Negundo Leaf Extract Research Articles

Phytomediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles via Vitex negundo Leaf Extract: Characterization, Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity

This study provides evidence for the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Vitex negundo leaf extract. The UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectrum of ZnO NPs and calcinated ZnO NPs (ZnO-C) showed peaks at 370[Formula: see text]nm and 374[Formula: see text]nm, respectively, confirming zinc ion reduction to zinc oxide. The ZnO NPs and calcinated counterparts were further characterized by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM and EDX. FTIR results revealed the presence of alcoholic and aromatic groups, like flavonoids, in the leaf extract. The XRD pattern showed a distinctive Wurtzite crystalline phase with a hexagonal shape. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis data revealed that ZnO’s surface area and pore size is 22.8[Formula: see text]m2/g and 12.9[Formula: see text]nm, whereas ZnO-C exhibited a surface area of 23.5[Formula: see text]m2/g and pore size of 13.1[Formula: see text]nm. The SEM data demonstrated numerous irregular and agglomerated flakes fusing to form a roughly spherical morphology with the size, in the range of 15–20[Formula: see text]nm and 11–16[Formula: see text]nm for ZnO and ZnO-C NPs, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial assay by disc diffusion method and MIC testing revealed that ZnO and ZnO-C NPs exhibited moderate to high antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms, indicating their application against bacterial infection. In addition, the ZnO NPs significantly disrupted the biofilm of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as confirmed by CV assay and fluorescent microscopy.

Anti-proliferative Activity of Vitex negundo Leaf Extracts on PA1 Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines.

In Ayurveda, Vitex negundo (VN) is used as a drug to manage pain, inflammation, and problems related to polycystic ovary disease and the menstrual cycle. The bioactive compounds isolated from this plant exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and microbicidal properties. The shrub VN is known for its role in the modulation of cellular events like apoptosis and cell cycle. There is still a scarcity of data in the literature on the cytotoxic activity of VN extracts on ovarian cancer. Therefore, in the present study, the phytochemical composition, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities of leaf extracts were evaluated. The chloroform and methanol fractions exhibited higher phenolic content (161.04 ± 0.02 mg/g GAE and 152.56 ± 0.05 mg/g GAE, respectively) than those of other fractions. The aqueous and petroleum ether fractions exhibited higher flavonoid content (215.27 ± 0.28 mg/g QE and 111.82 ± 0.05 mg/g QE, respectively). The acetone and methanol extracts showed significant anti-oxidant capacities. Both leaf extracts of VN inhibited PA1 cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 88.01 ± 3.14 and 112.30 ± 1.93 μg/ml, respectively, as compared to the standard drug Doxorubicin with IC50 value 2.91 μg/ml (P<0.05, One-way ANOVA). The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis allowed us to identify twenty-five bioactive compounds in acetone extract and twenty-two in methanol extract. Therefore, further studies should focus on the isolation of novel compounds that are more effective and less toxic, and that constitute interesting substitutes for the development of anti-cancer drugs.

Vitex Negundo-Fe3O4-CuO green nanocatalyst (VN-Fe3O4-CuO): synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole derivatives via the cyclization of isoniazid with pyrazole and their antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and molecular docking studies.

