Neighborhood Cohesion Research Articles

Neighborhood social cohesion and sleep health among White, Black, and Hispanic/Latino men and women in United States: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey

Background: Social environmental factors such as unfavorable neighborhood cohesion may contribute to poor sleep by, for example, activating stress pathways. Methods: Using pooled cross-sectional data from 144,776 participants of the 2013-2017 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), we examined overall and race/ethnicity-specific associations between neighborhood social cohesion and sleep health among White, Black, Hispanic/Latino, and Asian adults. Neighborhood social cohesion score (NSC) was measured based on self-reported responses to four questions related to trust and support, which were categorized into low, medium, and high groups. Very short sleep duration was defined as <6 hours; short sleep <7 hours, recommended sleep 7-8 hours, and long sleep ≥9 hours. Sleep difficulties were assessed based on “trouble falling asleep 3+ days,” “trouble staying asleep 3+ days,” “waking up feeling rested 4+ days,” and “took sleep medication ≥1 times” all in the previous week. Adjusting for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and health indicators, Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sleep duration and difficulty by low vs. high NSC and medium vs. high NSC. Results: Among 144,776 adults, mean age was 47±0.1 years, 48% were men, and 69% white. Overall, low vs. high NSC was associated with a higher prevalence of very short (PR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.25-1.40) and short (PR=1.19; 95% CI: 1.16-1.22) sleep duration. Low vs. high NSC was positively associated with very short sleep duration among Whites (PR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.28-1.47), Blacks (PR=1.13; 95% CI: 1.01-1.28), and Hispanics/Latinos (PR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.11-1.53). Among Asians, low NSC was associated with short sleep duration (PR=1.19; 95% CI: 1.06-1.32). Conclusions: Sleep difficulties were more prevalent among all racial/ethnic groups with less than high NSC. Low neighborhood social cohesion was associated with shorter sleep duration and sleep difficulty across racial/ethnic groups, and more research is warranted.

Neighborhood Social Cohesion Associates with Loneliness Differently among Older People According to Subjective Social Status.

To examine whether neighborhood social cohesion can alleviate the negative impact of low subjective social status on feelings of loneliness. Cross-sectional study. Community, Hong Kong. Older people who participated in a cohort study on osteoporosis and general health in Hong Kong (MrOs study). Data were sourced from the 14-year follow-up data of the MrOs study. Loneliness was measured using the 6-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Neighborhood social cohesion was measured by the Hong Kong version of Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between neighborhood social cohesion and loneliness, controlled for age, sex, marital status, educational level, lifestyle, number of diseases, and maximum lifetime income. The analyses were stratified by subjective social status as measured by a 10-rung self-anchoring scale. 1,037 participants with a mean age of 83 years were included in the study, of whom 72%, 83%, and 64% were classified as at risk of overall loneliness, emotional loneliness, and social loneliness, respectively. Those who were classified as at risk of overall loneliness reported lower subjective social status and had lower levels of neighborhood social cohesion. Linear regression models showed that higher levels of neighborhood social cohesion were associated with lower levels of overall and social loneliness. Stratified analyses showed that the associations between neighborhood social cohesion and loneliness vary across subjective social status groups. Among those with low/middle social status ranking, higher levels of neighborhood social cohesion were associated with lower overall (low-ranking B=-0.111, p=0.001; middle-ranking B=-0.057, p=0.026) and social (low-ranking B=-0.093, p<0.001; middle-ranking B=-0.073, p<0.001) loneliness scores. Among those with high ranking, higher levels of neighborhood social cohesion were associated with lower overall (B=-0.099, p=0.041) and emotional (B=-0.056, p=0.017) loneliness scores, but the associations became insignificant when controlling for maximum lifetime income. Neighborhood social cohesion may operate differently in different social ranking groups. Interventions to alleviate feelings of loneliness should be subjective social status specific.

