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202110112851 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 内蒙古自治区科技重大专项（2020ZD0009）；国家自然科学基金面上项目（41971232） Spatio-temporal variations and strip patterns of vegetation in the Inner Mongolia of Yellow River Basin Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:监测干旱、半干旱地区植被覆盖度的动态变化，评估大尺度区域地质背景，尤其是活动构造在植被变化过程中发挥的作用对植被时空格局的认识具有重要意义。黄河流域内蒙古段地处干旱半干旱区，植被多依赖于地下水；且该地区活动构造较发育，是认识植被非地带性特征的理想区域。基于中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、气象与土地利用数据，对2000-2018年黄河流域内蒙古段植被覆盖度（FVC）的时空变化及稳定性进行分析，在此基础上针对河套段植被条带状特征及其成因进行讨论。结果表明，近20年研究区的FVC总体表现为增加趋势。降雨增加是大黑河流域、浑河流域及十大孔兑区域FVC增加的主要原因，沙漠地区FVC的增加得益于三北防护林工程建设。大黑河与浑河流域水分条件较好，物种多样性丰富，植被覆盖度高，能较好的抵御气候变化；而十大孔兑区域和沙漠地区FVC较低，生态系统脆弱，对气候波动的响应较大。河套灌区受人类活动主导，对气候变化的敏感性较低。河套段山前植被赋存环境为条带状地下水溢出带，在地下水储量增多条件下呈条带状增加趋势；而在山前过渡带，新构造运动及其造成的较大地表高差使得土壤层薄且储水能力较差，表现为FVC的高波动。现今黄河干流沿岸植被受土地利用转变影响整体减少；且在河流摆动、河道变迁扰动下，稳定性较差。河套盆地与鄂尔多斯台地边界处，受隐伏断裂和地震活动影响，地下水易沿带状透水断裂下渗，难以维持浅表水分和稳定的补给条件，使得FVC呈线状显著降低，且稳定性较差。研究从宏观水文地质条件和地表过程的角度，更加深入认识了植被空间分布的非地带性特征，为相似地区的研究提供了较好的科学依据。 Abstract:It is of great significance to monitor the variations of fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and assess the impact of large-scale geological sets, especially the active tectonics on vegetation variability for a deep understanding of the spatio-temporal pattern of ecosystem. The Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin belongs to arid and semi-arid areas, where the vegetation is mostly dependent on groundwater and the active tectonics are frequent, so it is an ideal area for understanding the azonal characteristics of vegetation. Based on MODIS NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), meteorological and land-use data, this paper analyzed the spatio-temporal variation and stability of FVC in the Yellow River Basin (Inner Mongolia section) from 2000 to 2018 and further explored the reasons for strip distribution of vegetation. The results showed an increasing trend of FVC in the past 20 years. The increase in rainfall was the main reason for the increased FVC in the Dahei River Basin, Hun River Basin, and Ten Kongdui Basin. The Three-North Shelterbelt Project contributed to increased FVC in the desert regions. Dahei River Basin and Hun River Basin had better water conditions and rich biodiversity with high FVC, helping to resist external disturbances. In contrast, the Ten Kongdui areas and deserts with lower FVC and fragile ecosystems were more sensitive to climate fluctuations. Hetao irrigation area is dominated by human activities, characterized by weak sensitivity of FVC to climate change. The vegetation grows along the groundwater overflow belt in the piedmont zone of Hetao. It increases as the groundwater storage increases. Over the piedmont transition zone, the soil layer is thin and its water storage capacity is poor due to large surface height difference caused by neotectonic movement, manifested as the high fluctuation of FVC. The vegetation along the mainstream of the Yellow River reduced due to land-use change and its stability was poor under the disturbance of river oscillation and channel migration. At the boundary between the Hetao Basin and the Ordos platform, groundwater tends to infiltrate along the permeable faults forced by seismic activities, which makes it difficult to maintain shallow water and stable recharge conditions, thus resulting in a significant linear decrease of FVC and poor stability. This study highlights the role of macroscopic geological background (i.e., hydrogeological conditions and surface processes) on vegetation pattern and has a deep insight into the azonal characteristics of vegetation, which provides a better scientific basis for similar studies. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

НЕФТЕГАЗОНОСНОСТЬ НИЖНЕГО СТРУКТУРНОГО ОСАДОЧНОГО ЧЕХЛА В КАЛТАСИНСКОМ АВЛАКОГЕНЕ С ПОЗИЦИЙ ГЛУБИННОГО АБИОГЕННОГО ГЕНЕЗИСА УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ

