Negotiation Model Research Articles

Matrix representation of the graph model for conflict resolution based on intuitionistic preferences with applications to trans-regional water resource conflicts in the Lancang–Mekong River Basin

With the continual growth in global demand for water resources, the governance of trans-regional water resources has become an important field of cooperation between countries, and conflicts caused by competition for water resources have become a focal issue in international relations. The root causes of trans-regional water resource conflicts include unclear ownership of water resources and the limited rationality of the parties involved. The water rights trading model has proven to play a stabilizing role in resolving trans-regional water resource conflicts versus the traditional negotiation model. To demonstrate the rationality and theoretical strength of the water rights trading model in allocating trans-regional water resources in uncertain environments, this paper proposes a novel matrix representation of intuitionistic stability definitions through a graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR). First, decision-makers’ (DMs’) intuitionistic preferences, unilateral movements, and intuitionistic unilateral improvements in a GMCR with two DMs are represented in a matrix. The joint unilateral movements and joint intuitionistic unilateral improvements for a coalition in a GMCR with multiple DMs are also represented. Next, according to the logical forms of intuitionistic stability definitions, four stability definitions in a GMCR with intuitionistic preferences were redefined to enable matrix representations of graph models with either two DMs or multiple DMs. Finally, we analyzed the state transitions and strategies of all stakeholders in trans-regional water resource conflicts in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin within the intuitionistic graph model. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, in terms of theoretical research, this article enriches and develops the GMCR and proposes a set of definitions of matrix intuitionistic stability. Second, in terms of practical application, the intuitionistic stability analysis results can provide a reference for water rights trading to solve trans-regional water resource conflicts in uncertain environments and transform trans-regional water resource governance systems.

Lack of Consent to Sexual Intercourse and the Fault of the Rape Survivor under U.S. Criminal Law

The greatest attention to the lack of consent to sexual intercourse as a mandatory feature of rape is paid under the US criminal law. This issue is closely related to the main changes in US state legislation that have occurred as a result of a departure from the traditional understanding of rape as a crime. There are three approaches to understanding the term «consent» in doctrine and legislation, namely, «no means no», «yes means yes» and a negotiation model. Each model imposes features on the process of establishing the fault of the subject and the rapist’s possible error in consent. Difficulties arise when the subject and the victim are intoxicated. Based on the experience of the United States, recommendations are formulated that are useful for the Russian legislator and law enforcement officer. It is not necessary to consolidate any model of consent to sexual intercourse in the criminal law, as well as to abandon signs of the use of violence, the threat of its use or the use of the helpless state of the victim. It is required to distinguish harassment and overcoming the will of the victim, to assess the silence of the victim, victim’s words and actions, finding out whether the victim’s will was distorted. A woman has the right to withdraw her consent after sexual intercourse starts, in which case, if there are other signs of a crime, the continuation of sexual intercourse against the will of the victim is qualified as rape.

A simulation model of negotiations on affordable housing provision

ABSTRACT In several planning systems, the provision of affordable housing is negotiated between local authorities and private developers. Those negotiations are not often accessible to students and researchers for understanding and analysis. This article presents a multi-agent simulation model of the negotiations on affordable housing in England. The model is designed to help students and researchers generate hypotheses about the impact of housing markets, local policies and negotiation behaviors on the negotiation outcomes, and consequently, the provision of affordable housing. We conducted a thought experiment using the model. To demonstrate reliability, we compared the outputs against overall trends of affordable housing provisions in England and a previous empirical study of simple negotiations. The results helped in generating four hypotheses. Among them, interestingly, the model hypothesized that there is a range of possible outcomes for each housing market, and negotiation skills can only cause variations within that range. The experiment demonstrated the model’s applicability as a tool for generating hypotheses which can open doors for future exploration, hence supporting housing education and research.

The Promise and Failure of Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process in 1990s: A Literature Review