Influences of Environmental and Social Factors on Perceived Bio-Cultural Services and Disservices

Although the value of urban ecological infrastructure (UEI) is widely recognized, insufficient research has investigated how people perceive the wide variety of UEI. To address this gap, we investigated residents' perceptions of the coupled value of aesthetic and biological qualities as related to diverse UEI and other environmental and social factors (including personal beliefs and demographics), collectively referred to as bio-cultural services and disservices. We evaluated whether people positively view their neighborhood environments as natural-looking while providing diverse plants and wildlife habitat (services), in contrast to negatively perceived disservices that we evaluated as messy-looking with weeds and pests (disservices). We analyzed survey data from residents (n = 495) in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, United States, coupled with environmental variables (UEI and vegetative cover) compiled from diverse sources. We ran three regression models to compare the relative influence of social and environmental factors independently and combined on the perception of biocultural services and disservices. Our results demonstrate the influence of social factors, particularly place identity, neighborhood cohesion, and income, on both biocultural services and disservices. Additionally, environmental factors such as vegetation cover increased perceptions of bio-cultural services while decreasing perceived disservices. The effects of proximity to UEI were more varied. While proximity to cropland increased perceived bio-cultural disservices, proximity to desert parks reduced disservices. Although UEI can promote biodiversity and human well-being, all UEI are not perceived the same. Our results underscore the added value of considering both the form of UEI and perceptions among people who live nearby when designing and implementing infrastructure to promote bio-cultural services that are both ecologically and socially valued.

Negative and Positive Interethnic Contact and the Association of Ethnic Neighbourhood Composition with Trust, Cohesion, and Prejudice

AbstractThis study extends the literature on the relationship between ethnic neighbourhood composition and cohesion, trust, and prejudice, by considering the influence of both positive and negative interethnic contact. We employ multilevel structural equation modelling, with individuals nested in neighbourhoods, using a unique dataset collected in England in 2017 amongst 1,520 White British and 1,474 Asian British respondents. Our results show that negative interethnic contact, unlike positive interethnic contact, is not related to ethnic neighbourhood composition. Specifically, White British people who live in neighbourhoods with relatively many Asian British people have, as expected, more positive but, encouragingly, not more negative interethnic contact. For Asian people, living in neighbourhoods with relatively many White people is unrelated to both their positive and negative interethnic contact. Furthermore, White and Asian people who have more positive interethnic contact score higher on perceived cohesion, general trust, and outgroup trust and lower on prejudice. The opposite holds true for White and Asian people who have more negative interethnic contact.

Rethinking Neighbourhood Cohesion in the Suburbs: Insights from Communities in Calgary

Neighbourhood cohesion is a desirable outcome of socially sustainable communities. However, such an outcome is not necessarily associated with suburban master-planned communities. This empirical research measures affective and interactive dimensions of neighbourhood cohesion and their correlations with residents’ perception of neighbourhood uniqueness. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, it considers the physical and social attributes of two suburban neighbourhoods in Calgary to provide an in-depth interpretation of similarities and differences in neighbourhood cohesion. The findings address an important aspect of community planning associated with the attractiveness of semi-gated suburban living in low-density developments embedded in the natural environment.&#x0D; Keywords: neighbourhood cohesion, semi-gated suburb, sense of community, community planning, uniqueness

The role of neighborhood stressors on cognitive function: A coordinated analysis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between perceived neighborhood stressors, encompassing negative perceived neighborhood characteristics, and specific cognitive abilities in adulthood. We conducted a coordinated analysis across three studies of adults in the United States and found that perceived neighborhood stressors were consistently associated with poorer performance on attention-demanding cognitive tasks. We specifically found that perceived neighborhood stressors were associated with lower performance in spatial abilities, working memory, and executive function but not perceptual speed, and that the effect was most consistent for lower perceived neighborhood safety followed by lower perceived aesthetic quality, greater perceived neighborhood crime, and lower perceived neighborhood cohesion. These results highlight the importance of the psychosocial neighborhood context for cognitive health in adulthood.

Deviant Versus Nondeviant Routines, Social Guardianship and Adolescent Victimization in the Rural Context of China.