In this study, we developed a novel pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole derivative with antibacterial and antifungal activities that shows great potential for treating infectious diseases. To evaluate the binding affinity of 1AJ0 and 1AI9 proteins for developing potent antibacterial and antifungal compounds, we used the Vitex negundo (VN) leaf extract as the capping and reducing agent and reacted it with Fe2O3 and Cu(OAc)2 solutions to synthesize the VN-Fe3O4-CuO nanocatalyst. The newly synthesized compounds were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Antibacterial screening revealed that compound 1g was highly active against Escherichia coli (MIC: 1 μg mL-1) and was much more effective than the standard ciprofloxacin. Compound 1b showed a higher antifungal activity than clotrimazole against Candida albicans (MIC: 0.25 μg mL-1) and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compounds 1a-1l were exhibited low cytotoxicity activity compared to the standard doxorubicin (LC50: 21.05 ± 0.82 μg mL-1). To further support the discovery of new active antibacterial agents, compounds 1g and 1b and proteins 1AJ0 and 1AI9 were examined using the AutoDock Vina program and were compared with the standards ciprofloxacin and clotrimazole. With the 1AJ0 protein, compound 1g had a higher docking score (-3.7 kcal mol-1) than ciprofloxacin (-5.6 kcal mol-1), and with the 1AI9 protein, compound 1b had a higher docking score (-4.8 kcal mol-1) than clotrimazole (-4.4 kcal mol-1). Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the most probable binding mode of compounds 1b and 1g with 1AI9 and 1AJ0, respectively. The VN-Fe3O4-CuO catalyst was used to prepare pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole derivatives, which were successfully characterized and screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies.

Utilizing In-vitro Techniques to Evaluate the Antioxidant Potential of Vitex negundo Leaves Extract

In this study, Vitex negundo leaf extracts were screened for phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are essential for preventing and battling oxidative stress and, ultimately, ailments it leads to. The study that employed FRAP, nitric oxide scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) to test the antioxidant activity of V. negundo leaves extract revealed antioxidant activity. The result of the phytochemical examination of the extract shows that entity of total phenolic content, reducing sugar, saponin. The findings suggest that this herb can be a very beneficial component for conditions that call for antioxidant therapy and are brought on by oxidative stress. The V. negundo shows the average TPC of 235.24 GAE/g weight of ethanolic extract. The TFC in the ethanolic extract was found to be 157.53 mg QE/g of extract. Outcomes demonstrated the significant antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of V. negundo leaves.

Vitex negundo and Euphorbia milii leaf extracts aided green synthesis of copper oxide nanostructures for effective inactivation of pathogenic bacteria

A facile and green route was followed to synthesize copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures using Vitex negundo and Euphorbia milii leaf extracts. Structural, elemental, chemical, spectral and morphological features of the CuO nanostructures were determined by XRD, EDS, FTIR spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and FESEM, respectively. The CuO nanostructures disclosed considerably higher antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria over commercial antibiotic (Vancomycin). This enhanced antibacterial activity could be credited to the generation of more ROS associated with oxygen vacancy and size of the CuO nanostructures. Particularly, hierarchical CuO nanoparticles/nanorods prepared using V. negundo leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity due to their lower size range.

Superparamagnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles using vitex negundo leaf extract by green synthesis method and its antimicrobial activity against wound pathogen

Now-a-days green synthesis method is used to prepare the nanoparticles because of its non-toxicity and echo friendly nature. So we are focus the green synthesis method to make iron oxide nanoparticles from vitex negundo leaf extract. The prepared nanoparticles crystal structure, functional, morphology and elemental studies are analyzed by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The occurrence of a single phase cubic spinel structure with excellent purity is clearly demonstrated by the XRD. To determine the average crystallite size, the Debye Scherrer formula is employed. The created nanoparticles are used in biomedical applications and feature a superparamagnetic characteristic. SEM gives the agglomerated image. EDX has confirmed the existence of Fe and O elemental composition. The phytochemical studies are carried out for the vitex negundo leaf extract, such as flavonoids and terpenoids are present. The strong peak between 582 cm−1 in FTIR spectra is seen and is related to the characteristics of magnetite nanoparticles. Investigations of the antibacterial properties of iron oxide nanoparticles against staphylococcus sp. utilising the well diffusion method. The highest zone of clearance was observed at 100 µg/mL (2 mm).