In 2023, the world marked 30 years since the start of the Oslo process, which sought to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Given the ultimate breakdown of these negotiations, it is crucial to examine the evolution of academic research on this process, identifying its key themes and trends. This literature review focuses on both empirical and theoretical studies of the Oslo process, with a particular emphasis on research that investigates the reasons behind its failure. Such studies provide valuable insights for developing more effective models of negotiation and conflict resolution. Initially, the commencement of the Oslo negotiations was met with optimism in the academic community, with scholars highlighting the pivotal role of individual leaders in successfully launching the process. However, as the peace process faltered, the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations were analyzed through existing theoretical frameworks. Various scholars critically examined the Oslo Accords from the perspective of international law and highlighted economic factors that obstructed the path to a lasting peace. Other studies explored indirect influences on the peace process, such as public opinion and electoral dynamics, often employing Robert Putnam's “two-level games” theory. Nevertheless, these studies mainly address the immediate causes of the peace process’s failure and do not fully account for the underlying motivations driving the behavior of actors in the negotiations. Research into the deeper causes of the Oslo process’s collapse has highlighted socio-psychological barriers, such as the “conflict syndrome” and issues of ontological security. Scholars have investigated the roles of historical memory, collective trauma, and cultural identities in shaping negotiation outcomes. The rise of interdisciplinary approaches—combining insights from psychology, philosophy, and linguistics—has been essential for understanding the complex dimensions of this conflict. The diverse body of research and theories inspired by the Oslo peace process continues to influence the field of negotiation and conflict resolution studies, underscoring the enduring significance of this critical episode in diplomatic history.

How Do Copayment Coupons Affect Branded Drug Prices and Quantities Purchased?

We estimate the causal effects of drug copayment coupons, which reduce consumer cost sharing for branded prescription drugs, on net-of-rebate price and quantities sold. We show that coupon introductions increase the quantity of drugs without generic substitutes sold by 23–25 percent for the commercial segment relative to Medicare Advantage, where coupons are banned. To quantify the resulting equilibrium price effects, we estimate a discrete choice model of demand for multiple sclerosis drugs and simulate a model of drug price negotiations. We estimate that net-of-rebate prices are 8 percent higher due to coupons being offered for most of these drugs. (JEL G22, I18, L65)

Nash Smoothing on the Test Bench: Hα-Essential Equilibria

Nash’s [1953] demand game models the second step in a “two-move game” that formalizes his “Negotiation Model”. Nash claimed for any two-person bargaining game [Formula: see text] the existence of a unique stable equilibrium of its associated second move demand game that by its payoff vector supports the symmetric Nash solution of that bargaining game. Nash’s negotiation game is considered the first contribution to the Nash program. Only weaker versions of stability than that claimed by Nash have been formally proven later by other authors. However, Nash’s request for “studying the relative stabilities” of the demand game’s equilibria has never been complied with. By performing that task, we establish analogous stability results for all generalized Nash solutions and thereby disprove Nash’s “unique stability” claim. Furthermore, we explain the impact of our result on the Nash solution with endogenous variable threats (NBWT) of the two move negotiation game, which is defined as the symmetric Nash solution of that bargaining game [Formula: see text] whose status quo point [Formula: see text] is the unique payoff vector of the payoff-equivalent equilibria of the first move threat game.

Negotiation-based scheduling considering agent emotion

Scheduling in decentralized manufacturing systems is being expanded and transformed to a smart level where manufacturing tasks are executed autonomously. However, achieving self-organized manufacturing resources that can make collaborative decisions remains challenging. This paper presents a novel negotiation model for decentralized scheduling in an autonomous manufacturing system. A variety of emotions represent the willingness of autonomous intelligent agents (IAs) to negotiate for a consensus despite their diverse goals. The proposed communication protocol considers the emotional aspects of the autonomous machine agents in decentralized decision-making. The negotiation model focuses on analyzing the effects of two key emotions: selfishness and cooperation. This study constitutes the basis for experiments on multi-goal machine tasks and artificial emotion mechanism in a flow shop production system. The complexities of negotiation dynamics between IAs, where the interplay of selfish and cooperative strategies influences the outcomes and efficiency of reaching agreements, are explored. The experimental results show that selfish IAs eventually reach agreements through gradual compromise, but cooperative IAs, with their flexibility, can quickly achieve resolutions, especially when bargaining power is balanced. Aligning with the dual concern theory, this study reveals that while selfish IAs can dominate cooperative ones, the cooperative approach often leads to faster and more effective outcomes, regardless of the level of selfishness involved.

