Neighbors In Space Research Articles

Improved IDW Interpolation Application Using 3D Search Neighborhoods: Borehole Data-Based Seismic Liquefaction Hazard Assessment and Mapping

Traditional inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation is a process employed to estimate unknown values based on neighborhoods in 2D space. Proposed in this study is an improved IDW interpolation method that uses 3D search neighborhoods for effective interpolation on vertically connected observation data, such as water level, depth, and altitude. Borehole data are the data collected by subsurface boring activities and exhibit heterogeneous spatial distribution as they are densely populated near civil engineering or construction sites. In addition, they are 3D spatial data that show different subsurface characteristics by depth. The subsurface characteristics observed as such are used as core data in spatial modeling in fields, such as geology modeling, estimation of groundwater table distribution, global warming assessment, and seismic liquefaction assessment, among others. Therefore, this study proposed a seismic liquefaction assessment and mapping workflow using an improved IDW application by combining geographic information system (GIS) (ArcGIS (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA)), NURBS-based 3D CAD system (Rhino/Grasshopper (Robert McNeel & Associates, Seattle, WA, USA)), and numerical analysis system (MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA)). The 3D neighborhood search was conducted by the B-rep-based 3D topology analysis, and the mapping was done under the 2.5D environment by combining the voxel layer, DEM, and aerial images. The experiment was performed by collecting data in Songpa-gu, Seoul, which has the highest population density among the OECD countries. The results of the experiment showed between 7 and 105 areas with liquefaction potentials according to the search distance and the method of the approach. Finally, this study improved users’ accessibility to interpolation results by producing a 3D web app that used REST API based on OGC I3S Standards. Such an approach can be applied effectively in spatial modeling that uses 3D observation data, and in the future, it can contribute to the expansion of 3D GIS application.

Social Experience Guidance for College Students’ Entrepreneurship in the Social Network

The low success rate of entrepreneurship is quite common for contemporary college students, and its main reason can be attributed to their lack of social experience and entrepreneurial guidance, thus, it’s of certain practical significance to study the social experience guidance for college students’ entrepreneurship and this paper aims to explore this problem based on social network. At first, this paper introduced the formation mechanism of the social experience guidance for college students’ entrepreneurship, proposed a novel Social Network Representation Learning (SNRL) method for college students’ entrepreneurship, which could attain more information of social experience guidance from networks with isomorphic substructures. Then, in the social network of college students’ entrepreneurship, this paper discussed the extraction method of structural subgraph of neighborhood space of college students and other entrepreneurial subject nodes, and proposed a method for building sub-networks similar to the scale and development state in the social network of college students’ entrepreneurship, and realized the information sharing of social and entrepreneurial experiences among sub-networks. At last, this paper constructed a Social and Entrepreneurial Experience Guidance (SEEG) model, and verified its effectiveness in experiments.

The space of encounter and the making of difference: The entangled lives of Alevi and Sunni neighbours in Turkey

AbstractThe concept of encounter has long been central to a cosmopolitan ethos in which coming together in urban public space is expected to yield tolerance and pluralism. More recently scholars have reworked this concept to account for not only what is potentially transformative in encounters but also how encounters are conditioned by and productive of relations of power and inequality. Our study contributes to this reworking, and to feminist critiques of space and politics, by centring the spatiality of encounter in the entanglement of neighbours. Drawing on our focus group research (2013–2016) with Alevis and Sunnis in Istanbul and Malatya, we argue that difficult questions of difference, responsibility, and power come to the fore in neighbour relations. While our study underlines how Sunni supremacism and Alevi precarity are constituted in the everyday lives of neighbours, we also find that there is a transformational potential in these encounters that is not fully (re)absorbed into structures of Alevi–Sunni difference. We argue that, across the blurry boundaries of home and neighbourhood spaces, the unbidden intimacies of living in proximity (the drift of smells and sounds, the lines of sight that connect balconies and windows, the presence of neighbours at the thresholds and in the spaces of each other's homes) mean that encounters between neighbours both fuel and trouble the marking out of what is shared and what is separate, what is tolerable and what crosses a line. Our study thereby advances an understanding of the space of encounter, the making of difference, and the political and ethical significance of this entanglement.