There is limited knowledge on the possible pathways of victimization among rural dwellers during adolescence in developing contexts, such as rural China, where victimization may compound developmental disadvantages of rural adolescents. Guided by the lifestyle/routine activity theory, the goal of this study thus was to examine how far delinquent lifestyles (delinquent involvement and delinquent peer association); nondeviant routine activities (unstructured socializing with peers, structured activities, and solitary activities); and social guardianship within family, school, and neighborhood contribute to juvenile victimization in a rural setting. The outcomes of interest covered direct victimization (violent, property, and sexual) and indirect victimization (witnessing community violence). The study included 2,839 adolescents (51.2% male; mean age = 13.88 ± 0.90 years) from 30 middle schools in rural China. The delinquent peer influence as a risk factor of direct and indirect victimization appeared to be more profound than delinquent involvement. Solitary activities consistently put rural adolescents at greater risk of direct and indirect victimization, and their role was stronger than that of rural adolescents' delinquent involvement. No victimization outcomes were predicted by unstructured socializing with peers and structured activities. Attachment to family caregivers and neighborhood cohesion were the strongest social guardianship predictors across all forms of victimization. These results suggest that alongside social guardianship and delinquent lifestyles, rural isolation should be addressed in managing juvenile victimization. The insignificant role of unstructured socializing with peers may raise the need to clarify its conceptual relevance to rural settings. The implications for improving the underdeveloped preventive measures against victimization of rural adolescent populations in developing societies are described.

Social ecological factors associated with physical activity and screen time amongst mothers from disadvantaged neighbourhoods over three years

BackgroundMothers from socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods are at elevated risk of physical inactivity and high levels of screen time. Yet, little is known regarding the social ecological factors that are longitudinally associated with physical activity and screen time in this target group, and whether the age of their children impacts these relationships. This study aimed to longitudinally examine the social ecological factors associated with physical activity and screen time amongst mothers living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods, and whether these differed according to their child’s age.MethodsData were from 895 mothers living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods (mean age 36.7 years) at baseline and three-year follow-up. Mothers self-reported weekly discretionary physical activity (leisure-time, LTPA; transport-related, TRPA) and screen time durations. Linear regression models assessed associations between five intrapersonal, three social and five physical environmental factors and LTPA, TRPA and screen time, adjusting for confounding factors, clustering by neighbourhood and baseline variables. Interaction analysis was conducted for age of children (younger and older children (n = 442) and mothers with older children (aged 5–12 years) only (n = 453).ResultsIn adjusted models, all intrapersonal factors (self-efficacy, enjoyment, outcome expectations, behavioural intentions and behavioural skill), social support from friends, neighbourhood cohesion and number of televisions were longitudinally associated with LTPA amongst all mothers. Interaction models showed that findings were generally consistent across groups (i.e., those with both younger and older children compared to those with older children only), with three exceptions. Physical activity enjoyment and social support from family were associated with LTPA only among mothers with older children. Neighbourhood cohesion was associated with screen time only amongst mothers with both younger and older children. No associations were detected for TRPA.ConclusionIntrapersonal, social and physical environmental factors were longitudinally associated with mother’s LTPA, whilst neighbourhood cohesion was longitudinally associated with screen time behaviours amongst mothers. Interventions aimed at increasing LTPA amongst mothers (particularly those from socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods) may need to target all domains of the social ecological model and may require some tailoring according to the age of children. Further work is needed to identify longitudinal associations with screen time and TRPA in this population group.

The influence of importation and deprivation factors on prison adaptation: Insights from Chinese prisons

While prison adaptation has been studied extensively in Western societies, relatively few studies have examined incarcerated people in China. Given the differences in sociocultural and prison environments, findings from Western nations may not be generalizable to the Chinese context. Adopting the importation and deprivation models, we specifically examine how incarcerated individuals’ adaptation in the form of attitudes toward imprisonment and rehabilitation is shaped by various pre- and post-incarceration factors. Using a unique dataset collected in Zhejiang, China, we demonstrate that prison adaptation is associated more with importation factors than with deprivation factors. Specifically, prison adaptation is positively associated with the province of origin, parental attachment, peer attachment, and neighborhood cohesion. Furthermore, sentence length shows an unexpected positive association with adaptation. Situated in the literature, our findings further confirm that prison adaptation is a multifaceted phenomenon and that distinctive aspects of adaptation are evidently influenced by different sets of factors.