Impact of competition on reimbursement decisions for cancer drugs in China: an observational study

Annual Chinese National negotiations for including innovative drugs in the National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL) reveal an increasing number of new drugs with overlapping action mechanisms of action and similar indications. Yet, it is unclear if competition affects reimbursement decisions. Thus, we explored the impact of competition on reimbursement decisions for cancer drugs in China. We identified the cancer drugs involved in NRDL negotiations from 2017 to 2022 and focused on the initial reimbursement decision for eligible newly negotiated drugs. Drugs were classified as within-class competitors based on their equivalent biological mechanisms of action and approved indications, including identified and potential competitors. Other variables included drug type, clinical benefit and safety, monthly drug cost, and disease incidence rate. We employed traditional univariate and multivariate Firth's penalized logistic regression to assess the association between reimbursement decisions and variables at the indication and drug levels. Between 2017 and 2022, 102 cancer drugs corresponding to 141 indications were studied, and 66 drugs (64.7%) covering 95 indications (67.4%) were added to the NRDL. The proportion of reimbursements for indications with identified competition was significantly higher than that for indications without identified competition (84.6% vs 52.6%, p<0.0001). However, the difference in reimbursement proportions between groups with and without potential competition was not statistically significant (66.7% vs 68.3%, p=0.84). Firth's penalized logistic regression showed that identified competition was positively correlated with successful NRDL inclusion, whereas potential competition had no significant effect on negotiation outcomes. Improved overall survival or progression-free survival were positively associated with NRDL inclusion, whereas disease incidence negatively impacted reimbursement decisions. Improved clinical benefit and identified competition were positively correlated with NRDL inclusion. In China's value-based negotiation model, clinical benefits served as a crucial foundation of price negotiation for cancer drugs, and market competition helped these drugs enter the NRDL at more reasonable prices. This has important implications for reimbursement decisions and accessibility and affordability improvement for innovative drugs worldwide. National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 72104151).

Intimate Partner Violence and Women's Participation in the Labour Market in Cameroon: An Analysis from Demographic and Health Survey of 2018

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health and employment outcomes concern around the world. The relationship between IPV and economic participation is fundamental to understand barriers to women's empowerment and achieving gender equality and the economic independence from employment income could reduce the risk of conjugal violence by predicting family bargaining theories. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the association between Intimate partner violence on the participation of women in the labour market and their access to employment in the form of being a wage worker, self-employed or unpaid family worker and using data from the Demographic and Health Data Survey carry out in 2018. Intimate partner violence is apprehended from its three dimensions (physical, emotional and sexual violence) Empirically, IPV is apprehended from its three dimensions (physical, emotional and sexual violence) and the instrumental variables method was used The estimated results of the iv probit regression model suggest that, IPV has a positive effect on women's possession of and access to paid employment, it is statistically significant after controlling for simultaneous causality between employment status and IPV. On the other hand, women participating in the labor market are exposed to IPV of 313.7 ‰, 11.0% of women's possession of a job paid in cash or in kind and 40% of working for a family member which confirms the family negotiation model. Physical violence from an intimate partner is the most widespread, around 56% for women who declared participating in the labor market and having paid employment and 61.67% of those working with a family member. The results presented reflect important information in a way that IPVs do not affect women's employment. Several motivations justify men's recourse to violence and the mechanisms involved can act either individually or simultaneously. One preventable condition is the reduction in time combined with violent confluence which can doubly reduce violence and give rise to financial autonomy.

A decision framework for Chinese-style cruise ship design based on informativeness weight method and group consensus reaching model

In recent years, the European cruise ship design style has failed to meet the cultural needs of Chinese users, leading to a growing demand for cruise ships incorporating Chinese elements. The richness and uniqueness of Chinese culture make most existing cruise ship design decision-making methods inapplicable for Chinese-style cruise ship design. This article introduces a decision-making framework for Chinese-style cruise ships to address this gap based on the informativeness weight method and the group consensus achievement model. This framework determines decision criteria based on the characteristics of Chinese-style cruise ships and Cultural Hierarchy Theory (CHT), and it employs trapezoidal fuzzy set theory to manage the fuzziness of the decision-making environment, resulting in decision matrices. Furthermore, a bilateral negotiation model for group consensus achievement is introduced to reach group consensus among decision-makers (DMs), adjust the decision matrix, and calculate the weight of each expert. The informativeness weight method is used to determine the weight of each criterion, and the TOPSIS method is applied to establish option scores and rankings. By analyzing three Chinese-style cruise ship design options, the paper validates the effectiveness of this decision-making method. A comparative analysis of the informativeness weight method and the bilateral negotiation consensus achievement model further demonstrates the superiority of this decision-making framework.