Self-supervised learning of neighborhood embedding for longitudinal MRI.

In recent years, several deep learning models recommend first to represent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as latent features before performing a downstream task of interest (such as classification or regression). The performance of the downstream task generally improves when these latent representations are explicitly associated with factors of interest. For example, we derived such a representation for capturing brain aging by applying self-supervised learning to longitudinal MRIs and then used the resulting encoding to automatically identify diseases accelerating the aging of the brain. We now propose a refinement of this representation by replacing the linear modeling of brain aging with one that is consistent in local neighborhoods in the latent space. Called Longitudinal Neighborhood Embedding (LNE), we derive an encoding so that neighborhoods are age-consistent (i.e., brain MRIs of different subjects with similar brain ages are in close proximity of each other) and progression-consistent, i.e., the latent space is defined by a smooth trajectory field where each trajectory captures changes in brain ages between a pair of MRIs extracted from a longitudinal sequence. To make the problem computationally tractable, we further propose a strategy for mini-batch sampling so that the resulting local neighborhoods accurately approximate the ones that would be defined based on the whole cohort. We evaluate LNE on three different downstream tasks: (1) to predict chronological age from T1-w MRI of 274 healthy subjects participating in a study at SRI International; (2) to distinguish Normal Control (NC) from Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and stable Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI) from progressive Mild Cognitive Impairment (pMCI) based on T1-w MRI of 632 participants of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI); and (3) to distinguish no-to-low from moderate-to-heavy alcohol drinkers based on fractional anisotropy derived from diffusion tensor MRIs of 764 adolescents recruited by the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA). Across the three data sets, the visualization of the smooth trajectory vector fields and superior accuracy on downstream tasks demonstrate the strength of the proposed method over existing self-supervised methods in extracting information related to brain aging, which could help study the impact of substance use and neurodegenerative disorders. The code is available at https://github.com/ouyangjiahong/longitudinal-neighbourhood-embedding.

The Return of Neighborhood Space in the Context of Urban Renewal

With the intensification of urban construction and urbanization, there is a positive picture across the country. However, with the spread of “urban disease”, the supporting facilities of cities and the quality of life of residents are relatively weakened. Through the discussion of the space loss of urban neighborhood interface caused by land policy under modern transformation and marketization, the negative reasons of urban neighborhood space and the importance of transforming it into positive space to promote its return are analyzed from multiple levels. According to the relevant basic elements, the basic constraints of the urban neighborhood interface are analyzed, the function and conceptual orientation of the urban interface space are expounded, and finally the regression strategy of the lost space of the urban adjacent interface is given.

The reflection of Newman's defensible space theory on Turkey's neighbourhoods: typomorphological analysis of safe-space within an analytical framework

PurposeThe research intends to investigate the different typological and morphological characteristics of the neighbourhood spaces produced by different urban dynamics since the late nineteenth century in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachThe main problem that drives the research is that a significant increase in the construction of gated communities has started to be seen in the last five years as a solution to safety issues in Turkey. However, these gated communities as safe-spaces have resulted in the danger of destroying neighbourhood life's physical and social dynamics by changing their spatial configuration. The study offers an analytical framework structured from defensible space theory and other safe-space theories in the literature. It has analysed the effect of physical characteristics of urban fabric on the production of safe-space in neighbourhoods through mappings and site observations. The case studies are conducted in three different morphological periods in Turkey, which are the Seyrancik neighbourhood in Bolu (the Ottoman Period), the Subayevleri neighbourhood in Ankara (the Republican Period) and the Karaman neighbourhood in Sakarya (the Liberalisation Period).FindingsThe analysis concludes that any type does not come to the fore in the production of defensible space in terms of its spatial features, but each has various strengths and weaknesses. As a result, this study emphasises the role of design in providing defensible neighbourhoods in the case of Turkey's cities and reveals the aspects that will guide the design of an urban and housing form in terms of the safety–environment relationship in Turkey.Originality/valueThe significance of the study is the comparative analytical approach to studying the housing development and demonstrates a method for analysing safety issues in the transformation process of neighbourhood structures in Turkey.