Comparative analysis of antioxidant activities of Vitex negundo and Ficus carica leaf extracts

Humans have been dependent on nature for various vital supplies and resources for a long time. Most biotechnological and pharmacological industries use chemicals and active compounds to treat diseases or make medications isolated from natural resources. A variety of plants have been explored for research of which Vitex negundo and Ficus carica are also examples as they are strong candidates for their potential antioxidant properties. In the current research, the anti-oxidant activities of V. negundo and F. carica leaf extracts were evaluated. The antioxidant activities of selected plants were analyzed using DPPH and FRAP assay. The results obtained from the DPPH assay indicated that methanolic extracts of V. negundo showed the highest inhibition of 90.07±1.17 percent at 1000 µl with IC50 value of 415.98 µg/ml followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts (64.05±0.89 and 54.39±0.99 percent, respectively) with IC50 value of 751.96 µg/ml and 896.55 µg/ml when compared to F. carica extracts which showed highest inhibition of 75.75±1.08 percent at 1000 µl with IC50 value of 475 µg/ml followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts (51.94±0.79 and 44.21±0.60 percent respectively) with IC50 value of 967.51 µg/ml and 1092.48 µg/ml. On comparing both plants, FRAP results indicated that methanol extracts of V. negundo showed the highest FRAP value (1042.1±0.98 µM) followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts, which shows 996.6±1.25 µM and 949.6±1.63 µM at 1000 µl whereas F. carica showed highest FRAP value (995.6±1.35µM) followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts, which shows 987.6±1.05µM and 447.6±1.01µM at 1000 µl. The results of the study can be concluded that among the tested extracts, the best antioxidant potential was exhibited with V. negundo leaf extracts, especially in methanol extracts.

Green synthesis and characterization of MgO nanoparticles from black vitex negundo leaf extract

Green Synthesis of nanoparticles from plant extracts has already established the stature of an effective eco-friendly route which can serve as an alternative to the existing conventional methods. In the present research, MgO nanoparticles (NPs)have been synthesized from pharmaceutic black vitex negundo (Karunochi) leaf extract. The synthesis of NPsobtained by employing bio-safe routes is in the limelight because nontoxic reagents are involved in the form of green extracts.The synthesized sample has been characterized by the X-ray diffraction; Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopic analysis, and UV spectral analysis. Photon energy of MgO nanoparticles is estimated to be 5.9223 eV from the data of optical absorption and the obtained FTIR spectrum confirms the presence of the organic molecules in the NPs. The optical band gap energy is calculated to be 5.915 eV for the synthesized NPs which is not yet reported, to date, according to the literature. From the data of XRD analysis, the particle size can be estimated such that it is calculated to be 22 nm which is accomplished by supplementing the crystalline d-spacing with the values of (hkl). The present outcome of the research is that the NPs can be used as a supplementary medicine to treat covid-19 patients and they can also be utilized as pest control. The synthesized sample can be a cough remedy and it has the nature of acting as an antiseptic.

Phytochemical Characterization of Vitex negundo Leaves: a Potent Antiandrogenic and Antioxidant Agent

This study was conducted to characterise phytochemicals and to explore the biological activities of Vitex negundo leaves. The washed, course powder of V. negundo leaves were extracted with different solvents of increasing polarity. All the extracts were characterized and biological activities were compared. The results revealed that the ethanolic and cold water extracts showed the presence of all phytochemicals studied except protein compared to other extracts. Further, the quantitative estimation of phytochemicals showed that the ethanolic extract had highest yield and maximum amount of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids with the least amount of tannins compared to other extracts studied. Furthermore, the highest total polyphenol content corresponds with the potent biological activities. Indeed, in vitro antioxidant and antisteroidogenic activities were highest in the ethanolic extract than others. To conclude, the present study is the first to report the characterization and antiandrogenic property of V. negundo leaf extracts. The ethanolic extract of V. negundo leaves can be used as an antioxidant and antiandrogenic agent. Hence, it can be considered for the treatment of hyperandrogenic conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, etc.