A causal connection between the location of the identified hydrocarbon deposits in the upper structural sedimentary cover and the gradient of the amplitudes of neotectonic movements is shown. Within the framework of the chosen model, the areas, promising for hydrocarbons in the Riphean-Vendian deposits, taking into account the depth of penetration of deep hydrocarbon fluids into the sedimentary cover, correspond to certain values of the neotectonic motion amplitude gradient. Rock pressure at the Moho boundary was considered as an additional criterion controlling the oil and gas content of the territory. Two maxima have been identified, both the amount and the sum of geological reserves for oil fields. The territory was ranked according to the prospects of oil and gas potential with the allocation of unpromising zones, zones with unclear prospects, and promising zones. Two top-priority sites for the exploration of oil and gas deposits had been separated.

Analysis of the influence of the tectonic factor on the placement of oil and gas deposits of Fergana depression

The article presents the results of studying the relationship between the distribution of oil and gas fields with tectonic factors. It is shown that the quantitative distribution of hydrocarbon deposits depends on the type of neotectonic elements: the maximum falls on stepped zones (31%) and monoclines (22%). In fault zones - 10-15%, in anticlinal zones, uplifts and depressions - 5-7% of the total number of deposits. Based on the analysis of variance, it was found that the strength of the influence of the amplitude of neotectonic movements on the formation of effective volumes of oil, oil and gas and gas deposits is about 40-50% of the total amount of influencing factors. Two independent intervals of the amplitudes of the neotectonic movements, which differ in the nature of the dependence, are noted. Keywords: neotectonics; deposits; oil and gas; quantitative analysis; analysis of variance; influence; distribution; effective volume.

SOME ASPECTS OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RESEARCHES OF WESTERN VOLYN-PODILLIA DURING THE POLISH INVASION

The proposed article is based on an analysis of publications on field observations published in the then Polish and Ukrainian periodicals, collections of materials from scientific forums at various levels, works collections of individual Polish and foreign scientific institutes, etc. The purpose of the article was an attempt to analyze and generalize the research results of the study area in the field of Quaternary geology and geomorphology. It should also be noted that publications from the listed sections of physical geography are encountered quite sporadically and in significantly smaller numbers than articles on purely geological disciplines such as mineralogy, petrography, lithology, tectonics, etc. The study of geological and geomorphological objects and processes was carried out on the territory of Western Volyn-Podillia, which at that time was a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The works mainly concerned the study of the stratigraphy of anthropogenic sediments distributed in the Podillia loess and loess soils, continental glaciations and related glacial and fluvial-glacial deposits, surface and underground karst, etc. It was established that significant in volume and depth of generalization of works on the geological and geomorphological structure the region features at that time was not. The studies that were carried out were not systematic, they were often carried out on the researchers initiative and without adequate funding, with localization mainly in the territory with open at that time deposits of certain minerals types. Analysis of publications can be stated as follows: the study of Quaternary deposits of the region and loess in particular was carried out with extensive use of laboratory studies, paleontological method, chemical, particle size distribution mineralogical and petrographic analyzes, the method of separation of loess minerals in heavy liquids, paleontological and archaeological observations, etc., were progressive at that time. It should be noted that individual reports on the determination of the age of the Quaternary strata were poorly synchronized with each other and a reliable generally accepted scale for the division of these deposits in this period was not agreed. During this period, factually substantiated schemes of geomorphological zoning of both the Podillia region as a whole and its individual components were proposed. Regular relationships of the relief features of the region with the lithogenic base, neotectonic movements, glacial and fluvial-glacial processes are traced. Significant progress is noted in the study of stratigraphy, lithology of local loess strata, problematic issues of their genesis are discussed. Among the few works on the study of the loess cover of Volyn-Podillia, the work of Yu. Polianskyi and Yu. Tokarskyi attracts attention first of all. The works on the study of loess are important due to: a) their almost ubiquitous distribution in the described territories; b) value for stratigraphic subdivision of the Pleistocene; c) controversial genesis; d) widespread use for the production of bricks and tiles. Work on the study of surface and underground forms of the Podillia karst has spread. Systematic mapping of individual underground cavities begins which gave impetus to their use in the future as objects of tourism. The largest number of works is devoted to the problems of studying the relief and modern physical and geographical processes in the interwar period. At the same time, along with purely descriptive publications, works appear where conclusions are based on the use of cartographic materials, which allowed researchers to identify significant patterns in the morphological features of the region. In the period under study, numerous publications by soil scientists also appeared, in which Quaternary sediments are considered as parent rocks on which soils were formed, the dependence of the type of soil on the lithology of the underlying rocks is established.
 In general, the works of Polish and Ukrainian researchers in the characterized period laid a reliable foundation for modern ideas about the geological and geomorphological features of the region.
 Keywords: geomorphological studies, Quaternary deposits, glacial deposits, stratigraphy, morphology, loess deposits.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО БАЗИСА ДЕНУДАЦИИ В ПОЗДНЕМ МЕЗОЗОЕ И КАЙНОЗОЕ И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ГЕОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ В РАЙОНАХ С РАЗНЫМ НЕОТЕКТОНИЧЕСКИМ РЕЖИМОМ

