Neighboring Countries Research Articles

Beyond Borders A New Analysis of External Challenges of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

A new Global Order is emerging, along with new (re)alignments taking place in interstate relations between Pakistan and China towards the eastern camp. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project is US$62 billion, and it will combat persistent instability, leverage Pakistan's strategic location, build economic development zones, support social infrastructure, and address Pakistan's energy deficit. CPEC will give China another entry point into the Indian Ocean through the Gwadar Port in Balochistan and Pakistan, which will provide a massive opportunity to improve its dire economic situation. However, to make the CPEC a successful reality, the state of Pakistan must confront and overcome a number of difficulties. Pakistan is clearly moving away from geostrategic concerns and towards geo-economics cooperation, emphasizing solid relationships with key regional players. Conversely, the CPEC has faced considerable international scrutiny and criticism since its launch in 2013. However, both countries face external challenges, both regional and global. This article aims to analyze the external challenges that Pakistan has been facing since the beginning of the CPEC and its economic lifeline. Pakistan is trying to balance relations with its neighboring countries and balance the power, which can resolve the external challenges of CPEC.

A Fuzzy PROMETHEE Method for Evaluating Strategies towards a Cross-Country Renewable Energy Cooperation: The Cases of Egypt and Morocco

Recognising the urgency of addressing climate change and the imperative to mitigate its effects, the European Union (EU) has embarked on a transformative journey to reshape its energy landscape, with a pronounced emphasis on harnessing renewable energy sources (RESs) and augmenting their contribution to electricity generation. To propel Europe towards sustainable development through its energy transition, EU member states are encouraged to foster collaborative efforts on a European scale, inviting neighbouring countries to participate in joint ventures aimed at leveraging RESs for electricity generation. Consequently, it becomes imperative to evaluate the potential depth of cooperation among these nations, assessing how such partnerships can align with Europe’s overarching objectives while fostering mutually beneficial conditions. This paper seeks to undertake a thorough analysis and evaluation of the potential impacts of such cooperation, both in advancing RES objectives and in promoting broader cooperation goals concerning the countries involved. The appropriate methodological framework has been developed, utilising and implementing the fuzzy PROMETHEE multicriteria decision analysis method, to address the problem’s multidimensional character, intending to implement an appropriate action plan and promote production from RESs. The methodology has been applied to assess alternative strategies in two case study countries, Morocco and Egypt, while important outcomes have emerged towards the successful implementation of cooperation mechanisms promoting RES.

Constructing New International Relations Between China and Its Neighbors: A Constructivist Analysis of the Impact of the Belt and Road

The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road spearheaded by General Secretary Xi Jinping offers a practical framework for fostering a fresh approach to international relations between China and its neighboring countries. This study thoroughly examines how the Belt and Road Initiative contributes to shaping a new form of international relations between China and its neighboring regions from a constructivist viewpoint. This is achieved through qualitative research, literature analysis, and inductive methodologies. Under the constructivist perspective, The Belt and Road Initiative has transformed the dynamic between China and its neighboring nations on various levels. When looking at it from a horizontal perspective, the focus is on highlighting the unique aspects and qualities of international interactions, such as "common development", "mutual respect", and "harmonious coexistence".Looking at things from an aerial viewpoint, the Belt and Road Initiative delves into a fresh approach to China's relationships with its neighboring countries across three levels: national, subnational, and regional. China prioritizes establishing innovative international relations with neighboring countries through the Belt and Road initiative to stabilize domestic growth and navigate foreign relations amidst the changing development scenario. Faced with intricate regional dynamics stemming from recent historical shifts, China must steadfastly advance the "Belt and Road" project to cultivate a conducive neighboring atmosphere, fostering the development of a shared human destiny.