Mitigative Effect of Vitex Negundo against Fluoride induced Oxidative Stress Mediated Cardio and Nephrotoxicity

The present study investigated the mitigative effect of Vitex negundo against sodium fluoride (NaF) induced cardio and nephrotoxicity. The hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo leaves (HAEVNL) was prepared by the maceration method. Group I, Group II, and Group III served as normal, toxic, and plant control groups in the treatment schedule. Group IV and V (200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt, p.o) served as treatment groups. Group II, IV, and V treated with NaF (100ppm) through drinking water for 4 weeks. Cardiac and kidney parameters such as LDH, CK-MB, Lipid profile, Creatinine, Urea, and Uric acid were estimated. The heart and kidney tissues LPO, GSH, SOD, and CAT levels and histopathological studies were performed. Phytochemical investigation showed the alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. Rats administered with NaF have demonstrated a significant rise in the LDH, CK-MB, TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, Creatinine, Urea, and Uric acid. Tissue LPO levels increased while there was a significant decrease in serum HDL-C and tissue SOD, GSH, and CAT levels. Treatment with HAEVNL showed effective recovery against NaF-induced cardio and nephrotoxicity. The histopathological evaluation also added to the benefits of the Vitex negundo leaves. The study concluded that Vitex negundo leaf extract showed a significant antioxidant and mitigative effect against fluoride- induced cardio and nephrotoxicity in rats.

Molecular docking studies for Vitex negundo (L) leaf extract compounds against Wnt- signalling proteins towards the treatment of colon cancer

Chemotherapeutic chemicals are the substances that aid to control, inhibition, or symptomatic alleviation of sick cells. The study's goal is to use plant-derived chemicals using GC–MS analysis and evaluate chemotherapeutic effect to inhibit tumour growth. The current study is to perform extraction of phytochemicals from Vitex negundo (L) leaf extract, druglike prediction and insilico docking against the WNT-signalling proteins associated to colorectal cancer. We identified six (A-F) phytochemicals from GC–MS based on m/z ratio, and these compounds are using for druglike prediction and molecular docking against WNT-signalling proteins (APC, AXIN, β-catenin, GSK-3β and DSH). The docking results shows the D and B shows five hydrogen bonds and interaction energy of -7.6 and -6.7 kcal/mol respectively. The compound F shows four hydrogen bonds and interaction energy of -8.7 kcal/mol compared to the reference Silibinin drug of four hydrogen bonds and binding energy of -8.2 kcal/mol. The selected compounds are further used for preclinical study against colorectal cancer.

Experimental validation of Vitex negundo leaves hydroalcoholic extract for neuroprotection in haloperidol induced parkinson's disease in rat.

Parkinsonism is a neurodegenerative disease, mainly imbalance in dopamine and acetylcholine neurotransimitter in mid brain, which manifestation of dysfunctions of extrapyramidal like akinesia, tremor, rigidity and catalepsy etc., even cognitive and memory loss. The current study is framed to evaluate the effect of Vitex negundo (VNL) leaf extract in Haloperidol induced PD in rats. In vitro studies of antioxidant capacity were checked via DPPH and NO assays and identified its Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. Secondly the In vivo study of anti-PD activity in Haloperidol induced in rats were evaluated by Rotarod, morris water maze (MWM), cooks pole climb (CPC), actophotometer, novel object recognition (NOR), and T-maze were utilized to assess extrapyramidal, cognitive and memory function. Thirdly, changes in biomarker level viz. (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase. (BChE) in hippocampus and cortex, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and dopamine level in the whole brain were measured. Finally, histopathology of hippocampus and cortex was examined at 40x magnification to access restoring integrity and maintaining the architecture of neuronal cell in the treatment group compared to control group and L-DOPA as a standard treatment group. V. negundo showed potent antioxidant potency on scavenging of DPPH (IC50 84.81μg/ml) and NO (IC50 133.20μg/ml) and possess AChE inhibitory potency (IC50 114.35μg/ml) by in vitro studies. The Rotarod, MWM, CPC, Actophotometer, NOR, T-maze demonstrated that Haloperidol group administration declines performance time, ELT, TL and decreases locomotion, cognitive and memory respectively. The treatment of VNL 100, 200, and 400mg/kg p.o. significantly (p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001) reversed. Whole brain AChE, BChE, and MDA level were significantly raised and GSH, TP, SOD, CAT and Dopamine were significantly declined in Haloperidol treated group rats, especially V. negundo 400mg/kg p.o. highly significantly ameliorate the Haloperidol group altered pathological changes through the restoration of the cholinergic function, enhancing the antioxidant defense and by increasing the dopaminergic function. The current study provides validation of V. negundo for its anti-PD activity and could be a valuable source for the treatment of PD in future.