Atmospheric Correction Model for Water–Land Boundary Adjacency Effects in Landsat-8 Multispectral Images and Its Impact on Bathymetric Remote Sensing

Atmospheric correction (AC) is the basis for quantitative water remote sensing, and adjacency effects form an important part of AC for medium- and high-spatial-resolution optical satellite images. The 6S radiative transfer model is widely used, but its background reflectance function does not take the radiance changes at water–land boundaries into account. If the observed land possesses bright features, the radiance of the adjacent water will be affected, leading to deviations in the AC results and increasing the uncertainty of water depth-based optical quantitative remote sensing. In this paper, we propose a model named WL-AE (a correction model for water–land boundary adjacency effects), which is based on the obvious radiance differences at water–land boundaries. This model overcomes the problem by which the background reflectance calculation is not terminated due to the highlighting pixel. We consider the influences of different Rns (neighborhood space) on the target pixel. The effective calculation of the equivalent background reflectance of the target pixel is realized, and the influence of the land area anomaly highlighting the pixel on the adjacent water is avoided. The results show that WL-AE can effectively improve the entropy and contrast of the input image and that the water–land boundary is greatly affected by adjacency effects, especially in the green and near-infrared bands, where the Mrc (mean rate of change) are as high as 14.2% and 20.1%, respectively. In the visible wavelength, the Sd of Rrc (the relative rate of change) is positively correlated with Rns, and the Sd reaches 16.9%. Although the adjacency effect is affected by ground object types, its influence area remains within 3 km offshore. Based on the WL-AE and 6S results, the comparative test regarding bathymetric inversion shows that the influence is significant in the 0–5 m depth section. In Penang, the MRE of the 0–4 m inversion results is 31.4%, which is 10.5% lower than that of the 6S model.

Confidence estimation for t-SNE embeddings using random forest

Dimensionality reduction algorithms are commonly used for reducing the dimension of multi-dimensional data to visualize them on a standard display. Although many dimensionality reduction algorithms such as the t-distributed Stochastic Neighborhood Embedding aim to preserve close neighborhoods in low-dimensional space, they might not accomplish that for every sample of the data and eventually produce erroneous representations. In this study, we developed a supervised confidence estimation algorithm for detecting erroneous samples in embeddings. Our algorithm generates a confidence score for each sample in an embedding based on a distance-oriented score and a random forest regressor. We evaluate its performance on both intra- and inter-domain data and compare it with the neighborhood preservation ratio as our baseline. Our results showed that the resulting confidence score provides distinctive information about the correctness of any sample in an embedding compared to the baseline. The source code is available at https://github.com/gsaygili/dimred.

Landscape Creation of Children’s Outdoor Activity Space in Urban Residential Areas Based on Child Psychology Analysis

The investigation of the unidentified world and the restriction field has intensified as the application concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to expand, due to which lifestyle of people and manufacturing modes have also changed dramatically. Based on these revolving trends, this work examines AI and studies children’s outdoor spaces from the perspective of their behavioral psychology. Furthermore, based on the analysis of text information, this study first defines the relevant concepts, then studies the characteristics and composition of children’s psychology and behavior, their habits, and activity space, respectively. In addition, this study interprets the excellent case design of children’s outdoor activity space at home and abroad from the perspective of behavioral psychology to provide a theoretical basis and design a reference for the design of children’s outdoor activity space. Besides, a survey of children’s residential areas analyzes the current situation and problems of children’s outdoor activity spaces and explores their renovation. Finally, using the author’s participation in the design of children’s outdoor activity spaces in residential neighborhoods as an example, it relates theory to practice. It studies and discusses the planning and design of children’s outdoor activity spaces by constructing an outdoor activity space under children’s behavior and psychology.