Independent and Combined Relationships of Perceived Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Physical Frailty on Functional Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Functional disability and physical frailty (PF) are debilitating geriatric conditions. Previous studies have suggested both perceived neighborhood social cohesion (PNSC) and PF can influence functional disability and may have an interactive effect too. This cross-sectional study aims to examine the independent and combined relationships of PF and PNSC on functional disability in community-dwelling older adults in Shanghai, China. A total of 1616 older adults aged ≥ 75 years were recruited using multistage sampling. Results showed that prefrailty, frailty (using the modified frailty phenotype criteria), and low PNSC (measured by the Neighborhood Cohesion Scale) were independently associated with increased likelihood of functional disability after adjustment of covariates. To evaluate the combined relationships of PF and PNSC, participants were classified into six groups based on their levels of PF and PNSC. The probability of frail older adults with low PNSC having functional disability stood out compared with the robust older adults with high PNSC. Our findings suggest the importance of high PNSC as a protective factor of maintaining functional ability. Future longitudinal studies are needed to identify the role of PNSC in the development of functional disability among frail older adults.

Relationship between neighbourhood cohesion and disability: findings from SWADES population-based survey, Kerala, India

Background: The burden of disability on individuals and society is enormous in India, and informal care systems try to reduce this burden. This study investigated the association between neighbourhood cohesion and disability in a community-based population in Kerala, India. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have examined this association in India. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted with 997 participants aged 30 years and above, in Kerala. Neighbourhood cohesion was assessed by three scales: trust, community participation, and perceived safety. Functional ability was measured by WHODAS 2.0. Explanatory covariates included chronic disease conditions, age, gender, education, income, and mental health conditions. Results: Of 997 participants (37% male; mean age, 53.9 [range, 30–90] years), the majority were married or cohabiting. Univariate analysis showed functional ability to be positively associated with most demographic and health characteristics. However, after adjustment, only social cohesion, age, income, education, chronic diseases and mental health conditions remained significant. Mediation analysis showed the effect of personal and health characteristics on functional ability as mediated by social cohesion. Conclusion: Social cohesion is an important moderator of functional ability. Interventions targeting the creation of stronger ties among neighbours and a sense of belonging should be scaled-up and evaluated in future research.

Neighborhood characteristics and ataque de nervios: the role of neighborhood violence.

Ataque de nervios is a Latina/o idiom of distress that may occur as a culturally sanctioned response to acute stressful experiences, particularly relating to grief, threat, family conflict, and a breakdown in social networks. The contextual factors associated with ataque de nervios have received little attention in research. This study examined the association between neighborhood factors and the experience of ataque de nervios among a sample of Latinas/os participating in the Latino Health and Well-Being Project in the northeastern United States. We examined the association between neighborhood cohesion, safety, trust, and violence and ataque de nervios. In multivariate logistic regression models, neighborhood violence was associated with ataque de nervios (p = .02), with each unit increase in the neighborhood violence scale being associated with 1.36 times greater odds of experiencing ataque de nervios. None of the other neighborhood variables were significantly associated with ataque de nervios. The positive association between neighborhood violence and the experience of ataque de nervios makes a further case for policy efforts and other investments to reduce neighborhood violence.

Relationship between neighbourhood cohesion and disability: findings from SWADES population-based survey, Kerala, India.

Background:The burden of disability on individuals and society is enormousin India, and informal care systems try to reduce this burden.This studyinvestigated the association between neighbourhood cohesion anddisabilityin a community-based population in Kerala, India. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have examined this association in India. Methods:A cross-sectional household survey was conducted with 997 participants aged 30 years and above, in Kerala. Neighbourhood cohesion was assessed by three scales: trust, community participation, and perceived safety. Functional ability was measured by WHODAS 2.0. Explanatory covariates included chronic disease conditions, age, gender, education, income, and mental health conditions. Results:Of 997 participants (37% male; mean age, 53.9 [range, 30-90] years), the majority were married or cohabiting. Univariate analysis showed functional ability to be positively associated with most demographic and health characteristics. However, after adjustment, only social cohesion, age, income, education, chronic diseases and mental health conditions remained significant. Mediation analysis showed the effect of personal and health characteristics on functional ability as mediated by social cohesion. Conclusion:Social cohesion is an important moderator of functional ability. Interventions targeting thecreation of stronger ties among neighbours and a sense of belonging should be scaled-up and evaluated in future research.

