Negotiation Model Research Articles

Research on Demand side Reactive Power Compensation Operating Lease Mode to Adapt to the New Situation of Energy and Electricity

With the development of economy towards green and low-carbon, higher requirements are put forward for energy conservation and efficiency enhancement of power system. To solve the problem of high initial investment and high risk of demand side reactive power compensation, this paper proposes a demand side reactive power compensation operating lease model. Power grid companies and equipment manufacturers combine service providers to undertake different division of labor and jointly serve users. The cost-benefit model of each participant is established, Optimize service fees with the goal of maximizing the net income of both users and service providers, and solved by chaotic cat swarm algorithm, An asymmetric Nash negotiation model is established to allocate service fees between power grid companies and equipment manufacturers. Finally, an example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Bio-Inspired Intelligent Systems: Negotiations between Minimum Manifest Task Entropy and Maximum Latent System Entropy in Changing Environments.

In theoretical physics and theoretical neuroscience, increased intelligence is associated with increased entropy, which entails potential access to an increased number of states that could facilitate adaptive behavior. Potential to access a larger number of states is a latent entropy as it refers to the number of states that could possibly be accessed, and it is also recognized that functioning needs to be efficient through minimization of manifest entropy. For example, in theoretical physics, the importance of efficiency is recognized through the observation that nature is thrifty in all its actions and through the principle of least action. In this paper, system intelligence is explained as capability to maintain internal stability while adapting to changing environments by minimizing manifest task entropy while maximizing latent system entropy. In addition, it is explained how automated negotiation relates to balancing adaptability and stability; and a mathematical negotiation model is presented that enables balancing of latent system entropy and manifest task entropy in intelligent systems. Furthermore, this first principles analysis of system intelligence is related to everyday challenges in production systems through multiple simulations of the negotiation model. The results indicate that manifest task entropy is minimized when maximization of latent system entropy is used as the criterion for task allocation in the simulated production scenarios.

The underlying role of food guilt in adolescent food choice: A potential conceptual model for adolescent food choice negotiations under circumstances of conscious internal conflict

Food choice decisions are challenging to conceptualise, and literature is lacking specific to adolescent food choice decisions. Understanding adolescent nutrition and food choice is becoming increasingly important. This research aims to understand what influences the food choices of Irish adolescents, and the mental negotiations occurring in food-based decisions. Additionally, it aims to develop a holistic conceptual model of food choice, specific to adolescents. A qualitative study was conducted in N = 47 Irish adolescents, via focus group discussions using vignettes to introduce discussion topics around food and eating habits. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, involving both semantic and latent analysis. Thirteen distinct factors related to adolescent food choices were discussed, forming one main theme and three inter-linking subthemes. The main theme relates to food choice being multi-factorial in nature, needing a balance of priorities through internal negotiations for food choice with the aim of reducing food guilt. This can change depending on the social setting. Social concerns and food guilt appear to play a strong role in adolescent food choice, with adolescents feeling guilty for eating unhealthy food, wasting food, or spending/wasting money on food. A conceptual model for food choice in adolescents was developed, named a “Food Choice Funnel”, incorporating a specific “Food Guilt Matrix”. While we should encourage healthy eating and a healthy lifestyle, it is important to understand the value placed on the social component to eating among adolescents, since they have increasing social interactions and occasions where choosing health-promoting foods may be more challenging. Healthy eating messages should be designed in a balanced manner to support healthy growth and development, while limiting the potential to induce feelings of guilt among adolescents.