The data on regional geology, stratigraphy and geomorphology accumulated by now permit one to compile a reliable and fairly complete model of changes in the World Ocean level in the interval from the Cretaceous period to the present. Global changes in the level of the World Ocean are primarily associated with slow and prolonged (107–108 y.) manifestations of plate tectonics (spreading of the ocean floor and decrease in the area of continents against the background of the formation of mountain relief due to collision processes at their borders) and faster, but short-term (103–106 y.) processes associated with the withdrawal of large amounts of water during the formation of large continental ice sheets and its return to the World Ocean during interglacial periods. The impact of the tectonic factor throughout the entire period under review was unidirectional, but uneven and led to intermittent decrease in the World Ocean level from 250–300 m above the present level to the current level, taken as 0 m. Prolonged periods of stable position of the World Ocean level in the second half of the Cretaceous, Paleogene and Early Neogene at 300, 250, 200 and 150 m led to the formation of regional peneplanation planes near these levels. Moreover, younger surfaces have never completely cut off the previous, higher level, leaving its relics in the form of table elevations on the surface of the younger peneplain. In tectonically passive areas, the hypsometric position of these geomorphological elements and associated sediments has stratigraphic significance, allowing the researchers to estimate their age, and in the case of their displacement, to evaluate the age and amplitudes of neotectonic movements.

Quaternary Tectono Geomorphic Evolution of the Vaigai Delta as deduced from Geomorphic Mapping

The well preserved landforms of the Vaigai river delta in Tamil Nadu stand testimony to the Quaternary sea level changes, fluvial dynamics of the river and the morphotectonic movements of the region. The geomorphic mapping performed using high resolution satellite images brought out the occurrence of unique set of landforms like beachrocks, abandoned channels, deltaic lobes etc. that indicate the dynamic evolution of the Vaigai delta during the Quaternary period assisted by the palaeo sea level fluctuations, preferential migration of the river and land upliftment due to neotectonic movements. The occurrences of extensive sand dunes further suggest the strong aeolian action in the geomorphic evolution of the delta and also the Quaternary climatic changes of the region.

Morphotectonic configuration of the Podtatranská Kotlina Basin and its relationship to the origin of the Western Carpathians

In tectonically active regions, many aspects of the topography can provide clues to morphotectonic development. Morphological lineaments have varying degrees of reliability as indicators of neotectonic movement. Here, eleven lines of evidence are assessed and combined for the Podtatranská Kotlina Basin (PtK) between the Tatra and Low Tatra (Nízke Tatry) Mountains, the highest topography of the Western Carpathians. This permits identification of the configuration of structural-neotectonic blocks and documentation of their behaviour. Specifically we 1) evaluate the reliability of fault mapping results, 2) assess relative uplift and subsidence accommodated by the faults, 3) evaluate the intensity of fault movement and 4) explore the role of fault movement in the tilting of blocks. We define 358 structural-neotectonic blocks in the PtK region, providing an exceptionally detailed morphotectonic analysis. Distinction of two stages of neotectonic uplift provides explanation of the regional discrepancy between intensive neotectonic activity and limited recent seismicity with Mw < 5. The first stage, in the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene, was characterized by isostatic uplift linked to delamination and/or convective removal of an over-thickened lithosphere. The second stage during the Late Quaternary involved more complex uplift, including the probable influence of episodic mantle flow induced by the load of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet on northern Europe. This resulted in a change in the extension and configuration of structural-neotectonic blocks, the movements of the Tatra block now measured by GNSS, and the interaction of neotectonic activity with effects of glacial–interglacial transitions.

Assessment of the Influence of Neotectonic Movements on the Topography of the Ladoga and Onega Lake Basins

Assessment of the Influence of Neotectonic Movements on the Topography of the Ladoga and Onega Lake Basins