Using 311 data to develop an algorithm to identify urban blight for public health improvement.

The growth of administrative data made available publicly, often in near-real time, offers new opportunities for monitoring conditions that impact community health. Urban blight-manifestations of adverse social processes in the urban environment, including physical disorder, decay, and loss of anchor institutions-comprises many conditions considered to negatively affect the health of communities. However, measurement strategies for urban blight have been complicated by lack of uniform data, often requiring expensive street audits or the use of proxy measures that cannot represent the multifaceted nature of blight. This paper evaluates how publicly available data from New York City's 311-call system can be used in a natural language processing approach to represent urban blight across the city with greater geographic and temporal precision. We found that our urban blight algorithm, which includes counts of keywords ('tokens'), resulted in sensitivity ~90% and specificity between 55% and 76%, depending on other covariates in the model. The percent of 311 calls that were 'blight related' at the census tract level were correlated with the most common proxy measure for blight: short, medium, and long-term vacancy rates for commercial and residential buildings. We found the strongest association with long-term (>1 year) commercial vacancies (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.16, p < 0.001). Our findings indicate the need of further validation, as well as testing algorithms that disambiguate the different facets of urban blight. These facets include physical disorder (e.g., litter, overgrown lawns, or graffiti) and decay (e.g., vacant or abandoned lots or sidewalks in disrepair) that are manifestations of social processes such as (loss of) neighborhood cohesion, social control, collective efficacy, and anchor institutions. More refined measures of urban blight would allow for better targeted remediation efforts and improved community health.

Beyond the Boundary of Healthcare Systems: Can Social Capital Complement Health Outcomes of the Aging?

This paper delves into the association between social capital and health outcomes of the aging in Bangladesh. Methodological triangulation was used to synthesize primary data in this study. The data were collected based on a sample survey from 310 aging people in the aged ≥ 60 years in 2016. Findings reveal that social networks, norms of reciprocity, trust, neighborhood social cohesion and civic participation, and economic hardship are associated with self rated health status. The aging who had low social networks, norms of reciprocity and neighborhood cohesion and economic hardship were 1.917, 2.354, 2.185, and 1.949 times more likely to say that they had poor self rated health status. The synergy index between low social network and economic hard ship, low norm of reciprocity and economic hardship and low neighborhood cohesion were1.592 and 1.939 and, 2.067 supported that effect of joint exposure (low social capital and presence of economic hardship) is greater than the effect predicted from the sum of effects of each factor acting separately. The study concludes that economic hardship reduction is more important to access health care.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Social capital, healthcare systems, economic hardship, self rated health, health outcomes, interaction effects

Life-History Factors Influence Teenagers' Suicidal Ideation: A Model Selection Analysis of the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth.

Suicidality is an important contributor to disease burden worldwide. We examine the developmental and environmental correlates of reported suicidal ideation at age 15 and develop a new evolutionary model of suicidality based on life history trade-offs and hypothesized accompanying modulations of cognition. Data were derived from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (Statistics Canada) which collected information on children's social, emotional, and behavioral development in eight cycles between 1994 and 2009. We take a model selection approach to understand thoughts of suicide at age 15 (N ≈ 1,700). The most highly ranked models include social support, early life psychosocial stressors, prenatal stress, and mortality cues. Those reporting consistent early life stress had 2.66 greater odds of reporting thoughts of suicide at age 15 than those who reported no childhood stress. Social support of the primary caregiver, neighborhood cohesion, nonkin social support of the adolescent, and the number of social support sources are all associated with suicidal thoughts, where greater neighborhood cohesion and social support sources are associated with a reduction in experiencing suicidal thoughts. Mother's prenatal smoking throughout pregnancy is associated with a 1.5 greater odds of suicidal thoughts for adolescents compared to children whose mother's reported not smoking during pregnancy. We discuss these findings in light of evolutionary models of suicidality. This study identifies both positive and negative associations on suicidal thoughts at age 15 and considers these in light of adaptive response models of human development. Findings are relevant for mental health policy.