A negotiation model of individual matching and zonal-based travel behavior in carpooling

AbstractCarpooling is a sustainable and ecologically acceptable transportation mode. Individuals commonly engage in coordination and negotiation processes to find matching partners and typically modify their schedules to enable cooperation. Mutual cooperation between carpooling individuals plays an important role in executing trips. Through cooperation, participants can achieve challenging agreements effectively in a repetitive manner. This paper presents a negotiation mechanism that can match individuals for carpooling using organization and agent-based concepts. It describes a matching model and a carpooling social network. It studies several aspects of multi-zonal individual behavior to identify groups of carpooling candidates. The carpooling social network is simulated on an ongoing basis for each of the following carpooling activities: interaction, negotiation, and trip execution. The interaction process enables communication between individuals within carpooling social groups in order to activate the negotiation process. During the negotiation process, participants typically modify their schedules to support cooperation by considering their personal preferences and constraints. Negotiation leads to matching of individuals based on trip start times, driver selection, detour duration, and carpool group pickup and dropoff sequences. Trip start times are established on travel, social, financial, and schedule-related factors. The carpoolers’ pickup and dropoff sequences that are feasible for an optimal carpool group are projected using specific scoring methods. Carpooling community candidates are recognized via outcomes projected using the FEATHERS activity–based model. The framework is implemented through the Janus multi-agent system.

An opponent model for agent-based shared decision-making via a genetic algorithm.

Shared decision-making (SDM) has received a great deal of attention as an effective way to achieve patient-centered medical care. SDM aims to bring doctors and patients together to develop treatment plans through negotiation. However, time pressure and subjective factors such as medical illiteracy and inadequate communication skills prevent doctors and patients from accurately expressing and obtaining their opponent's preferences. This problem leads to SDM being in an incomplete information environment, which significantly reduces the efficiency of the negotiation and even leads to failure. In this study, we integrated a negotiation strategy that predicts opponent preference using a genetic algorithm with an SDM auto-negotiation model constructed based on fuzzy constraints, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of SDM by addressing the problems posed by incomplete information environments and rapidly generating treatment plans with high mutual satisfaction. A variety of negotiation scenarios are simulated in experiments and the proposed model is compared with other excellent negotiation models. The results indicated that the proposed model better adapts to multivariate scenarios and maintains higher mutual satisfaction. The agent negotiation framework supports SDM participants in accessing treatment plans that fit individual preferences, thereby increasing treatment satisfaction. Adding GA opponent preference prediction to the SDM negotiation framework can effectively improve negotiation performance in incomplete information environments.

The post-COVID-19 road-based tourism market: Negotiation of travel constraints

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) not only transformed people’s choice of travel mode but also resulted in travel constraints and related behaviour. This study investigated travel constraints and constraint negotiation in post-COVID-19 road-based tourism in Indonesia. An online questionnaire survey was administered to Indonesian road tourists including self-drive tourists between May to July 2022. The resulting 510 completed questionnaires were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling. Road trips were more popular than flights during the recovery stage of COVID-19. Intrapersonal travel constraints were the largest problem for road-based tourism. This research advances the understanding of road trip travel behaviour in Indonesia and travel constraints after a crisis. The study applies the constraint negotiation model in a road-based travel context. Our study is among the first to combine road tourism psychology and tourism crisis/disaster management in the context of road-based tourism, which may be useful to policymakers and to tourism industry stakeholders in general.

Managing Remote Negotiation Strategies

In more recent times, many business relationships have moved online and many companies are taking advantage of the opportunity to talk online with their business partners. This paper attempts to answer the question of how this fact affects business relationships. A survey method was used with 47 companies in Poland that conduct remote negotiations or remote business talks. The respondents were company managers who participate in both traditional and remote negotiations. The conceptual framework for the study was the model of negotiation as recurring events in the history of a relationship (Thomas, Manrodt, Eastman, 2015). The limitations of the study derived from the specificity of the research group: the respondents were from Poland, and the perspective of small and medium-sized companies was taken into account, whereas perhaps the perspective of large companies would have been different. The conclusion outlines the potential of remote negotiation compared to traditional negotiation and implications of conducting remote negotiations.

