Nematicide Treatments Research Articles

Effect of Nematicide Treatments on Nontarget Nematode Populations Associated with Corn

Toxicite comparee de l'aldicarbe, du carbofuran, du terbufos sur les populations de Dorylaimides et de nematodes microphages dans divers types de sols de cultures de mais

Effect of Range Condition on Density and Biomass of Nematodes in a Mixed Prairie Ecosystem

Nematode density and biomass were determined by taxa from exclosures in excelknt or fair range condition in western South Dakota. Density of plant feeding nematodes in both treatments varied from 2 to 6 million/m* to a depth of 60 cm. Biomass of plant feeders was greater in the excellent condition range due principally to high numbers of dagger nematodes @rhnarilyX&~ine#na americanum). The main contributors to biomass esthnates in fair range condition were Tyknchiia, principally stunt and spiral nematodes. Biomass of predaceous forms was similar to that of plant feeders. Microbial feeders, although numerous, constituted a relatively small proportion of biomass in both treatments. Approximately 70% of nematodes in all trophic kvels occurred above 20-cm sampling depth in both range conditiom. Stunt nematodes were nearly limited to the upper 10 cm of soil, with spiral nematodes predominating with increasing depth, particularly in fair condition range. Results indicate that nematode constitute a major portion of the faunistic biomass in a mixed prairie ecosystem. The role of soil-inhabiting nematode in native grasslands of the Great Plains states has received little investigation. Studies by Orr and Dickerson (1967), Thorne and Malek (1968), Schmitt and Norton (1972), Thorne (1974), and Norton and Schmitt (1978) have established the fact that plant parasitic nematodes are important components of these grasslands. In western South Dakota nematicide treatments resulted in growth increases ranging from 28 to 59% in native range (Smolik 1977). There is also evidence from New Zealand that nematodes may be limiting pasture production (Yeates 1977). Plant-feeding nematodes in other grassland ecosystems have been investigated by Yuen (1966), Wasilewska (1974), Yeates (1974), Smolik and Rogers (1976), and Freckman et al. (1979). The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of range condition and depth of sampling on nematode density and biomass over a 6-year study period. Further analyses are planned to investigate the effects of other abiotic factors on nematode populations.

Nematicides and Fungicides Improve Legume Establishment1

AbstractDifficulties in establishing and maintaining legumes were observed on sandy soils (Aeric Haploquets) in northeastern Minnesota. Two field experiments were conducted to determine if nematicide and fungicide applications would increase establishment, yield, and persistence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). In Exp. I, the nematicides phenamiphos [ethyl 4‐(methylthio)‐m‐tolyl isopropyl phosphoramidate] at 5.6 kg a.i./ha, aldoxycarb [2 methyl‐2(methylsulfonyl)propanal O‐methylamino carbonyl) oxime] at 8.9 kg a.i./ha, and carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) at 2.2 kg a.i./ha were applied immediately prior to legume seeding. In the seeding and following year, nematicide treatments increased legume yields and stands compared to the control. Carbofuran and phenamiphos were superior to aldoxycarb. Nematicides did not reduce soil nematode populations compared to the control.In Exp. II, carbofuran at 2.2 kg a.i./ha alone or in combination with the fungicides metalaxyl [N‐2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxyacetyl)alanine methyl ester] at 2.2 kg a.i./ha and benomyl [methyl1‐(butylcarbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazole carbamate] at 16 kg a.i./ha resulted in significantly greater alfalfa yields and populations than the control, benomyl, metalaxyl or metalaxyl‐benomyl treatments. Soil nematode populations were not affected by nematicide application; however, carbofuran and carbofuran‐metalaxyl and carbofuranbenomyl mixtures significantly reduced root lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipj. Schuur‐Stekh.] numbers recovered from alfalfa roots. The superiority of the carbofuran‐metalaxyl treatment in maintaining alfalfa populations compared to carbofuran or metalaxyl alone suggests a nematode‐fungus disease complex may be responsible for poor seedling establishment and yields of alfalfa.

Efficacy of Nematicides in Corn in Western Kansas

Efficacy of Nematicides in Corn in Western Kansas

Effects of nematicides on the chemical composition of the fruits of egg-plant (Solanum melongena L.)

Five nematicides — aldicarb, carbofuran, phorate, fensulfothion and DBCP — were studied in a field experiment to investigate their effect on the chemical composition of the fruits of egg-plant. There were no significant differences in the dry matter content of fruits from different treatments. A significant decrease in the crude protein content was observed with nematicide treatments. Phenolic compounds increased on application of phorate while all other treatments, except carbofuran, decreased these compounds. A significant increase over control in solasodine content of fruits was observed with all treatments.