Measuring spatio-temporal heterogeneity and interior characteristics of green spaces in urban neighborhoods: A new approach using gray level co-occurrence matrix

Urban green space (UGS) is a complex and highly dynamic interface between people and nature. The existing methods of quantifying and evaluating UGS are mainly implemented on the surface features at a landscape scale, and most of them are insufficient to thoroughly reflect the spatial-temporal relationships, especially the internal characteristics changes at a small scale and the neighborhood spatial relationship of UGS. This paper thus proposes a method to evaluate the internal dynamics and neighborhood heterogeneity of different types of UGS in Leipzig using the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) index. We choose GLCM variance, contrast, and entropy to analyze five main types of UGS through a holistic description of their vegetation growth, spatial heterogeneity, and internal orderliness. The results show that different types of UGS have distinct characteristics due to the changes of surrounding buildings and the distance to the built-up area. Within a one-year period, seasonal changes in UGS far away from built-up areas are more obvious. As for the larger and dense urban forests, they have the lowest spatial heterogeneity and internal order. On the contrary, the garden areas present the highest heterogeneity. In this study, the GLCM index depicts the seasonal alternation of UGS on the temporal scale and shows the spatial form of each UGS, being in line with local urban planning contexts. The correlation analysis of indices also proves that each type of UGS has its distinct temporal and spatial characteristics. The GLCM is valid in assessing the internal characteristics and relationships of various UGS at the neighborhood scales, and using the methodology developed in our study, more studies and field experiments could be fulfilled to investigate the assessment accuracy of our GLCM index approach and to further enhance the scientific understanding on the internal features and ecological functions of UGS.

The new growth machine and neighborhood redevelopment in the Chinese cities of the Xijinping era: The case of Jinsong, Beijing

This study examines Jinsong, a typical old and dilapidated Beijing neighborhood that has recently been renewed, as an example of the changing dynamics of urban redevelopment in Xijinping-era China. During the past several years, a new round of urban redevelopment has begun, the modalities of which have not yet been fully explored. I argue that a new growth machine (NGM) is in the making, differing from the old mode of mass destruction, reconstruction, and resident relocation in that it features micro, incremental, and in situ redevelopments. To examine this NGM, this paper sheds light upon the case of Jinsong, with an analysis largely based on fieldwork, surveys, and semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders involved in the neighborhood’s redevelopment process. In comparison to the old growth machine, the NGM moves more slowly and yields profits on a smaller scale. The NGM is still state-oriented, and there is a strong coalition of state and market enterprises through which the state achieves its political goal of ‘people-centered’ development; the market enterprises, however, also generate revenues in innovative ways, largely through property management, assetization, and the deeper marketization of neighborhood space.

Towards human-centric planning: Older people's everyday life in neighbourhood spaces in Singapore's public housing

Creating age-friendly environments to enable ageing-in-place has attracted tremendous attention since World Health Organisation launched the Global Age-friendly Cities Project. Learned from British new towns and the Neighbourhood Unit, Singapore's public housing is planned based on abstract planning models. It is acknowledged as a success story of high-rise living and influences housing development in China and other countries. Using Yuhua East neighbourhood as a study case, this article takes a bottom-up approach to examine whether Singapore's public housing, particularly its neighbourhood spaces (i.e., neighbourhood centre, precinct centre, park and green space, void deck, community and eldercare institution, and route), match older people’ spatial experiences and everyday needs. This article argues that abstract planning models and functionalist design approaches result in car-centric planning and space fragmentation. It highlights the necessity to practice human-centric design and plan neighbourhood spaces as parts of a highly cohesive urban space system rather than fragmented pieces.