Between banjos, beaches and bending gender: Negotiating the queer rural space in Hannah Montana

This article explores queer and non-heteronormative subtexts in connection with representations of rurality in the Disney family sitcom Hannah Montana (2006-2011). The multi-layered world, which the protagonist Hannah Montana/Miley Stewart inhabits, is shaped by sexual undercurrents closely linked to an imagined rural space. This space is constructed as the ‘sexual other’ in relation to the gender and body politics of the show’s main setting: Mailbu, California. In particular, the protagonist’s original home state of Tennessee forms a cultural repertoire in which dominant norms of gender performativity are ignored or subverted. Certain hints at queer codes and practices become identifiable when the rural space is invoked and contrasted with the perceived, sanitized ‘sexual normativity’ of Southern California. Projecting the non-normative onto the rural allows Disney to protect the show’s image as so-called wholesome family entertainment. The resulting play with queer practices, such as gender-bending and cross-dressing, is shown to connect with Disney’s attempts to queercode characters and spaces in order to facilitate the effective marketing of the show across multiple segments in an increasingly multi-sexual teen market. The role of the extratextual personae of Miley Cyrus and Billy Ray Cyrus complement this strategy, through their functioning as instructive models for ongoing negotiations of sexuality and gender among multi-generational audiences in the early twenty-first century.

How intergenerational farmers negotiate their identity in the era of Agriculture 4.0: A multiple-case study in Indonesia

Abstract Identity has become a fascinating object of exploration in various aspects of life and work, including farming. Many studies have examined the extent to which farmers reconstruct their identities, and only a limited number have evaluated the forms of negotiation from a communication perspective. Therefore, herein, we addressed this gap by analysing the identity challenges experienced by farmers in the agricultural era 4.0. A comprehensive farmer identity negotiation model was developed by conducting a multi-case study involving millennial and Generation X farmers from different regions in Indonesia. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 16 farmers who have embraced Agriculture 4.0 across five regencies in Indonesia. The results showed that farmer identity is maintained and built through various processes, including education, outreach, affiliation, and social networking. Farmer identity negotiation also involves self-preparedness, such as developing communication competence and receiving environmental support through social connections, media, and access to information. The process of farmer identity negotiation ultimately leads to the affirmation of identity, manifesting in changes in social roles, lifestyle changes, and improved farming quality. The advent of Agriculture Revolution 4.0 has necessitated the availability of innovative information, provided access to information and communication technology, and spaces for farmer communities to improve their farming competence.

Why Rape Law Revisions should be Consistent with Anderson’s Negotiation Model

In this essay I argue that the current law structure unobjectionably fails to protect women against cases of rape and needs reform. I further maintain that Anderson’s suggestion of ‘negotiation consent’ is the most appropriate line of reform, and I will defend her proposal in the face of potential objections. The current rape law in the UK was implemented in 2003, which revised previous laws firstly defined in the Sexual Offenses Act of 1953. Despite the ostensibly ‘objective’ nature of this law, which will be further examined in this essay, many feminist philosophers have noted the biases within the law which favour male interests. This essay explores the present issues within UK law, as well as our current understandings of what constitutes ‘a reasonable belief of consent’, that fail to protect women in instances of rape. This foundational attitude towards such matters influence performative revision models, such as the No Model and the Yes model, which I consider within this essay. Yet the inadequacies of such approaches, as I demonstrate, mirror some of the current issues with rape law in the UK today; such as the lack of recognition of men’s frequent inability to interpret women’s nonverbal behaviour and disregard for instances where one person changes their mind.
 Furthermore, I advocate for Anderson’s proposal of the negotiation model as an alternative reform of the law as well as society’s attitude towards sex and how consent can be clearly obtained. This model, when legally applied, will not only legally protect women in cases of rape, but eventually protect them from the present societal norms that perpetuate the imminent risk of rape and sexual exploitation.
 Through making the act of negotiation a legal requirement, I maintain that there would be a ‘ripple effect’ throughout society that would, eventually, lead to a change in public expectations of men and women.
 Anderson’s emphasis on either party being able to initiate the negotiation establishes a much more open-minded attitude towards gender roles and expectations of individuals based on their gender. This is the greatest strength of Anderson’s argument, as this equality-driven initiative would eventually seep into society’s wider expectations of individuals when initiating sex, and create a world where understanding what the other person is anticipating in a sexual situation is the norm.