POLOG DURING THE PERIOD OF THE 11THCT–1355

The object of study of this paper is the Polog valley during the period of the 11th ct. to 1355. The concept Arbëri and Polog will be addressed in particular, as well as the involvement of this region within the ethno-geographic borders of medieval Albania. Thus, the achievements in the fields of archaeology, history, linguistics, prove that Polog valley has been involved in the east side of the Albanian lands during the Middle Ages and the presence of the Albanian ethnos in these settlements. This paper will also address the political situation of Polog in the 11th ct to 1355 using the data extracted from the sources of the time. These sources inform us about the political position the valley held during the Bulgarian, Byzantine, Serbian, Epirote and Nicaean rule. The historical data presented in this paper enable us to get to know the main routes that crossed Polog during the Middle Ages used for internal economic and cultural communication as well as with neighboring countries. We have also identified the settlements and religious facilities and their properties in Polog.

Assessing extraterritorial fishing operations in Türkiye's Contiguous Zone: A decade of observations and implications for fisheries management in the Eastern

The protracted maritime jurisdictional disputes in Türkiye's EEZ in the Eastern Mediterranean have perpetuated economic disparities and engendered lacunae in fisheries management that could undermine marine biodiversity and regional collaboration efforts. This study interrogates the extent and frequency of extraterritorial fishing operations within the contiguous zone of Türkiye's territorial waters, with a particular emphasis on the years 2013 through 2023. Utilizing data acquired from Global Fishing Watch, the analysis delineates the monthly average fishing hours engaged by different gear types-namely small scale, trawl, undefined, and purse seine-across various neighboring countries, including Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Libya, and Morocco. Findings reveal a persistent increase in fishing activities within these contentious waters over the observed period, reflecting a rise in the deployment of ship-tracking systems, which have potentially inflated reported fishing hours. This surge underscores the urgent need for comprehensive fisheries management strategies that harmonize economic pursuits with the preservation of delicate marine ecosystems. The study's methodology involved analyzing vessel movements via Marine Traffic and Global Fishing Watch data, assessing parameters such as fishing areas, periods, methods, and national affiliations. The results, illustrated in Tables and Figures without direct citation due to the aggregative nature of the data, show varied patterns of fishing activities. The significant increase in Türkiye's trawl fishing hours in 2022, peaking at 857.29 hours, underscores the intensification of certain fishing practices in the region. The need for resolving international disputes is pivotal for establishing effective fisheries management in the Eastern Mediterranean. The findings advocate for enhanced diplomatic endeavors and cooperative governance among littoral nations, supported by international entities to ensure sustainable exploitation of marine resources and to bridge management gaps illuminated by this decade-long empirical inquiry.

The Perceptions of Nuclear War: The Imbalanced Co-Orientation Between Russian and American Youth

On February 24, 2022, Russia attacked its neighboring country of Ukraine. From the early days of what Russian President Putin called a special military operation, fears mounted that the conflict may grow into World War III, effectively ending the world in nuclear Armageddon. This study compares the current views of American and Russian youths on the issues of global nuclear war and nuclear weapons, as well as explores their inclinations toward supporting a first nuclear strike, nuclear retaliation, and their willingness to make personal sacrifices in the event of a nuclear conflict. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of co-orientation theory, the study methodically assesses the levels of agreement, congruency, and accuracy for the populations of both countries on the issues related to the nuclear conflict. The results show that American and Russian youths are currently in a state of imbalanced co-orientation—a newly defined state in the co-orientation theory—when it comes to their opinions on nuclear war and nuclear weapons. In conclusion, the study underscores the urgent need to address this lack of alignment between the two countries, given the potentially catastrophic consequences of nuclear warfare. Therefore, the study draws upon the co-orientation theory’s insights and formulates strategic public diplomacy recommendations, designed to cultivate mutual understanding, and promote constructive dialogue between the people of the United States of America and the Russian Federation.