Flavonoids quantification in Acer negundo L., extracts by hplc analysis

Objective: The identify and quantify, by high performance liquid chromatography,Nflavonoids from leaf and stem extracts of Acer negundo.Design/methodology/approach: Ethanolic extracts of Acer negundo were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography to quantify and identify their major antioxidant flavonoids.Results: Leaf extracts had high concentrations of rutin (34.19 µg/mL) and catechin (33.97 µg/mL), intermediate concentrations of apigenin (19.05 µg/mL), gallic acid (19.04 µg/mL), ferulic acid (17.2 µg/mL) and 2.5 dihydroxybenzoic acid (12.72 µg/mL), and low concentrations of caffeic acid (6.15 µg/mL), quercetin-3-β-glucoside (4.97 µg/mL) and isorhamnetin (4.68 µg/mL). In the stem´s extracts, the highest concentrations were of ferulic acid (7.96 µg/mL), rutin (5.61 µg/mL) and catechin (4.37 µg/mL); medium concentration were identified for isorhamnetin (3.31 µg/mL) and quercetin-3-β-glucoside (2.01 µg/mL) and apigenin (0.79 µg/mL) was identified at the low concentrations. Gallic acid, caffeic acid or 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid were not detected.Limitations/implications: Some flavonoids have been identified in other Acer species but have not been identified and quantified in Acer negundo, a Mexicanspecies.Findings/conclusions: For the first time we report gentisic acid in Acer negundo leaf extracts. This analytical method can be standardized to serve as a qualityanalysis of maple tree products.

Vitex negundo Linn. extract alleviates inflammatory aggravation and lung injury by modulating AMPK/PI3K/Akt/p38-NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad/Bcl2/caspase/LC3 cascade and macrophages activation in murine model of OVA-LPS induced allergic asthma

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThere is growing inclination towards developing bioactive molecule-based strategies for the management of allergic airway inflammation associated respiratory diseases. Vitex negundo Linn., also known as Nirgundi, is one such medicinal plant enriched with phytochemicals and used for inflammatory and respiratory disorders including asthma in traditional system of medicine. Preliminary studies have claimed anti-tussive and bronchodilator potential of V. negundo Linn. However, its attributes as well as molecular mechanism (s) in modulation of asthma mediated by allergic inflammation are yet to be delineated scientifically. Aim of the studyPresent study attempted to assess the effectiveness of Vitex negundo leaf extract (VNLE) in mitigation of allergen induced inflammation associated asthmatic lung damage with emphasis to delineate its molecular mechanism (s). Materials and methodsAllergic lung inflammation was established in Balb/c mice using Ovalbumin-lipopolysaccharide (OVA-LPS). Several allergic inflammatory parameters, histopathological changes, alveolar macrophage activation and signalling pathways were assessed to examine protective effects of VNLE. UHPLC–DAD-QTOF–ESI-IMS was used to characterize VLNE. ResultsVNLE administration effectively attenuated LPS-induced oxi-inflammatory stress in macrophages suggesting its anti-inflammatory potential. Further, VNLE showed protective effect in mitigating asthmatic lung damage as evident by reversal of pathological changes including inflammatory cell influx, congestion, fibrosis, bronchial thickness and alveolar collapse observed in allergen group. VNLE suppressed expressions of inflammatory Th1/Th2 cytokines, chemokines, endopeptidases (MMPs), oxidative effector enzyme (iNOS), adhesion molecules, IL-4/IFN-γ release with simultaneous enhancement in levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, MUC3 and tight junction proteins. Subsequent mechanistic investigation revealed that OVA-LPS concomitantly enhanced phosphorylation of NF-κB, PI3K, Akt and p38MAPKs and downregulated AMPK which was categorically counteracted by VNLE treatment. VNLE also suppressed OVA-LPS induced fibrosis, apoptosis, autophagy and gap junction proteins which were affirmed by reduction in TGF-β, Smad2/3/4, Caspase9/3, Bax, LC3A/B, connexin 50, connexin 43 and enhancement in Bcl2 expression. Additionally, suppression of alveolar macrophage activation, inflammatory cells in blood and elevation of splenic CD8+T cells was demonstrated. UHPLC–DAD-QTOF–ESI-IMS revealed presence of iridoids glycoside and phenolics which might contribute these findings. ConclusionThese findings confer protective effect of VNLE in attenuation of allergic lung inflammation and suggest that it could be considered as valuable medicinal source for developing safe natural therapeutics for mitigation of allergic inflammation during asthma.