Dohovirni protsedury u dosudovomu kryminalnomu provadzhenni: aziiskyi dosvid

The criminal procedural legislation regarding the simplification of criminal proceedings and the use of «contractual» procedures in the stage of pre-trial investigation in a number of Asian states (Japan, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia) has been analysed. It is emphasized that the rather conservative criminal procedural legislation of many Asian states during the last decade underwent reforms aimed at optimizing, simplifying and speeding up criminal proceedings, including through the use of «contractual» procedures. It has been established that the Asian experience of applying simplified procedures during pre-trial investigation, in particular, «contractual» procedures in criminal proceedings, attests to the granting of very broad discretionary powers to prosecutors. It is concluded that mostly «contractual» proceedings in Asian states in one form or another involve the procedure of concluding a plea agreement, which must ultimately be reviewed by the court, which, depending on the state, has more or less discretion when approving it and imposing a punishment. Certain Asian states have adopted the classic approach to concluding plea agreements that originated in the United States (plea bargaining), while others have introduced more original models. In particular, the Japanese model of «contractual» proceedings provides for the cooperation of the accused not with respect to the criminal offense he or she committed, but only with respect to the commission of criminal offenses by other persons. Instead, in Singapore, several models of negotiations between parties in criminal proceedings are used — without the participation of a judge, with the judge’s mediation, as well as the conclusion of a «Deferred Prosecution Agreement» available to legal entities. The opinion was expressed that Singapore’s experience in implementing a system of negotiations between the prosecution and defence parties through the mediation of a judge («Criminal Case Resolution») is interesting from the point of view of the possibility of implementation in Ukraine, which provides for the elimination of contradictions with the aim of a quick and conflict-free resolution of the case and, to some extent, has signs of a mediation..

Research on the Optimization of Energy–Carbon Co-Sharing Operation in Multiple Multi-Energy Microgrids Based on Nash Negotiation

Efficient and low-carbon energy utilization is a crucial aspect of promoting green and sustainable development. Multi-energy microgrids, which incorporate multiple interchangeable energy types, offer effective solutions for low-carbon and efficient energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the sharing of energy and carbon in multiple multi-energy microgrids (MMEMs) to enhance their economic impact, low-carbon attributes, and the efficient utilization of renewable energy. In this paper, an energy–carbon co-sharing operation model is established, incorporating carbon capture systems (CCSs) and two-stage power-to-gas (P2G) devices within the MMEMs to actualize low-carbon operation. Furthermore, based on cooperative game theory, this paper establishes an energy–carbon co-sharing Nash negotiation model and negotiates based on the energy–carbon contribution of each subject in the cooperation as bargaining power so as to maximize both the benefits of the MMEM alliance and the distribution of the cooperation benefits. The case study results show that the overall benefits of the alliance can be increased through Nash negotiation. Energy–carbon co-sharing can effectively increase the renewable energy consumption rate of 8.34%, 8.78%, and 8.83% for each multi-energy microgrid, and the overall carbon emission reduction rate reaches 17.81%. Meanwhile, the distribution of the benefits according to the energy–carbon co-sharing contribution capacity of each entity is fairer.

Negotiation mechanism of carbon emission quota trading process

Carbon emission quota trading is an effective method for realizing carbon neutrality. Negotiation can help to effectively resolve the differences and conflicts among the trading parties in the carbon emission quota trading process. For researching the negotiation mechanism of carbon emission quota trade, we construct the agent negotiation model that introduces the risk appetite of negotiator and Bayesian algorithm. And then, the negotiation protocol is analyzed, including offer tactics, negotiation unity and termination condition. The experimental studies are given to simulate the negotiation of carbon emission quota trading process for demonstrating the validity of the negotiation model and tactics. This study demonstrates the impact of risk appetite on negotiation in the carbon emission quota trading. And can help to improve negotiation efficiency, achieve win-win and accurate matching among the trading parties of carbon emission quota.