How the Russian-Ukrainian war changed the geopolitical picture of the world

For centuries, russia was the country that was showing its power in the international political system. Firstly, the emergence of the Soviet Union and 15 countries united under one roof, and then its dissolution in 1991 made russia a more aggressive power that the international community witnessed these years. This was mainly against the post-Soviet Space, as russia till today, thinks that post-Soviet countries are and should be under the influence of russia. That's the main reason why Russia has aggressive foreign policy towards its neighboring countries, especially Georgia and Ukraine. The wars against Ukraine and Georgia show how huge a threat can be coming from the imperialist neighbor state. Here, three main years of wars are outlined: 2008, 2014, and the year of 2022, when Russia started a new military occupation against Ukraine. This aggressive foreign policy dimension is not only a threat for only post-Soviet space but to international security as well. Russia’s internal and external policy dimensions have always been a subject of international world order, as its steps always had some implications for both regional and international political systems. This research will discuss what are the main implications of military occupations conducted by russia in the 21st century.

Spillover effects of natural resources on the attractiveness of foreign direct investment in ECOWAS countries

The economies of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) countries are linked by geography and by a policy of capital mobility. Consequently, the attractiveness of foreign direct investments (FDI) in one country is likely to be influenced by factors that explain FDI in neighboring countries, such as the endowment of natural resources. However, previous empirical studies have overlooked the spatial interaction effects of natural resources on the attractiveness of FDI in ECOWAS countries. In addition, natural resources are factors of production that can justify the location of a Multinational Enterprise in one country at the detriment of another, due to differences in the availability of natural resources. Thus, the main objective of this research is to fill this research gap by analyzing the spatial interaction effects of natural resource exploitation on the attractiveness of FDI in ECOWAS countries. Therefore, the dynamic Durbin Spatial Model (SDM) estimation method with a distance matrix was used for the analysis, covering 12 ECOWAS countries over the period 2007–2020. In addition, the use of the distance-inverse matrix with the dynamic SDM was used to analyze the spatial effects of different types of natural resources in order to test the robustness of the results. In terms of the results obtained, the findings show that the further ahead a country is in exploiting its natural resources, the more it negatively influences the attractiveness of new FDI in its bosom to the benefit of its neighboring countries, which are relatively behind in exploiting their natural resources. Specifically, the mining and forestry exploitation generates positive spillover effects, while oil and natural gas exploitation has negative spillover effects on the attractiveness of FDI from neighboring countries. A synchronization policy and a policy of compensating for the negative externalities linked to the exploitation of natural resources between ECOWAS countries would therefore make it easier to attract FDI and stimulate economic and social development.

Origins of InequalityCaste

Caste discrimination has a profound impact on the social, economic, cultural and political spheres in India and its neighboring countries. The caste system has had far-reaching effects in these areas, hindering social mobility and economic development for many. This paper focuses on the caste issue and its impact on lower-caste communities in India. The issue is deeply connected with various social challenges, including discrimination due to caste and sexual orientation, facing significant obstacles in expressing their identity, accessing social support, and securing equal rights. In education and health, the system leads to unequal access to resources for lower-classe students, resulting in high dropout rates and low tertiary enrollment, hindered their chances to improve their lives through education. Health is also impacted, as lower caste communities often live in areas with poor sanitation and limited healthcare access, leading to worse health outcomes and further deepening quality of life disparities.

Prevalence and Patterns of Drug Use Among People in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq

Background: After a series of instability Iraq confronted in the past decades, the drug abuse issue has grown and is now a complex national concern where the rise in drug transshipment through the country and neighbor countries accompanies noticeable increased consumption of drugs especially those associated with transnational criminal networks such as amphetamines. This is a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted in Al-Najaf governorate from January to March 2024, qualitative data based on the correction institutions of the Ministry of the Interior using a non-probability sample since lack of precise sample frame or data about the real prevalence or rate of the problem. The study recruited 288 drug users all between 20-64 years, 31(10.8%) were females and 257(89.2%) were males (49%). 237 (82%) of the drug users of young adults between 20 to 40 years old. The objective was to investigate personal history and examine the extent and patterns of the abuse of drugs, using a structured questionnaire designed and modified after reviewing relevant studies. The study found that the majority of the participants smoked nicotine throughout their lifetime as 60.8% smoked hookah, 15% smoked e-cigarettes and 86% smoked cigarettes with about 75% current heavy smokers, 51% of participants used alcohol as lifetime prevalence with more than 32% used it weekly. A large percentage: 88% abused more than one type of illicit drug with amphetamine stimulants (methamphetamine and fenethylline) as the most commonly abused illicit drugs among the majority of the participants. The lifetime prevalence of prescription drug use was 86%. 60% used more than one method of administration, while 8% used drugs by injection. The study concluded that a large percentage of the study participants were polydrug abusers with extensive patterns of use which revealed the complex status of which stresses a holistic approach to managing the problem. Conclusion: The study concluded that a large percentage of the study participants were polydrug abusers with extensive patterns of use which revealed the complex status of which stresses a holistic approach to manage the problem.

Effects of Five Years of Treatment of Onchocerciasis with Ivermectin under Community Guidelines in Resurgent Areas of Burkina Faso: A before-and-after Analysis.

Almost the entire country of Burkina Faso was endemic to onchocerciasis. Onchocerciasis control efforts thus brought the prevalence of O. volvulus to a level where the disease was no longer a public health problem in 2002. A resurgence of onchocerciasis cases has been observed in two regions (Cascades and the Southwest) located around several river basins in 2010-2011. In accordance with WHO guidelines for the management of resurgent cases, community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) was implemented in the affected areas. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of this intervention on parasitological indices of onchocerciasis, depending on the distance between villages and rivers. We conducted a paired pre-post study using aggregated village-level data from two cross-sectional surveys conducted in each region. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the standardized microfilarodermia prevalence and community microfilarial load (CMFL). A total of 43 villages in 6 health districts, in the Southwest (18) and Cascades (25) regions were included in the study. The key findings were that standardized microfilaria prevalence and CMFL decreased significantly after the implementation of CDTI in both regions (p < 0.0001). The median standardized microfilaria prevalence was 2.8 [interquartile range (IQR): 0.2-6.6] before CDTI and 0.72 [IQR: 0.0-2.17] after CDTI. The results showed also a decline in standardized microfilaria prevalence and CMFL in all villages, regardless of the distance separating the village from the streams. However, the results were not statistically significant for the villages located 5 km or more from streams (p = 0.0816 and 0.0542 for standardized microfilaria prevalence and CMFL, respectively). Our results thus show that the implementation of effective CDTI could stop the transmission of O. volvulus in these two regions. The main challenge for stopping transmission could be the migration of populations to neighboring countries and migration of the vector from one country to another, as Burkina Faso shares some river basins with neighboring countries.

Spatial effects of renewable and fossil energy consumption on the ecological footprint for the EU Countries.

This study examines the spillover of pollution among the 26 European Union (EU) countries from 1995 to 2020. In order to quantify pollution spillovers among the countries, we estimated the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) using spatial econometric methods. Our research is unique in that it investigates ecological footprint spillovers for EU countries. This study also considers the direct and indirect effects of renewable and fossil energy consumption and globalization on environmental degradation in EU countries. The empirical results favor the validity of the EKC hypothesis. Our results support the presence of positive and significant ecological footprint spillovers among EU countries. Our spatial estimates also reveal the significant spillover impact of explanatory variables on the ecological footprint. The ecological footprint of the local country is declining owing to the consumption of renewable energy in neighboring countries. Furthermore, the fossil energy consumption of the local and neighboring countries has a positive impact on the ecological footprint. Evidence obtained from our spatial estimates provides useful insights to policymakers in developing appropriate environmental policies to combat climate change.