An agent-based persuasion model using emotion-driven concession and multi-objective optimization

Multi-attribute negotiation is essentially a multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem, where models of agent-based emotional persuasion (EP) can exhibit characteristics of anthropomorphism. This paper proposes a novel EP model by fusing the strategy of emotion-driven concession with the method of multi-objective optimization (EDC-MOO). Firstly, a comprehensive emotion model is designed to enhance the authenticity of the emotion. A novel concession strategy is then proposed to enable the concession to be dynamically tuned by the emotions of the agents. Finally, a new EP model is constructed by integrating emotion, historical transaction, persuasion behavior, and concession strategy under the framework of MOO. Comprehensive experiments on bilateral negotiation are conducted to illustrate and validate the effectiveness of EDC-MOO. These include an analysis of negotiations under five distinct persuasion styles, a comparison of EDC-MOO with a non-emotion-based MOO negotiation model and classic trade-off strategies, negotiations between emotion-driven and non-emotion-driven agents, and negotiations involving human participants. A detailed analysis of parameter sensitivity is also discussed. Experimental results show that the proposed EDC-MOO model can enhance the diversity of the negotiation process and the anthropomorphism of the bilateral agents, thereby improving the social welfare of both parties.

A Classroom Ethnographic Study on Silence among EFL Graduate Students: A Case Study

Miscellaneous investigations have been implemented to investigate the factor of silence among Asian students in the ESL and EFL contexts and has generated huge literature most of which is related to ESL/EFL students’ silence because of several cultural and social factors. The study in hand reports on an ethnographic investigation of silence attitudes among Sudanese graduate learners in the EFL graduate linguistics environments with their academic staff in Gezira University, Sudan. The study has exploited a previously developed ethnographic interview protocol as well as observations with EFL graduate students and teachers in the MA linguistics. The researcher has investigated the probable patterns of silence among Sudanese EFL learners, explored the reasons behind this phenomenon and has attempted to trace the cultural interpretations among Sudanese silence. The participants of the study were eleven first-year graduates of English (all 26-38 years old) and 6 professors. The whole sample of the study was from Gezira University situated in the central region of Sudan. Another important factor is that the participants of this study came from different parts of Sudan including Khartoum, Darfur, and Gezira State etc. All the participants have BA and BEd in English language enrolling in Gezira University MA Program. The results of the study representing sufficient empirical proof highlight/emphasize that the Face Negotiation Model (Ting-Toomey 1994; West and Turner 2010; Wang and Yang 2005) indicates that Sudanese students’ silence behaviors are reported to be determined Sudanese cultural factors including its notions of face, sense of impact and infrequent social interactions.

With or without the European Union: the convention for the protection of the Black Sea against pollution

Abstract The Black Sea is an enclosed sea surrounded by six coastal countries, of which Bulgaria and Romania are EU Member States. The Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution was ratified in 1994 by all coastal countries. This Convention is the only European regional sea convention to which the EU is not a Party. While Romania and Bulgaria are in favor of EU accession to the Convention, Turkey, Russia and Ukraine thus far have blocked accession. In this paper, we develop a negotiation model with endogenous enforcement and exogenous fraud to analyze the different positions of groups of coastal countries relative to EU accession to the Convention. Our model contributes to defining a proposal that the EU could make to the opposing states such that they accept the EU as a Party to the Convention. In that context we investigate also whether Romania and Bulgaria might be better off delegating their decision power to the EU, rather than retaining their individual voting rights.

Exploring the Zone of Possible Agreement on the Nuclear Issue of the Korean Peninsula

From 2003 to 2009, China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, and the United States engaged in a series of multilateral negotiations to address North Korea’s nuclear program. On September 19, 2005, the six participants achieved a “gold standard” agreement on denuclearization. North Korea agreed to relinquish all nuclear weapons, abstain from deploying nuclear weapons, and rejoin the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), as well as adhere to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. The United States affirmed its lack of nuclear weapons on the Korean Peninsula and expressed no intention of attacking or invading the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) with nuclear or conventional weapons. China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States concurred to provide energy assistance to the DPRK. Furthermore, the agreement established the principle of “commitment for commitment, action for action,” which holds significance for the spirit of future engagement. The prevailing impasse in resolving the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula prompts the inquiry of a possible negotiation model. This paper uses the Harvard negotiation method to examine a zone of possible agreement (ZOPA) between China, North Korea, Russia, and the United States, which culminated in the September 19, 2005 Six Party Talks agreement addressing the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula. The first section of the article is devoted to scrutinizing the Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA), which facilitated the 2005 agreement. Based on the acquired insights, the second section assesses the prospects for implementing the 2005 Joint Statement in the current context. This section also concentrates on identifying a ZOPA under current conditions, taking into account past experiences and lessons learned from past negotiations.