Automated Bilateral Trading of Energy by Alliances in Multi-Agent Electricity Markets

In liberalized markets, consumers can choose their electricity suppliers or be part of an energy community. The problem with communities is that they may not have enough weight to trade in markets, which can be overcome by forming coalitions. Electricity is traded in spot markets or through bilateral contracts involving consumers and suppliers. This paper is devoted to bilateral contracting, modeled as a negotiation process involving an iterative exchange of offers and counter-offers. It focuses on coalitions of energy communities. Specifically, it presents team and single-agent negotiation models, where each consumer has strategies, tactics, and decision models. Coalition agents are equipped with intra-team strategies and decision protocols. It also describes a study of bilateral contracts involving a seller agent and a coalition of energy communities. By allying into a coalition, members of energy communities reduced their average costs for electricity by between 2% (large consumers) and 64% (small consumers) according to their consumption. Their levelized cost reduction was 19%. The results demonstrate the power of coalitions when negotiating bilateral contracts and the benefit of a low-consumption members alliance with larger players.

A Q-learning approach to generating behavior of emotional persuasion with adaptive time belief in decision-making of agent-based negotiation

There is an increasing research interest in agent-based automated negotiation. However, how to design an agent that can adaptively compete with its human counterpart is still in its early stage. This research makes efforts toward this end by modeling two essential elements of human-led negotiation: emotion and timing, to adapt to negotiation dynamics. In multi-issue-multi-round bilateral negotiation, the Web-Fechner law is applied to model an agent’s emotion generation and the emotion decay law is used to realize a decaying property of emotion. Meanwhile, rather than a fixed time belief, agents are endowed with time beliefs that can vary with selected negotiation tactics and be adjusted by agents’ emotions. A proposal updating algorithm integrating those two elements is consequently proposed based on Q-learning. Then, 135 numerical experiments were conducted with comparative analyses and statistical tests. The results show that the proposed model can significantly increase an individual agent’s utility, the joint utility, and the probability of successful negotiations by an average of 76.14%, 172.22%, and 66.10%, respectively, whereas reducing the utility difference and negotiation rounds by an average of 97.39% and 29.57%, respectively. These results imply that the proposed negotiation model has advantages in improving negotiation utility, efficiency, and outcome fairness.

Enterprise negotiation and communication management system under the guidance of the Internet of Things.

The multi-agent system is used to study the negotiation problem of virtual enterprises in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) to strengthen the decision-making ability of enterprises and improve the negotiation efficiency between different enterprises. Firstly, virtual enterprises and high-tech virtual enterprises are introduced. Secondly, the virtual enterprise negotiation model is implemented using the agent technology in the IoT, including constructing the operation mode of the alliance enterprise agent and the member enterprise agent. Finally, a negotiation algorithm based on improved Bayesian theory is proposed. It is applied to virtual enterprise negotiation, and the effect of the negotiation algorithm is verified by setting an example. The results show that: (1) When one side of the enterprise adopts a risk-taking strategy, the number of negotiation rounds between the two sides increases. (2) High joint utility can be achieved when both parties to the negotiation adopt a conservative strategy. (3) The improved Bayesian algorithm can improve the negotiation efficiency of enterprises by reducing the number of negotiation rounds. This study aims to achieve efficient negotiation between the alliance and the member enterprises to improve the decision-making ability of the alliance owner enterprise.