Mediators of socioeconomic differences in overweight and obesity among youth in Ireland and the UK (2011–2021): a systematic review

BackgroundBy 2025, adult obesity prevalence is projected to increase in 44 of 53 of European-region countries. Childhood obesity tracks directly onto adult obesity, and children of low socioeconomic position families are at disproportionately higher risk of being obese compared with their more affluent peers. A previous review of research from developed countries identified factors mediating this relationship. This systematic review updates and extends those findings specifically within the context of Ireland and the United Kingdom.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review is to summarise peer-reviewed research completed in Ireland and the United Kingdom between 2011–2021 examining mediators of socioeconomic differentials in adiposity outcomes for youth.DesignAn electronic search of four databases, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and EBSCOhost was conducted. Quantitative studies, published in the English language, examining mediators of socioeconomic differentials in adiposity outcomes in youth, and conducted in Ireland and the United Kingdom between 2011–2021 were included. An appraisal of study quality was completed. The systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.ResultsFollowing screening, a total of 23 papers were eligible for inclusion. Results indicate socioeconomic differentials for Ireland and the United Kingdom follow similar patterns to other developed countries and have similar mediating factors including early life and parent-level factors. However, this review identified additional factors that mediate the relationship, namely access to green space and favorable neighborhood conditions. Identifying these factors present further opportunities for potential interventions and confirm the requirement for tailored and appropriate research and interventions for Ireland and the United Kingdom.ConclusionThis review identified several modifiable factors that should be considered when planning interventions aimed at reducing socioeconomic differentials in adiposity among youth in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Support was found for interventions to be made as early as possible in an at-risk child’s life, with the prenatal and preschool periods considered the most efficacious. Results were equivocal about the role of physical activity in the risk of childhood overweight and obesity. While multi-country analyses provide excellent overviews, country- or area-specific research may produce more nuanced, and potentially more powerful findings, which can help better inform policy responses and interventions.

Between place and territory: Young people's emotional geographies of security and insecurity in Brussels' deprived areas

While much of literature on place attachment describes it as an affective bond between a (young) person and place, with positive psychosocial consequences such as identification, rootedness and belonging, some authors are cautious and stress that an enhanced attachment to place, termed “territoriality”, may have negative consequences such as hostility towards outsiders and a sense of non-belonging elsewhere. In this paper, I ask how we should understand this difference and how the analysis of young people's emotional geographies of (in)security can bring light to this question. The paper finds that emotional geographies of (in)security are instrumental in understanding how a “positive” attachment to place may lead to a “negative” attachment to territory, how some young people emotionally attach to places and some are inclined to claim these places against outsiders (and also at the expense of other members of the community). This explicit appropriation of public spaces in the home neighbourhood is co-constituted by feeling secure inside and insecure outside the area. Territoriality may be a response to or an expression of ontological insecurity and of the inner unease that prompts them to strange avoidance and contorted strategies for manipulating spaces and setting boundaries designed to secure the self.

Relationship between Children's Independent Activities and the Built Environment of Outdoor Activity Space in Residential Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Nanjing.

Children are a vulnerable population that is frequently overlooked in urban planning. The spatial demands of children are garnering broader consideration in the development of public spaces in cities as efforts to promote child-friendly cities. Children’s independent activities (CIAs) during childhood are undeniably beneficial to their physical and mental health. Residential areas are the main places for children’s daily activities. Building a suitable outdoor activity space in the community for children’s recreation is an essential foundation for improving CIAs and promoting the development of child-friendly neighborhoods. A sample of 15 typical children’s outdoor activity spaces in residential neighborhoods of Nanjing, China, was selected for the study to observe and record CIAs. The built environment indicators of residential outdoor spaces were extracted, and correlation analysis was employed to investigate the residential outdoor space elements relevant to CIAs. The results indicated that at the site level, higher percentages of tree coverage and soft paving enhanced CIAs, while high functional mix inhibited them. Additionally, gated communities, top-notch sanitation, secure facilities, neighborhoods with higher residential densities, and a diversity of activity facilities all stimulated children to engage in independent activities. Furthermore, questionnaires for the guardian indicated that they placed a high priority on site safety, and that waterfront areas and activity sites where incidents had occurred decreased parents’ willingness to allow participation in CIAs, whereas safety education or the use of positioning devices may promote CIAs. Based on the above results, we proposed appropriate adaptations for places in residential neighborhoods. The study expects to create a higher quality environment in residential neighborhoods for children to play in public spaces and provide beneficial help to improve the child-friendly neighborhood.