Internet use, spatial variation and its determinants among reproductive age women in Ethiopia

BackgroundThe Internet is the preferred source of health information for retrieving relevant information. In Ethiopia, the Internet penetration rate is improving year to year, but it is still at a low level compared to the rest of the world and neighboring African countries. Due to a lack of adequate information, it is important to assess Internet use, spatial variation, and determinants of Internet use among reproductive-age group women in Ethiopia.MethodSecondary data from EDHS 2016 were used to analyze 15,683 women aged 15–49 years. Spatial analysis was performed using ArcGIS 10.7. The Bernoulli model was used by applying Kuldorff’s methods using SaTScan 10.1.2 software to analyze the purely spatial clusters of Internet use. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression was applied to estimate community variance to identify individual- and community-level factors associated with Internet use. All models were fitted in STATA version 17.0, and finally, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported.ResultThe magnitude of Internet use was 4.97% ± 95% CI (4.63–5.32). The overall average age of women was 24.21 ± 8.06 years, with the age range 15–24 years constituting the larger group (39.2%). Women with secondary and above education [AOR = 6.47; 95% CI (5.04, 8.31)], unmarried [AOR = 2.60; 95% CI (1.89, 3.56)], rich [AOR = 1.95; 95% CI (1.00, 3.80)], own a mobile phone [AOR = 3.74; 95% CI (2.75, 5.09)], media exposure [AOR = 2.63; 95% CI (2.03, 3.42)], and urban [AOR = 1.80; 95% CI (1.08, 3.01)] had higher odds of Internet use. The spatial variation in Internet use was found to be nonrandom (global Moran’s I = 0.58, p value < 0.001). Fifty-seven primary clusters were identified that were located in Addis Ababa city with a relative likelihood of 10.24 and a log-likelihood ratio of 425.16.ConclusionsInternet use among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia is 4.97 and has significant spatial variation across the country. Both community- and individual-level factors affect Internet use in Ethiopia. Therefore, educating women, improving access to media, encouraging women to use family planning, and supporting household wealth could improve women’s Internet use.

The Asymmetry of ASEAN Law: Unsustainable Development Phenomenon of Transformative State Enterprise in Case of Cross-border Power Plant Projects

Abstract This article aims to study regional law related to manipulating cross-border environmental impact from the phenomenon of cross-border power plants invested by Thai state enterprises. The writer uses qualitative research methods by using 3 concreted case studies of cross-border power plants located on the neighboring countries’ border with Thailand. The company becomes a way for the state to transform its identity from a “state enterprise” to a “private company” for investing in other countries. As a private company, the role of these transformative state enterprises in business has increased significantly; investor, buyer, and seller while maintaining the role of the state in basic public utilities. Any action of these transformative state enterprises has no abuse of sovereignty and no responsibility at the regional level, although, many researchers have shown that the power plant is a cause of gigantic environmental impact. This article shows how state enterprise becomes transformative state enterprise and the asymmetry of ASEAN law between transnational economics and cross-border environmental impact.

Population structure of longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) within and across Indonesia’s fisheries management areas (FMAs) and neighboring countries based on mitochondrial control region

Longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol), one of the neritic tuna species commonly found in the coastal areas of the Indo-Pacific region, is known to be in an overfishing state in certain areas, including in Indonesia. Understanding the condition of the T. tonggol population within Indonesia is very important in managing its fisheries policy. This research aims to understand the population genetic structure of T. tonggol across Indonesia's Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs), as well as to investigate the phylogeography of T. tonggol within the Indo-Pacific region. A total of 586 samples were collected from 18 locations within Indonesia’s six FMAs, and two locations from Malaysian waters. A 520 bp portion of mtDNA control region was amplified and sequenced. Data analysis was conducted using 586 total sequences generated from this study, and 336 sequences retrieved from GenBank, as well as provided by the author of previous study. Population structure analysis indicated a panmictic population of T. tonggol within six Indonesian FMAs and within the neighboring countries (Malaysia, Andaman Sea, Vietnam, Philippines, and India), with an indication of population expansion. These data do, however, reveal two potentially distinctive clades, one showing an affinity among samples from certain parts of Indonesia (East Aceh, West Aceh, Medan - FMA571 & FMA572) and India. Based on this finding, the T. tonggol fisheries should be managed as a single management unit both within Indonesia’s FMA and within neighboring countries, while also emphasizing localized genetic diversity to protect the sustainability of the species and its fishery.

