Negro Soldiers Research Articles

AGRANULOCYTOSIS FOLLOWING MAPHARSEN THERAPY

Agranulocytosis following mapharsen therapy is sufficiently rare to make the following case reports of interest: Case1.—A 19 year old Negro soldier was admitted to the station hospital, Fort Dix, N. J., on Dec. 16, 1943, complaining of sore throat, malaise, chills and fever, all of two days' duration. Five weeks prior to his admission the patient had had a sore throat, mucous patches and a maculopapular rash which were considered manifestations of secondary syphilis. The Wassermann reaction was 4 plus. He was given standard antisyphilitic therapy, consisting of two injections of mapharsen weekly, beginning with 0.03 Gm. and increasing to 0.06 Gm. per dose. The patient had received five intravenous injections of mapharsen totaling 0.28 Gm. and three intramuscular injections of bismuth subsalicylate in oil totaling 1 Gm. He had received the last injection of mapharsen on December 14, with no immediate reaction. A few

The Morale of the Negro in the Armed Services of the United States

Goddam it! I'm goin' to break up you M.P.'s beating us colored soldiers!' Pvt. Ned Turman, just before he blurted out the above threat on a crowded bus in Fayetteville, North Carolina, shortly after midnight, August 12, 1941, had seized a pistol from a white military policeman who had struck him. He had also snatched himself free of the soldier policeman's grasp. Two of the military policemen were shot. They were white. Later, Pvt. Turman was shot fatally through the back. The investigation conducted by the Inspector General's office disclosed that Pvt. Turman did not shoot the policemen, but Negro soldiers on the bus generally believed he did. They were proud of him for it. Pvt. Ned Turman, the central figure in the notorious Fort Bragg riot, was the first black soldier to risk and give his life in protest against the treatment of the black man in the Army after the United States began to prepare for war. Turman had given his life in the heat of a bloody battle between Negro soldiers and white military policemen, but a few days later, a Negro sergeant, a college graduate and an all-American football star, calmly stated: If I've got to die, I might as well die right here fighting for myself as to go abroad and die fighting for somebody else.2

The Negro Soldier in Service Abroad During the First World War

Between 1918 and 1930, I devoted considerable time off and on in writing a history of the Negro in the First World War. manuscript was completed but never has been put in shape for publication since it requires a great deal of re-writing and condensation. When the editor asked me to write concerning the service of Negroes in the First World War with some comparisons with World War II, I went over the manuscript and again met my old difficulty. To have covered the subject would have called for several hundred pages. I have, therefore, determined to treat but a small part of the subject and what follows is a series of abstracts from my chapter seventeen called the which is an account of some of the things which happened in France between November 11, 1918, and the final return of the Negro units to the United signing of the Armistice led the commanders of the American army to seek to hasten the return of the Negro troops to America. They wanted to stop their association with the French; they wanted to keep down the leaves of -absence and the chances for selfimprovement among Negroes. And then too, the men of better spirit wanted to put an end to the color friction in the army as soon as possible. Armistice was signed on November 11, and on Thanksgiving Day the order was received: The 92nd Division will at once begin to make preparation to be immediately returned to the United States. last units left Mayenne on the twenty-ninth of January, passed through the forwarding camp at Le Mans, and arrived at Brest the first week in February. Meanwhile the 93rd incomplete Division also was started home and was really the first to sail. 369th (15th New York) left first and the 370th next. 371st and 372nd followed while the 92nd Division was the last of the colored troops to embark, not counting the stevedore regiments. This meant from November 11 until the first weeks in February, a period of nearly three months, the Negro troops were at the mercy of the white American army without the fear of Germany to hold them in check. Prejudice therefore broke out with greater virulence. In October 1918, General Sherburne, Commanding Officer of the 167th Field Artillery (92nd Division), said to Major Patterson (colored), Division Judge Advocate, that there was a concerted action on the part of the white officers throughout France to discredit the work of the colored troops in France, and everything was being done to advertise those things would reflect discredit upon the men and officers, and to withhold anything would bring to them praise or commendation. A lieutenant adds The truth of this remark was evidenced, when in November, immediately after the armis-

Problems of Demobilization and Rehabilitation of the Negro Soldier After World Wars I and II

In any major modern war the casualty list which records the names of those wounded, missing or dead as a result of military operations scarcely begins to account for the great number of people who are permanently injured or permanently lost as a direct consequence of the war. In this day of mechanized blitzkrieg, of unrestricted submarine sinkings and of saturation bombing, the list of civilian dead and injured may at times approach, and occasionally exceed, the list of casualties in the armed forces. This is a condition which we have come to recognize and to accept as one of the added horrors of modern warfare. Few of us, however, stop to realize the total devastating effect which present-day warfare has upon the lives of the men and women who survive the rigors and dangers of battle, and who are returned to normal civilian life when the military-movement aspect of the war has come to an end. The soldier who returns to his native land after participation in a world conflict is likely to find himself continually out of step with the villagers who have remained at home. If he is an ex-soldier and black, his troubles are increased many times. It is our profound conviction that this does not have to be true; that there is the possibility through careful planning ahead of setting up programs which may minister to the needs of the soldierexand black; and that only as we are willing and able to do this may we justify the colossal loss of life and the abysmal degradation of the human spirit which total war demands. With this in mind, we are bold enough to present this brief review of the problems which the returning Negro soldiers faced in 1918 and 1919, and to forecast the situation which will occur in 1940-odd or 1950, if we are not courageous enough now to face these problems clearly and to plan so that the things which happened following the first World War may not recur.