ANTI-CARIOGENIC POTENTIALS OF VITEX NEGUNDO LINN

Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae), is an ethnobotanical important shrub carrying a large array of pharmacologically active phytochemicals with diverse medicinal properties. Present study assessed the antibacterial activities of leaf and twig (without leaf) bioactives against common oral bacterial inhabitants viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus casei. Leaf and twig dried powdered samples of V. negundo were separately fractionated by five solvents in eluotropic series namely petroleum-ether, chloroform, absolute-ethanol, 80%-methanol and distilled-water. Extracts were further analyzed for total phenolic contents (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids. Zone of inhibition, MIC, MBC and IC50 values of the fractionated extracts against oral bacterial pathogens were determined. The results demonstrated significantly higher antibacterial activity in ethanolic extracts (VnLEt) and chloroform (VnLCh) extracts of leaves as evident by their higher ZOI and lower MIC, MBC and IC50 values. VnLEt extracts showed bactericidal effects against all the tested six bacterial pathogens (L. casei&gt;St. gordonii&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&gt;L. brevis&gt;St. oralis=St. mutans). VnLCh showed notable bactericidal effects against five pathogens (L. casei&gt;St. mutans&gt;St. gordonii&gt;Staphylococcus aureus) but remained ineffective against St. oralis and L. brevis. Among twig extracts, ethanolic extracts showed inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, St. gordonii and St. mutans while chloroform extracts showed antibacterial effect only against Staphylococcus aureus. VnLEt extract showed abundance in TPC, TFC and tannins while VnLCh was rich in alkaloids and terpenoid suggesting their contribution in bactericidal effects against cariogenic bacterial pathogens. Hence, the present study successfully established V. negundo leaf extracts as an excellent natural remedy for oral-dental infections.

Management strategies for pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens Walker (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) infesting barnyard millet, Echinochloa frumentacea Link using botanicals

Barnyard millet also known as kudhiraivaali is known for its high nutrient content. Barnyard millet is being cultivated mostly as rainfed crop and it is ravaged by several pests. Of which, pink stem borer causes dead heart and white ear symptoms by boring into stem and peduncle region causing heavy economic loss. Hence, the present study was conducted for the management of pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens in barnyard millet with botanicals. The treatments were neem oil 3%, pongamia oil 3%, mahua oil 3%, citrus peel oil 3%, Vitex negundo leaf extract 5%, sweet flag rhizome extract 3% and neem seed kernel extract 5%. The above treatments were applied two times during the year 2020 at Central farm, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai. Among the treatments, neem oil 3% (62.01%) was found to be the most effective followed by citrus peel oil 3% (60.74%), pongamia oil 3% (57.94%), mahua oil 3% (56.87%), Vitex negundo leaf extract 5% (54.72%) and neem seed kernel extract 5% (51.73%). Among all treatments sweet flag rhizome extract (50.22%) was found to be the least effective. With regard to yield, the neem oil 3% recorded the highest yield (7.34 q/ha) over control with the cost benefit ratio of 1:1.74 and sweet flag rhizome extract 3% was the least performing treatment with 11.50% increase in yield over control with the cost benefit ratio of 1:1.45.