Park Politics in a Postcolonial Indian City: Planning (and) Public Space in Bangalore

This paper highlights different facets of public space in Indian cities by examining contestations and conceptualizations of a maidan (open ground) in Bangalore. Since the early 1980s, the Post Office Ground, a master planned open space in an upperclass neighbourhood of Bangalore, was used as a place for exercise and recreation by local residents and visitors. Local residents contested and stopped government a empts to build quasi-public buildings on the maidan. The protracted battles for the Ground, resulting in its partial conversion to a gated park, reveal Bangalore's complex state–society–space dynamics where contestations and negotiations between actors of state and society compete with the master plan in shaping public space. This article concludes that the open maidan presents a more inclusive, though contentious, terrain for such contestations and negotiations than the gated park.

Factors and levels of community participation using the example of small-scale regeneration interventions in selected neighbourhood spaces in Polish cities

ABSTRACT This article analyses the regeneration initiatives conducted in urban courtyards in Poland based on the participatory mechanisms, diversity, and activity of participants, and collaborative capacity. The aim of the study is to identify the factors that determine the level of success of participatory urban regeneration within neighbourhood spaces. The research was carried out using methods such as in-depth interviews and field observations. The results highlight the role of local communities and the necessity to directly engage them in making changes. In conclusion, the authors attempt to indicate the process-related and contextual factors corresponding with the success of participatory urban regeneration.

The Relationship Between Spatial Configuration of Residential Quarters and Children’s Outdoor Activity

Open spaces in neighborhoods are children’s main living spaces, closely related to their daily activities. There is an increasing awareness that the physical form of the neighborhood plays a critical role in children’s activity, by offering opportunities for exploration and interaction. The aim of this paper is to explore the impact of the spatial configuration of buildings on children’s activity on the example of a residential area in the city of Oum El Bouaghi (Algeria) as the research object. The hypothesis of this work indicates that spatial configuration and the location of the buildings, in particular, the way in which the site is embedded are important variables in children’s outdoor activity. Based on this hypothesis, both quantitative and qualitative methods are used together through Space Syntax and Snapshot Observations. Findings indicate that the extent and character of children’s outdoor activities are greatly influenced by the physical characteristics of the neighborhood environment in residential areas through the degree of space enclosure interpreted by visibility and accessibility. By uncovering the impact of spatial configuration, this research offers an approach to designers for rethinking and considering new insights into managing and designing current and future spaces in light of children’s preferences and behavior patterns.

T-spline surface smoothing based on 1-ring neighborhood space angle

Abstract The prominent properties owned by T-spline, such as flexibility, continuity, local refinement, water tightness, make it extensively applied in Computer Aided Design (CAD)- and Computer Aided Engineering (CAE)-integrating scenarios. But the local fairness may dissatisfy in damaged areas or even on the entire surface of industry applications. Under these circumstances, local protrusion and sharp features appeared seriously affect the fairness of T-spline surfaces. Derived from the geometric properties of T-spline control points, we propose a smoothing algorithm based on the 1-ring neighborhood space angle to deal with local abruptions of T-spline surfaces. We also demonstrate the availability of the proposed algorithm through several experiments. Results show that this method is suitable for removing sharp features and smoothing unstructured T-spline surfaces.

Los expedientes del Tribunal de Menores como fuentes para el estudio histórico de las cotidianeidades infantiles y juveniles (La Plata, 1938-1942)

This article proposes to reflect on the difficulties involved in the historical analysis of the judicial records of the first Juvenile Court that functioned in Argentina, as well as to highlight its potential for understanding everyday life in past scenarios. To do so, it focuses on the judicial processes faced by boys accused of committing crimes in the city of La Plata between 1938 and 1942. From these purposes, it warns that these documents illuminate the way in which the judicial agents evaluated the behaviors and moralities of boys, girls, young people and their families, as well as the tactics of those who were configured as denouncers and denounced. In the same way, it assures that a reading against the grain of the files offers clues to analyze the construction of young people from popular sectors as a social problem through the prism of their daily practices, their identities and their conflictive coexistence in neighborhood spaces.