Nematicide Treatment of Corn in Western Kansas (1980)

Nematicide Treatment of Corn in Western Kansas (1980)

Nematicide treatment of banana planting material

Numbers of burrowing nematodes (Radopholus similis) in banana planting material were reduced by paring the infested tissue from the planting bit, or by dipping the bits in water at 53-55�C for 20 minutes or in nematicides at ambient temperatures (ethoprophos 600 ppm for 20 minutes; fenamiphos 250 ppm for 10 minutes; oxamyl 1000 ppm for 20 minutes; dibromochloropropane 5000 ppm for 1 minute). Heavy paring was necessary before hot water treatment for good nematode control, but with dips of ethoprophos, fenamiphos and DBCP, good control was achieved with light paring. In a field trial, germination, early growth and bunch weights of plants from bits dipped for 20 minutes in 1000 ppm of oxamyl, benomyl or thiabendazole at ambient temperatures (23 to 25�C) or at 53 to 55�C were not increased when compared with the standard hot-water treatment.

Lesion Nematode Resistance in Peanuts1

Six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) introductions and two commercial cultivars (‘Starr’ and ‘Spancross’) were evaluated for lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Felip & Sch. Stek) resistance under field conditions. Multiple harvests were used to compensate for maturity differences among peanut lines. Nematicide treatments were included to aid in evaluating the level of resistance.Shells of the peanut introductions PI 295233 and PI 290606 had significantly less pod discoloration and fewer nematodes from shell extractions than the commercial Spanish cultivars. Nematode extractions from root tissue supported the results from the shell samples. Three additional PI's showed lesser degrees of resistance.Subsequent comparisons among Starr, ‘Florunner’, PI 295233 and PI 290606 verified the results. Significantly more (P = 0.00036) nematodes were extracted from shell tissue of Starr and Florunner than of the other two entries. More nematodes (P=0.00003) were extracted from root samples of Starr than of the other three entries. The possibility that resistance is controlled separately in shell and root tissue is suggested.

Influence of some nematicides on the chemical composition of tomato fruits

The influence of five nematicides viz., DBCP, D-D, fensulfothion, carbofuran and aldicarb was investigated on the chemical composition of tomato fruits. Nematicidal treatment had considerable effect on the dry matter, acidity, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and lycopene content. In general, beta-carotene content decreased whereas acidity and ascorbic acid content increased. D-D and DBCP decreased the dry matter while all other treatments increased it. Lycopene content decreased with all nematicides except aldicarb.

NEMATODES IN HELD CORN IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

Soil and root samples were collected from corn (Zea mays L.) fields in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) in 1973 and 1975. Representatives of 24 genera of plant and soil nematodes were extracted. The dominant plant parasitic species, Pratylenchus crenatus Loof, 1960 and P. penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev and Stek., 1941, were recovered in greater numbers than had been reported previously for Pratylenchus spp. in corn in North America. Nematicide treatments in the field and greenhouse reduced the numbers of nematodes but there were no consistent significant increases in silage or grain yields. Methyl bromide treatment was associated with increased plant yields in the greenhouse. It was concluded that P. crenatus and P. penetrans are not a major problem to corn in P.E.I. However, they reproduce well on corn and can survive the winter in large numbers, and may pose a threat to subsequent crops.

Nematode Control on Peanuts in Florida, 1976

Abstract Eighteen nematicide treatments, replicated 7 times, were evaluated in a complete randomized block test at Williston, Florida. Peanuts were planted on May 12 in 4 row plots, 40 ft long and with center rows spaced 24 in apart and outside rows 36 in apart. Cultural practices were based on current recommendations in Florida and fungicides and insecticides were applied as needed. The mean preplant root-knot and ring nematode population densities were 9 and 27 (0-10 in depth), 175 and 52 (10-20 in depth) and 111 and 34 (20-30 in depth) per 250 ml soil, respectively. The nematicides were applied immediately before planting on May 11. Nemagon was applied 8 in deep in-fhe-row with one chisel per row or with two chisels per row spaced 8 in apart. All granular and liquid formulations of non-fumigant nematicides were made with a Gandy applicator or CO2 pressure sprayer (20 gal water/acre, 20 psi), respectively. At-plant treatments were applied with a 12-in row bander placed directly over the row and incorporated with two rolling cultivators to a depth of 2-4 in. Temik 15G was applied directly in the seed furrow at time of planting. Pegging-time and foliar spray treatments were applied June 29. Two 7-in row banders were used to apply pegging time treatments directly over the peanut vines. A burlap bag was dragged over the vines to remove granules from peanut leaves. Approximately 0.3 in rain fell immediately after these materials were applied.