Enhanced biogas from sewage sludge digestion using iron nanocatalyst from Vitex negundo leaf extract: response surface modeling

In this study, Vitex negundo leaf extract (VN) were utilized as a potential reducing agent to enable greener synthesis of iron nanocatalyst (VN-FeNCs). The synthesis time and ratio of extract to precursor and pH of extract for green synthesis of VN-FeNCs were optimized. Furthermore, the synthesized VN-FeNCs were characterized for morphological, functional and spectral properties. VN-FeNCs were supplemented for the anaerobic digestion of the sludge. Augmentation of VN-FeNCs improvised the methane yield with reduction of chemical oxygen demand up to 86% and volatile solids up to 93.6% with a retention time of 12 days. The highest biogas yield of 0.45 (L/g VS reduced) is obtained with VN-FeNCs aided digestion whereas digestion with bulk salt and control yielded 0.13 (L/g VS reduced) and 0.07 (L/g VS reduced) respectively. The central composite matrix under the response surface optimization was employed to estimate the optimal process conditions, and the outcome reveals that reactions when maintained at pH 7.0 with 0.2 g/L of VN-FeNCs escalated good biogas production on 6th day. Conclusively, the remarkable reduction in the digestion time would contribute to increase the life span of biogas digester and will reduce the overall maintenance cost.

Pharmacognostic Studies on Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Vitex negundo Linn

Vitex negundo Linn (verbenaceae), known as Nirgundi is important medicinal plant with variety of phytoconstituents having significant pharmacological activities. It has antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-histaminic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective, antiimplantation, laxative, larvicidal, anti-arthritic, anticonvulsant and effective against snake venom activity. Two compounds namely vitexin and negundoside are reported to have anticancer and hepatoprotective activity respectively. For safe and effective use of herbal drugs in a formulation, proper standardization of herbal drugs is necessary. So, in this research paper basic pharmacognostic studies on Vitex negundo leaf extract like physicochemical parameters- ash values and extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, phytochemical screening, TLC profile with different solvent systems, behavior with different reagents and metal analysis was done. The findings throw light on preliminary standardization of this important medicinal plant. Key

Green Synthesis Method for Applying a Vitex Negundo Leaf Extract with Characterization of Silver Thin Films Organized Through Spray Pyrolysis

This method of synthesis is an expensive and appropriate application for the statement of a thin film going on uneven surfaces. Into the green synthesis approach for the first time, a bulk portion of a thin silver film is reported. The film of silver nanostructures deposited the use of a solution of silver nitrate with the extract of Vitex negundo leaves. The study confirmed that the response time fulfills an essential function in the rise and manipulation of the shape and size of the thin silver thin films. The property of the silver film is study as a result of UV-Vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy [FE-SEM] with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy [EDX], X-Ray Diffraction [XRD], and Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM], Photo-Luminescence Techniques [PL]. Finally, in this application, working with films may be that these films are used adequately for antibacterial studies.

Facile preparation of Silver nanoparticles from Vitex negundo leaf extract with multiple applications

Synthesis of silver nano particles following green protocols is an emerging area of interest throughout the world, as it has multiple applications in different fields. Moreover the methods are non-toxic, sustainable, eco-friendly and economically viable ones. In the current work, that we have presented is an approach towards the development of zero cost and eco-friendly approach for the preparation of nanoparticles following the green route, using the leaf extract of Vitex negundo, a common medicinal plant in South India. The specific phenomenon of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) has been used for the depiction of the silver nano particles prepared. The silver nanoparticles created was characterized by using UV-Visible Spectroscopy and its performance towards the naked eye detection of several heavy metal ions was done. The larvicidal activity of silver nano particles were assessed as per the standards prescribed by WHO.