What do security cameras provide for society? The influence of cameras in public spaces in Japan on perceived neighborhood cohesion and trust

This study aims to examine the association between security cameras in public spaces in Japan with residents’ perceived neighborhood social cohesion and trust. The present study used a postal questionnaire mailed to randomly sampled residents aged 20 and 74 years, residing in Ichikawa City, in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Data from 618 respondents in 39 neighborhoods were used. We used the instrumental variable method in our analyses to strengthen our causal inference. Using probit models, we examined the association between instrumented security camera awareness and perceived neighborhood social cohesion and trust. Security camera awareness was negatively related to perceived neighborhood cohesion and positively associated with trust in others. This study demonstrated the potential causal relationship between security cameras and perceptions of communal society; i.e., a positive effect on trust in others and a negative effect on perceived social cohesion. These findings suggest the importance of considering positive and negative social aspects when implementing security camera policies.

Neighbourhood cohesion as a form of privilege

Contrary to the idea that neighbourhood cohesion is something that inherently benefits the poor or counterbalances the forces of social exclusion, in this article we argue that it can also function as a mechanism of cumulative advantage. In order to explore this proposal, we offer a definition and key dimensions of neighbourhood cohesion based on three components: place attachment, local relations and commitment to the local common good. We test our proposal in a highly segregated Latin American city: Santiago, Chile. A combination of survey data and georeferenced information was obtained from a random sample of 700 residents. The results reveal the existence of four neighbourhood cohesion types: Communitarians, Belongers, Strangers and Outsiders. As expected, we found that people who reside in affluent areas and perceive themselves to live in more reputable neighbourhoods are those who report the strongest patterns of neighbourhood cohesion. We conclude by questioning the scope and effectiveness of policies which have promoted neighbourhood cohesion as a ‘tool’ of governance without first attempting to reduce socio-spatial rifts. We also ask whether these notable spatial differences in neighbourhood cohesion contribute to improving the overall social cohesion at the city level.

Abstract A103: How do coping resources and financial hardship affect rural Latina breast cancer survivors' stress and depressive symptoms: The Nuevo Amanecer Rural Trial

Abstract Introduction: Compared to their white counterparts, Latina breast cancer survivors suffer from greater distress and poorer health-related quality of life. Yet little is known about the determinants of such distress. Purpose: Examine the independent associations of coping self-efficacy, social support, neighborhood cohesion, engagement with physicians, and financial hardship with depressive symptoms and perceived stress using baseline data from a randomized controlled trial of a stress management intervention among Spanish-speaking rural Latina breast cancer survivors. Methods: All data were self-reported and collected via in-person interviews in Spanish, except for medical information, which was obtained from medical records review. Bivariate linear models regressed either depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-8) or stress (Perceived Stress Scale) on coping self-efficacy, social support, neighborhood cohesion, difficulty engaging with physicians, and financial hardship, controlling for demographic, medical factors, and study site. Hypothesized predictors that were statistically significant at p &amp;lt;0.20 in bivariate analyses were included in multivariate linear models. Higher scores on all measures signify more of the construct. Results: In bivariate analyses, coping confidence (b = -2.50; p &amp;lt;0.0001) and social support (b = -1.14; p &amp;lt;0.01) were negatively associated with depressive symptoms; difficulty engaging with physicians (b = 1.51; p &amp;lt;0.01) and financial hardship (b = 2.30; p &amp;lt;0.01) were positively associated with depressive symptoms. In multivariate analyses, only coping confidence (b = -2.35; p &amp;lt;0.0001) was negatively and independently associated with depressive symptoms, controlling for covariates. In bivariate analyses, coping confidence (b = -4.10; p &amp;lt;0.0001), social support (b = -2.66; p &amp;lt;0.0001), and neighborhood cohesion (b = -1.83; p &amp;lt;0.01) were negatively associated with stress; difficulty engaging with physicians (b=1.51; p =0.05) and financial hardship (b=4.58; p &amp;lt;0.0001) were positively associated with stress. In multivariate analyses, coping confidence (b = -3.65; p &amp;lt;0.0001) and neighborhood cohesion (b = -1.03; p &amp;lt;0.05) were negatively and independently associated with stress; financial hardship was positively and independently associated with stress (b = 3.44; p&amp;lt;0.01). Conclusions: Interventions that focus on increasing women's coping confidence and sense of neighborhood cohesion, and services to reduce their financial hardship, could help alleviate psychosocial health disparities among rural Latina cancer survivors. Citation Format: Anna M. Napoles, Jasmine Santoyo-Olsson, Anita L. Stewart, Carmen Ortiz, Steven Gregorich. How do coping resources and financial hardship affect rural Latina breast cancer survivors' stress and depressive symptoms: The Nuevo Amanecer Rural Trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A103.