Price Negotiating Chatbot on E-Commerce Website Using NPL

This proposes the development of a price negotiating chatbot on e-commerce websites using Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology. The chatbot aims to assist customers in negotiating prices with the sellers, enhancing their shopping experience. The proposed chatbot will be built using the Python programming language and the TensorFlow library for Natural Language Processing. The chatbot's architecture consists of several components, including a user interface, an NLP module, a price prediction module, and a negotiation module. The NLP module will enable the chatbot to understand and interpret the customer's messages, while the price prediction module will predict the minimum price that the seller is willing to accept. The negotiation module will use reinforcement learning algorithms to negotiate with the seller and come up with the best possible price for the customer. The proposed chatbot will provide customers with a convenient way to negotiate prices with sellers, enhancing their shopping experience. The chatbot's architecture, which includes a user interface, an NLP module, a price prediction module, and a negotiation module, will enable the chatbot to understand and interpret customer messages and negotiate prices with sellers on behalf of the customer. The chatbot will be trained and assessed on a substantial dataset of negotiation conversations, and its performance will be compared to other contemporary negotiation models. The results will demonstrate that the proposed chatbot significantly improves the shopping experience of customers, attaining higher success rates, shorter negotiation times, and increased customer.

Wage bargaining and employment revisited: separability and efficiency in collective bargaining*

AbstractWe analyse the two‐dimensional Nash bargaining solution (NBS) by deploying the standard labour market negotiations model of McDonald and Solow. We show that the two‐dimensional bargaining problem can be decomposed into two one‐dimensional problems, such that the two solutions together replicate the solution of the two‐dimensional problem if the NBS is applied. The axiom of “independence of irrelevant alternatives” is shown to be crucial for this type of decomposability. This result has significant implications for actual negotiations because it allows for the decomposition of a multi‐dimensional bargaining problem into one‐dimensional problems – and thus helps to facilitate real‐world negotiations.

Delphi Method in Analyzing of Minimum Wage Setting in Indonesia: Formula vs. Negotiation Model

Many countries set their minimum wages based on two models, through negotiation or mathematical formulas. In Indonesia, the negotiation model has been used to determine the minimum wages since 2003. In 2015, the law introduced the simple formula model that was further revised in 2016 with additional variables. Using the Delphi method, this study aims to find experts’ consensus regarding whether the governance of the formula model is superior to that of the negotiation model in terms of transaction cost minimization. Using the transaction cost economics approach, the two governances were compared in their performance in facilitating the negotiation, coordination, and dispute prevention between employ-ers and workers. This study finds that most experts reached a consensus, claiming that the mathematical formula model is more efficient than the negotiation model. In addition, most of the experts argue that data from the Central Statistic Agency (BPS) and the elimination of the role of regional heads increase the efficiency of the formula model. However, no consensus was reached regarding whether the mathematical formula can outperform the negotiation model in minimizing the risk of future disputes.

The Korean Peninsula as a Hotbed of Cold War 2.0

Contemporary international relations witness an ever-increasing tension between the United States and China. In an attempt to capture and conceptualize this trend, a new term was introduced in the IR academic discourse — a ‘Cold War 2.0’ (or new Cold War). Ambiguous and vague as it is, it may nevertheless be instrumental for the study of certain aspects of contemporary world politics. In particular, it allows one to consider the developments of the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue (KPNI) within the broader framework of emerging US-China confrontation. The first section examines current debates over the ‘Cold War 2.0’ concept both in Russian and foreign academic literature, and identifies its country-specific interpretations in the United States, Russia and the PRC. The second section shows that, despite its contested and controversial nature, the ‘Cold War 2.0’ concept provides useful insights on how concrete steps of global and regional actors aimed at enhancing their military capabilities are threatening to turn the Korean Peninsula into the arena of a new bipolar confrontation. In the third section, drawing on the Harvard negotiation model and the experience of 2005 Agreement, the author attempts to identify the zone of potential agreement on the KPNI under new conditions. The author concludes that both the leading powers and the countries of the Korean Peninsula utilize the ‘Cold War 2.0’ rhetoric to get additional domestic and foreign policy dividends. Thus, the DPRK relies upon the nuclear factor, while the Republic of Korea tries to balance between the great powers and to gain more weight in the international arena by building on the ‘medium power’ concept. In the long term, such policies are fraught with uncontrolled escalation that could lead to a new full-scale war on the Korean Peninsula.