조선시대 조선과 명의 국경인식과 조명관계

After the founding of the country, Joseon actively established foreign relations in order to stabilize the legitimacy of the dynasty and the ruling system. Joseon established friendly diplomatic relations with the Ming and established diplomatic relations with the Jurchen and Japan. The external relations of the Joseon were shaped by the international situation, and it formulated and implemented an active foreign policy to eliminate political and military threats. The Ming, which replaced the Yuan as the central state in East Asia, sought to establish a unified governance system centered on the emperor domestically during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor(洪武帝) and externally to form an international order centered on the Ming. The Ming recognized Joseon in the northeast as a neighboring country and implemented an active policy of conciliation in order to bring the Jurchen, who lived in Liaodong and the northern part of the Korean peninsula, under the influence of the Ming. Specifically, the Ming established a military government system to actively govern Liaodong and set up a loose rein policy(羈縻政策) for the surrounding Jurchen. The Ming wanted to establish a border with Joseon along the Yalu river(압록강) and Tumen river(두만강) to create a stable relationship. Joseon emerged as a state on the Korean peninsula, replacing Goryeo, and continued to have stable diplomatic relations with the Ming. In addition, Joseon wanted to keep the Jurchen, who lived in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, under Joseon's sphere of influence in case the northern ethnic groups, including the Jurchen, were invaded by the international situation. As such, the Joseon and Ming clashed over influence over the Liaodong and the Jurchen. Basically, however, Joseon and Ming maintained mutually recognized borders and sought a stable international order. However, the concept of Joseon's borders was complicated by the consolidation of the Jurchen in the 16th century and their emergence as a new power. As the Jurchen expanded their power, Joseon, in conjunction with the Ming, actively sought to control them. However, due to the rapidly changing conditions of the Imjin War, the Joseon and Ming were unable to curb the growth of the Jurchen. The unified Jurchen founded the Later Jin(後金) and went to war with the Ming in earnest, renamed the Qing, and defeated the Ming, emerging as the center of power in East Asia. The border problems of the Joseon and Qing were both continuous and distinct from the border problems of the Joseon and Ming.

Social and Economic Development of Rural Border Area in Malaka and Belu Regencies (Border of Indonesia-Timor Leste)

Indonesia and Timor Leste have the same land area; these countries are located on Timor Island. It encourages interaction between regions, which can have positive or negative impacts. The adverse effects of the two countries' interaction must be minimized by formulating a strategy for developing border areas, especially village areas that directly border neighboring countries. This research aims to identify rural border communities' social and economic interactions and formulate development strategies for rural border areas in the Malaka and Belu Regencies. This research uses a qualitative research approach. The data collected includes a description of the social and cultural interactions carried out by rural communities and factual conditions that constitute strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities in developing rural border areas. The analysis results explain that the interactions between rural borders include socio-cultural and economic interactions in trade activities. The strategy for developing rural border areas is to increase defense and security and maintain social cohesion in border areas; strengthen local potential in each village; encourage rural economic activities (BUMDes or Cooperatives) to grow and develop, and export rustic products; form clusters in rural border areas with the same potential; strengthening cooperation networks with higher education, the private sector and non-governmental institutions in improving and developing rural border areas; strengthening rural economic activities with rural border markets; increasing rural community participation in border area maintenance efforts; as well as improving access to basic infrastructure, in particular electricity, roads, water and telecommunications.