Failure of systemic insecticide-nematicides to affect total glycoalkaloid content of harvested potato tubers in northern Florida

Tubers of Sebago, Pungo, and Wauseon cultivar potatoes were analyzed for total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content following treatment with systemic insecticide-nematicides in two experiments. The treatments were at plant applications of aldicarb, carbofuran, and phenamiphos, each applied at 3.4 kg ai/ha in-the-row; oxamyl, and ethoprop at 4.5 kg ai/ha in-the-row; and fensulfothion applied at 2.2 kg ai/ha in-the-row; and three 1.1 kg ai/ha overall foliar applications of oxamyl both alone and in combination with an at plant application of carbofuran at 4.5 kg ai/ha in-therow. None of the nematicide treatments significantly affected TGA content of potato tubers at harvest. Similarly, there were no significant differences in tuber TGA levels between the cultivars Pungo and Sebago in one experiment. In the other experiment Pungo and Wauseon tubers had significantly lower levels of TGA than Sebago. There were no cultivar X nematicide treatment interactions observed in either experiment.

NEMATODES IN TOBACCO IN THE MARITIME PROVINCES OF CANADA

Soil and root samples were collected from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) fields in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick in 1970 and 1972, and also from P.E.I, in 1971 and 1974. Twenty genera of plant and soil nematodes were recovered. The dominant plant-parasitic species were Pratylenchus crenatus Loof, 1960 and P. penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev and Stek., 1941. These two species were often found in the same sample and were most numerous in P.E.I., though their numbers were lower than had been recorded previously in forage and vegetable surveys. Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 was recovered in low numbers from some of the samples. Nematicide treatments usually reduced the number of Pratylenchus spp., but there were no significant increases in yield or quality of tobacco. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments indicated that M. hapla did not invade or reproduce in tobacco roots as quickly as did P. penetrans. Neither species influenced plant growth significantly. It was concluded that plant-parasitic nematodes are riot a major problem in tobacco in the Maritime provinces.

Testing potatoes bred from Solarium vernei for resistance to the white potato cyst‐nematode, Heterodera pallida

SUMMARYThree clones of potatoes bred from Solanum vernei were tested for their resistance to the white potato cyst‐nematode, Heterodera pallida, both by root‐ball counts and by estimates of total cysts produced. Two susceptible clones were used as controls. Root‐ball counts suggested a higher degree of resistance than that based on total cysts produced. There were differences in pathogenicity between the two populations. The degree of resistance found was such that in practice the resistant clones would be best used in conjunction with nematicide treatment in a system of integrated control.

Soybean Yields and Lance Nematode Populations as Affected by Subsoiling, Fertility, and Nematicide Treatments1

AbstractSoil compaction, nematode damage, and fertility problems occurring singly and in combination appear to be responsible for low yields of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in some Coastal Plain soils. This study was designed to determine if these conditions could be corrected with certain fertility treatments, subsoiling, and a nematicide.A field study with ‘McNair 800’ soybeans was conducted in 1972–73 on a Marlboro sand (Typic Paleudult) which had a history of poor crop production. Treatments included: 1) lime, NPK, and a micronutrient mixture (B, Mn, Mo, and Zn) lime and NPK, lime and PK; 2) subsoiling under the row and no subsoiling; 3) a nematicide, 1, 2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane (DBCP), and no nematicide. Fertility, subsoiling, and nematicide treatments made up the main, split, and split‐split plots, respectively. Soil samples for nematode assay were taken at a depth of 0 to 20 cm in 1972 and depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 33, and 33 to 46 cm in 1973.In 1972, subsoiling or DBCP increased yields more than 60% over those of the control (no subsoiling and no nematicide) and subsoiling plus DBCP increased yields 11.7 q/ha or 88%. In 1973, subsoiling without DBCP did not affect yields significantly, but DBCP without subsoiling increased yields yields 10.6 q/ha or 74%. Subsoiling plus DBCP increased yields 13.7 q/ha or 95%. The micronutrient mixture was the only fertility treatment which increased yields significantly, but the element(s) responsible were not identified. Lance nematodes (Hoplolaimus columbus., 1963) were numerous both years but populations were reduced in DBCP‐treated plots. In the nonsubsoiled plots without DBCP, the greatest number of nematodes occurred in the 0 to 20 cm depth and populations decreased at greater depths. In subsoiled plots, there was a relatively even distribution of nematodes for depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 33, and 33 to 46 cm. Results indicate the importance of DBCP and subsoiling for soybean production on compacted soils infested with lance nematodes.