4137 Discrimination, Social Cohesion, and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the REGARDS Study

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This research has two goals. The first is to establish the relationship between hypertension, discrimination, and social cohesion in the general populaiton. The hypotheses for these relationships are: Hypothesis 1: Self-reported discrimination will be positively associated with incidence of hypertension in all REGARDS participants.Hypothesis 2: Self-reported neighborhood cohesion will attenuate the effects of discrimination on the development of hypertension.Hypothesis 3: Increased levels of Self-reported social cohesion will moderate the effects of discrimination on the likelihood of being hypertensive by weakening the relationship between discrimination and the likelihood of being hypertensive. The second goal of this research is examining the the nexus of race and social cohesion, to understand if racial effects exist. The hypotheses for this goal are: Hypothesis 4: Self-reported discrimination will be positively associated with prevalent hypertension in black REGARDS participants over and above the association between discrimination and hypertension in white REGARDS participants.Hypothesis 5: Increased levels of self-reported social cohesion for will not moderate the effects of discrimination on the likelihood of being hypertensive by weakening the relationship between discrimination and the likelihood of being hypertensive as strongly for black REGARDS participants as it does for white REGARDS participantsMETHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The population under investigation will be respondents to The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study at UAB. REGARDS participants are 45+ years old, and come from across the United States. The study will use the second wave of in-home data to assess relationships between discrimination, hypertension, and social cohesion. First we will calculate descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations or N and %) for each of the main variables and covariates. Modified Poisson regression will be used to model the association between discrimination and likelihood of hypertension, as well as the moderating effects of neighborhood social cohesion. We will run additional modified Poisson models including 1) demographic covariates (age, gender, race, rurality, education), 2) demographic covariates plus lifestyle factors, such as smoking status, BMI, exercise frequency, and 3) demographic covariates, lifestyle factors, and social characteristics, including insurance status, social support, getting around. To understand the main effect of social cohesion on hypertension, we will run a second set of models, following the same series of steps. A final series of models will test the interaction between perceived discrimination*perceived neighborhood cohesion. This model will be followed by the same series of steps as the global hypertension models. If the interaction is significant, postestimation will be used to model how different levels of perceived discrimination and cohesion are expected to interact to affect the likelihood of hypertension. If any of the covariates violates assumptions about distributions, data transformations will be explored. After conducting an analysis on the effects of discrimination on hypertension, and the buffering effect of social cohesion on the full sample population, the sample will be stratified by race so that the associations between discrimination, social cohesion, hypertension, and race are fully explored, consistent with previous literature. The stratified samples will be run through the same series of models as the full sample, providing information on how race, hypertension, and social cohesion are associated in and unadjusted models, models adjusted for demographic characteristics, models adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and finally full models that adjust for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and social characteristics. These models will compare each of these sets of characteristics, as well as the interaction between perceived discrimination* perceived neighborhood cohesion for stratified samples. This will allow researchers to compare the effects of discrimination, and the buffering effect of neighborhood cohesion across models. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that in a general population, social cohesion will attenuate the positive association of discrimination and hypertension. For blacks, however, higher levels of lifetime discrimination as well as lower levels of social cohesion in primarily black neighborhoods are expected to lead to both higher rats of hypertension and a lower degree of attenuation of the relationship between discrimination and hypertension. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study will help to elucidate the social nature of hypertension. By examining how perceptions of discrimination and social cohesion are associated with hypertension, interventions directed at improving heart health will be able to be effectively implemented at the community level by targeting specific social factors that can improve health outcomes. In addition, this research will provide insight into groups that may be particularly vulnerable to hypertension, advancing both the sociological and cardiology literature as it relates to discrimination, social cohesion, race and health.