Racial equity facilitators of active outdoor recreation in parks and protected areas: Scale development, testing, and validation

Active outdoor recreation (AOR) can provide valuable benefits, but racial inequities can constrain participation for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). Despite their potential value for park managers, limited attention has been given to assessing and understanding factors which can facilitate more equitable AOR participation. This national study included the development, testing, and validation of a new scale focused on facilitators of AOR in local parks and protected areas, including both general and racial equity oriented intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural facilitators. The scale performed well in a racially and ethnically diverse sample, exhibiting strong fit in confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance by race/ethnicity, gender, income, and participation status, and expected relationships with constraints, negotiation, motivations, and participation frequency. Findings demonstrate the potential utility of the scale as a tool for identifying effective and equitable facilitation strategies and examining the unique contributions of facilitators in the constraint negotiation model.

Today's Older Adults: Strategies of Facilitating Sport Participation

As the U.S. population ages, park and recreation (P&amp;R) professionals face increasing demand to provide age-appropriate and health-promoting programming for older adults. Recent qualitative research suggests older adults are interested in participating in sport programs tailored to their age group. Using socioecological theory as the guiding framework, and leisure constraint theory specifically, the current study explored participation and interest in recreational sport among older adults across the U.S. and their perceptions of how local P&amp;R agencies currently meet, or fail to meet, their needs. Data, collected in 2019 via a nationwide online survey completed by 1,203 adults aged 50 and over, provided insights into the current population of older adults who are diverse in terms of health status, amount of discretionary time, and interest/experience with sport. Although most participants suggested they do not regularly participate in recreational sport, approximately half indicated they would be interested to try a new sport if opportunities were available, and they are motivated by health benefits, social opportunities, and enjoyment of recreational sport. Sports with the most interest were golf, pickleball, and softball. Additionally, participants expressed interest in bowling, hiking, tennis, volleyball, and swimming. Unfortunately, less than 20% of participants indicated they were satisfied or highly satisfied with the sport opportunities for older adults available through their local P&amp;R department. Related to constraints, participants reported that constraints hindering their participation in recreational sport include physical or health-related factors (e.g., not being in good enough shape, not having the sport-related skills), lack of companions with whom to participate, lack of awareness of opportunities, lack of access to fields/facilities, and cost. The findings also relate to leisure facilitators within the constraint negotiation model, and suggests P&amp;R agencies can facilitate sport participation among older adults by promoting the health, social, and fun aspects of participation; offering opportunities targeted at beginners with no skill/experience required; ensuring programs are age-specific and modified to reduce risk of injury; facilitating introductions among players or providing opportunities for individuals to join teams; ensuring that low-cost options exist, and increasing awareness among older adults through channels effective for this age group (e.g., personal invitation, Facebook). The findings highlight the importance of making older adults a priority when planning sport opportunities and understanding their sport-related interests and unique needs.

Research on Grid-Connected Optimal Operation Mode between Renewable Energy Cluster and Shared Energy Storage on Power Supply Side

The renewable energy cluster can reduce the total power deviation of renewable energy stations and also bring cooperative benefits to renewable energy stations. Shared energy storage can assist in tracking the power generation plan of renewable energy and has advantages in the scale of investment, utilization rate, and other aspects. Therefore, this article proposes a study on the grid-connected optimal operation mode between renewable energy cluster and shared energy storage on the power supply side. Firstly, for the complementary characteristics blurring each member’s contribution to the cluster power deviation, an improved Shapley value method is used to build a rational mechanism for apportioning the cluster power deviation penalty. Secondly, based on the Nash negotiation model and allocation mechanism, the revenue model of the renewable energy cluster is constructed, and an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the cluster operation strategy. Then, based on the charge and discharge demand of renewable energy cluster, with the goal of maximizing the benefits of shared energy storage, capacity pricing is optimized, as well as capacity allocation and participation in the frequency control auxiliary service market. Finally, the solving process of grid-connected optimal operation mode is proposed, and the rationality of the grid-connected optimal operation strategy between renewable energy cluster and shared energy storage is verified by example analysis. The results indicate that renewable energy cluster and shared energy storage can effectively increase both benefits, and a win-win situation for all parties can be realized. On the one hand, the cooperation mode and allocation mechanism can effectively guarantee the benefit of each renewable energy station. On the other hand, shared energy storage is beneficial for assisting in tracking the power generation plan of renewable energy and reducing the renewable energy power curtailment situation. There also has residual capacity in the shared energy storage system; it can participate in the frequency control ancillary service market, which can improve the capacity utilization rate and benefit of shared energy storage.

From Indication-Based Pricing to Blended Approach: Evidence on the Price and Reimbursement Negotiation in Italy.