Peluang dan Tantangan Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Pasca Terbentuknya Kerja Sama Pertahanan Trilateral AUKUS

Indonesia and Australia are neighboring countries with fluctuate bilateral relations. In 2018, they formed Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (IA-CSP) to enhance their partnerships in strategic sectors for the stability of regional security in the Indo-Pacific. However, the problem came up in 2021 when Australia established trilateral defense cooperation AUKUS with the United Kingdom and the United States. This cooperation facilitates Australia to have nuclear-powered submarines to strengthen its military power. This cooperation has raised the eyebrows of Indonesia as it is against IA-CSP’s pillars, particularly pillar on securing the two countries and the region’s shared interest, and pillar on contributing to Indo-Pacific stability and prosperity. Therefore, Indonesia regretted Australia’s participation in AUKUS because the former deemed the latter to have violated its commitment on IA-CSP. This research aims to analyze IA-CSP’s opportunities and challenges post-establishment of AUKUS. It used a qualitative method, with interviews and literature review in place to collect data. The authors used regional security complex theory and strategic partnership concept for analysis. This research found that AUKUS does not disrupt the implementation of IA-CSP because the cooperation instead provides opportunities that Indonesia can utilize for its national interest. However, AUKUS poses challenges that Indonesia needs to tackle.

Reflections on the settlement of fisheries disputes between the EU-UK in the post-Brexit era: Lessons for China’s fishery enforcement disputes settlement

The Trade and Cooperation Agreement sets out in details the mechanism for resolving fisheries disputes between the EU and the UK. It consists of the following core components: the mechanism for the settlement of fisheries disputes arising from access to waters, the mechanism for the settlement of fisheries disputes arising from failure to fulfill fisheries obligations, the Specialised Committee on Fisheries as a platform for consultation, and the Arbitration Tribunal for Disputes. Although it has assisted both parties to resolve fisheries disputes peacefully within the framework of international law, the implementation of the mechanism still faces a number of challenges. At present, China is facing long-term and complex fishery enforcement disputes with neighboring countries. Although China has signed bilateral fishery cooperation agreements with several countries, the establishment of an effective fishery enforcement disputes settlement mechanism on fisheries remains unresovled. This paper on the EU-UK fishery dispute mechanism aims to provide some experience and lessons for China to resolve fishery enforcement disputes with neighboring countries more effectively. This paper is mainly divided into three parts, the first part is mainly about the overview of the EU-UK fishery dispute mechanism, the second part is the dilemma of China's fishery enforcement dispute settlement, and the third part is the lessons from the EU-UK fishery dispute mechanism.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT RUSSIA IN THE LONG TERM

The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between the economic weight of Russia and its large neighboring countries (Japan, Germany, Turkey, and Poland) until the end of the 21st century. The primary research method is a systematic comparative analysis of key aspects influencing economic development. The analytical model is based on the dominant influence of human capital on economic dynamics. Among Russia's large neighboring countries, during the period from 2005 to 2023, Japan exhibited the slowest GDP growth by PPP with an exponential trend (3.0 times slower), followed by Poland (1.64 times slower) and Germany (1.4 times slower). Turkey's GDP growth by PPP was 27% higher than that of Russia, which outpaced the global average growth rate by approximately 16%. Russia's unexpected move from 6th to 4th place in the world by GDP in PPP terms is a result of the economy's heavy dependence on oil prices and a series of oil price crises in 2008, 2014, and 2020, which obscured the real growth of the Russian economy. It has been shown that periods of convergence in GDP by PPP between Russia and large neighboring countries (mainly Germany) have repeatedly coincided with military conflicts. These include the War of 1812, World Wars I and II, the Russia-Georgia conflict (2008), and others. In terms of population size, which is the most important factor in GDP growth, Russia has slightly outpaced Japan over the last 35 years (by 16.5% in 2023). Going forward, Japan's population will decline rapidly compared to Russia. The fastest-growing neighboring country, Turkey, will reach the closest point of convergence with Russia in population size by 2060, after which the gap will begin to widen. In terms of the proportion of the population with tertiary education (DT), Russia (57%) is ahead of the neighboring countries under consideration, but Russia's DT growth over the last 20 years has been only 3%, which is a significant problem.