INFLUENCE OF CARBOFURAN AND BENOMYL ON YIELD AND PERSISTENCE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

The effects of a preseeding application of the nematicide carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) and the fungicide benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate), alone and in combination, on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were determined in the field. The nematicide and fungicide + nematicide treatments controlled root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) in soil and roots for two growing seasons and increased forage yield for the same periods. The reduction in the number of root sections with Fusarium spp. was comparable for the nematicide and fungicide treatments and greater for the fungicide + nematicide treatment for two growing seasons. Nematode numbers were greater in fungicide-treated plots and forage yields were lower for two growing seasons. The nematicide and fungicide had no effect on forage yield, nematode numbers or fungus recovery in the third growing season. Plant persistence was not affected by the nematicide or fungicide, alone or in combination.

CONTROL OF THE ROOT-LESION NEMATODE (PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS) IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO IN ONTARIO

Field experiments were conducted on Fox loamy sand to determine the relative efficacy of certain fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides against Pratylenchus penetrans in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Control of nematodes in the soil shortly after transplanting was better with the fumigants than with the non-fumigant nematicides, but the degree of control in the roots was about the same. Initial nematode population densities in the soil were similar in 1971 and 1972, but the crop responded to nematicide treatments only in 1972. The response differences were attributed mainly to weather conditions. It was not possible to relate final yields of flue-cured tobacco to degree of control of P. penetrans in either the soil or the roots at any one time during the growing season.

EFFECTS OF NEMATICIDES ON PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS, SOIL MICROFLORA, AND FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

Field studies were conducted on Fox loamy sand to compare fall and spring broadcast and spring row application of DD (mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene, 1,2-dichloropropane, and related C3 hydrocarbons) and Vorlex (methyl isothiocyanate, 20%, + 1,3-dichloropropene, and related C3 hydrocarbons, 80%), and to compare these fumigants with Mocap (O-ethyl S,S-dipropyl phosphorodithioate), fensulfothion (O,O-diethyl O-[p-(methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate), and carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethylbenzofuranyl-7 N-methylcarbamate) for the control of Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stek. 1941 in flue-cured tobacco. All the nematicides except fensulfothion resulted in lower soil nematode population counts in July in a highly infested field where the number of nematodes before treatment was 4700/kg of soil. All treatments, except fall-applied Vorlex, fensulfothion, and carbofuran, increased yield. In the second year, with a lower nematode population (2000 P. penetrans/kg of soil), no increase in yield resulted from any nematicidal treatment. Spring broadcast DD lowered reducing sugars and increased total alkaloids, total N, and Cl for the 2-year averages. Spring application of DD in the row also increased Cl but did not affect the other constituents. Some phytotoxic effects were observed with the nonfumigant nematicides, but chemical composition of the cured leaf was not affected. A greenhouse study with these five nematicides, in the absence of nematodes, showed no increase in growth of tobacco, but the population of NH4+–N oxidizers was lower with DD and Mocap and the number of NO3−–N oxidizers was lower with Vorlex, DD, and carbofuran.

EFFECT OF NEMATICIDES ON ROOT LESION NEMATODES AND FORAGE LEGUME YIELDS

A field study was made on the effectiveness of seven nematicides in reducing root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) numbers in soil and roots of alfalfa, red clover, and birdsfoot trefoil. Each of the nematicides significantly reduced the number of nematodes recovered from soil 2 and 14 months after seeding, and from roots 4 and 16 months after seeding. Nematicide treatments significantly increased first cut (August) yields of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil in the seeding year by 55, 28, and 47%, respectively. Total yields for the seeding year were increased by 22, 22, and 40%, respectively. Sixteen months after seeding, significantly more nematodes were recovered from birdsfoot trefoil roots than from red clover, and more from red clover than from alfalfa. The recovery of Fusarium spp. from rootlets 4 months after seeding was not affected by nematicide treatments; however, Fusarium spp. were recovered less frequently from birdsfoot trefoil than from red clover or alfalfa rootlets.

African Rhino plantain clone (Musa AAB) behavior when using chicken manure as soil amendment and nematicides.

The effects of chicken manure as a soil amendment and the application of nematicides on plant characteristics, yield and foliar nutrient content of the African Rhino plantain clone were evaluated. Chemical properties of the soil were monitored after chicken manure application. Chicken manure, at a rate of 25 t/ha, was incorporated during soil preparation. The nematicide treatment Included the use of etoprop at planting, followed by oxamyl at six and 12 months after planting. The application of chicken manure significantly increased the height and diameter of the pseudostem, reduced the number of days from planting to shooting, and increased bunch weight, and yield per hectare. With the use of chicken manure a yield of 34,242 kg/ha was obtained. This yield represents a 33% increase over that of the treatment without chicken manure. The use of nematicides significantly diminished the number of collapsed plants and Increased plantain yield. The use of chicken manure Increased the foliar content of N and Ca whereas the use of nematicide had no effect on any of the nutrient foliar content. The chemical properties of the soil (pH; organic matter; electric conductivity; N, P, K, Ca and Mg content) were not affected by the use of chicken manure.