New indications for existing medicines are increasing over time. In most countries, drug pricing and reimbursement conditions are renegotiated every time a new indication is approved. There is a growing interest in the price negotiation model for new indications, specifically comparing an indication-based versus blended approach. However, little evidence currently exists regarding the complexity of these negotiations and their impact on actual prices. Italy has recently transitioned from an indication-based approach to a blended price model. This study aims to measure the impact of price and reimbursement negotiation of new indications on discounts (i.e. actual prices) and on the negotiation duration, used as a proxy of its complexity. We considered new indications approved through a European centralized procedure from January 2013 to March 2022 for which the price and reimbursement status was approved in Italy between January 2015 and March 2022, amounting to 52 new indications. Data on the timeframe of the Italian price and reimbursement process and its phases were obtained from publicly available sources. Discounts for the first indication and their subsequent increases for new indications were estimated by comparing ex-factory prices and tendered prices. To calculate p-values, we employed the Mann-Whitney test, and multiple regression models were utilized to examine correlations between negotiation time and the characteristics of the medicines. The mean time to reimbursement was 603 days, in contrast to 583 days for the first launch. Price negotiation took longer for rare diseases, cancer drugs, and in case of therapies with minor added therapeutic value. On average, the additional discount (on top of discounts for prior indications) was 13%, significantly lower than the mean discount for the first indications approved (24.9%). The discounts increment was lower, but negotiation took longer if a Managed Entry Agreement accompanied the final agreement. Additionally, discounts have increased over the years. The negotiation for new indications takes longer than the first one, and provides, on average, an additional discount of 13%. While our findings bear the potential for significant policy implications, they necessitate prudent interpretation due to a limited number of observations. The increasing trend in additional discounts over time applied to all indications in recent negotiations, may suggest a descending trend of value for new indications and a shift from an indication-based pricing approach to a blended model. Otherwise, budget impact considerations might have outweighed a value-based approach in the recent negotiations. If so, two potential options for restoring a value-based approach are returning to an indication-based pricing or giving explicit and higher weight to value within a blended model.

Analysis Of Dalihan Na Tolu In Conflict Resolution In The Toba Batak Community: Case Study In Medan City

The aim of this research is to find a policy model for resolving social conflicts based on local wisdom in the Toba Batak community in Medan City. This research includes models and social conflict resolution based on the local wisdom of the Toba Batak community, with consensus and principled negotiations in resolving conflicts and strategic efforts adopted by dalihan na tolu elements to resolve conflicts. The consensus and negotiation model is an effort used to raise public awareness of the existence of the traditional principles of dalihan na tolu in conflict resolution. The wisdom model shows that there is public awareness and understanding of the great potential of local wisdom in conflict resolution in urban areas, namely mutual respect, solidarity and kinship and this forum is always present in the customs carried out by the Toba Batak people in their daily lives. The method for reducing conflict and weakening the pretext of na tolu is seen by building a commitment to togetherness and supporting public leaders such as ulama, traditional leaders and other community leaders to mediate between parties in conflict, as well as the need for a dual role of religious leaders in spreading the values ​​of peace and wisdom. local to strengthen the dalihan na tolu in the midst of the people or society. An analysis of the causes of conflict is seen through the resolution model in Toba Batak society with the patterns or functions of dalihan na tolu in conflict resolution in the city of Medan. The results of this research reveal that dalihan na tolu is a forum for consensus and principled negotiation in resolving conflicts in the Toba Batak community in Medan City where the actors in it wisely become the driving force in the consensus.

Authenticity Negotiation: How Elite Athletes (Re)Present Themselves as Personal Brands

Projecting authenticity is crucial for athletes engaged in personal branding. Prior scholarship has emphasized the “frontstage” of authenticity: what tactics athletes use to present themselves and how audiences perceive such tactics. But it has not yet examined the “backstage”: why athletes pursue authenticity and the strategic considerations involved in such ongoing self-presentations. Using a constructivist grounded theory that draws on interviews with 30 elite athletes engaged in personal branding, we unpack these backstage processes, which are not straightforward but entail an ongoing cycle of authenticity negotiation. Our model of authenticity negotiation identifies conflicting authenticity demands and constraints imposed by various actors, which athletes attempt to resolve over time using a range of authenticity management tactics. By modeling the backstage processes in authenticity negotiation, our research integrates, contextualizes, and suggests extensions to the existing frontstage work on authenticity. It offers guidance to athletes and practitioners on managing athlete brands and stakeholder collaborations.