The Negro Soldier in the Army of the United States

Race PrejudiceAIl or None.Why does this issue of the Yearbook deal with the Negro in World War I and World War II? We who are close to the race controversy in the United States have little difficulty in assuming that we know the answer. For purposes of clarification, however, let us make a radical examination. Race prejudice as it exists in the United States is a callous, all-or-none phenomenon. Every scientific investigation of races has shown a very large over-lap between racial distributions with respect to any important characteristic. In the United States where racial comparison has been the vogue for a number of years, social scientists are keenly aware that the over-lap in the distribution of characteristics of white and Negro Americans rapidly increases as cultural-economic opportunities approach equality. In the North, for instance, the test data from Negro children have a very large over-lap with white children of the North and are indeed superior to those from white children in the more backward areas of the country. This general fact is also supported by the army data gathered from World War I which, it will be recalled, showed that in respect to the median Alpha scorethe literate Negroes from Illinois surpassed literate whites from nine Southern states; literate Negroes from New York surpassed literate whites from five Southern states; and literate Negroes from Pennsylvania surpassed literate whites from two Southern states. The median Alpha score of all Northern Negroes surpassed the median score of whites from Mississippi, Kentucky, and Arkansas.' In spite of scientifically demonstrated over-lap in Negro-white racial characteristics, race prejudice dictates that over-lap shall be ignored. It insists that every white person is superior to every Negro. If racial characteristics were distributed on a linear scale of a common unit, according to this social pathology, there would be bell-shaped curves on the left which describe the characteristics of Negroes and somewhere to the right there would be other bell-shaped curves which describe characteristics of white persons. No part of the curve surfaces on the left would be common to the surfaces under the curves on the right. This picture throws into relief the absurdity and the self-incrimination of American practices stemming from race prejudice. A Challenge.-This chapter and this Yearbook, therefore, challenge a system of practices which often is as unyielding as a robot and just as impervious to fact and simple logic. Hope lies in the fact that this system is very largely imposed from without. There are thousands of white Ameri-

The Mobilization of Negro Manpower for the Armed Forces

The Federal Government made its first effort to secure troops by compulsory methods on August 4, 1862. It had become apparent that the required number of soldiers and replacements needed to prosecute successfully the Civil War would not be raised through volunteers. The President, therefore, on that day ordered the draft of 300,000 militia to serve for nine months. The first draft act was passed by Congress on March 3, 1863. It was a recognition of the fact that the volunteer system would never again be depended upon entirely to raise an army for a major war. The Nation did not fully accept the draft system as its sole manpower procurement method. Volunteering was still encouraged. In fact, an enormous amount of money was spent in bounties to secure volunteers. The number of Negro soldiers entering the army during the Civil War under the bounty plan of volunteering was 37,394.

Virginia Negro Soldiers and Seamen in the American Revolution

Virginia Negro Soldiers and Seamen in the American Revolution

The Story of the Negro. The Rise of the Race from Slavery.

VOLUME I PART I. THE NEGRO IN AFRICA Chapter 1. First Notions of Africa Chapter 2. The American Negro and the Native African Chapter 3. The African at Home Chapter 4. The West Coast Background of the American Negro PART II. THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE Chapter 5. The First and Last Slave Ship Chapter 6. The First Slaves Chapter 7. The Indian and the Negro Chapter 8. The Negro's Life in Slavery Chapter 9. Slave Insurrections and the Negro Peril Chapter 10. The Free Negro in Slavery Days Chapter 11. Fugitive Slaves Chapter 12. Negro Settlements in Ohio and the Northwest Territory Chapter 13. The Negro Preacher and the Negro Church Chapter 14. The Negro Abolitionists Chapter 15. The Negro Soldier's Fight for Freedom VOLUME II PART III. THE NEGRO AS A FREEMAN Chapter 1. The Early Days of Freedom Chapter 2. The Rise of the Negro Land-owner Chapter 3. The Negro Labourer and the Mechanic in Slavery and Freedom Chapter 4. Negro Crime and Racial Self-help Chapter 5. The Negro Teacher and the Negro School Chapter 6. The Negro Secret Societies Chapter 7. The Negro Doctor and the Negro Professional Man Chapter 8. The Negro Disfranchisement and the Negro in Business Chapter 9. The Negro Bank and the Moral Uplift Chapter 10. Negro Communities and Negro Homes Chapter 11. Negro Poetry, Music and Art Chapter 12. Negro Women and Their Work Chapter 13. The Social and Mission Work of the Negro Church Chapter 14. Law and Order and the Negro Chapter 15. The Negro's Place in American Life Index

The Federal Government and the Negro Soldier, 1861-1865

Previous articleNext article FreeThe Federal Government and the Negro Soldier, 1861-1865Fred A. ShannonFred A. Shannon Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 11, Number 4October 1926 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2713881 Views: 12Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The Journal of Negro History (1916-2001), which is continued by The Journal of African American History (2002-present). Copyright 1926, 1954, 1969 The Association for the Study of African American Life and HistoryPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: Andrew K. Black In the Service of the United States: Comparative Mortality Among African-American and White Troops in the Union Army, The Journal of Negro History 79, no.44 (Nov 2017): 317–333.https://doi.org/10.2307/2717591

The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution

Previous articleNext article FreeThe Negro Soldier in the American RevolutionW. B. HartgroveW. B. Hartgrove Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 1, Number 2April 1916 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/3035634 Views: 109 Journal History This article was published in The Journal of Negro History (1916-2001), which is continued by The Journal of African American History (2002-present). PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.