Negligible Thermal Effects Research Articles

Dynamic model of tissue electroporation on the basis of biological dispersion and Joule heating

Electroporation is a complex, iterative, and nonlinear phenomenon often studied through numerical simulations. In recent years, simulations of tissue electroporation have been conducted with static models. However, the results of a static model simulation are restricted to a fixed protocol signature of the pulsed electric field. In this paper, we describe a novel dynamic model of tissue electroporation that also accounts for tissue dispersion and temperature to allow time-domain simulations. We have implemented the biological dispersion of potato tubers and thermal analysis in a commercial finite-element method software. A cell electroporation model was adapted to account for the increase in tissue conductivity. The model yielded 12 parameters divided into three dynamic states of electroporation. The thermal analysis describes the dependence of tissue conductivity on temperature. The model parameters were evaluated using experiments with vegetal tissue (Solanum tuberosum) under electrochemotherapy protocols. The proposed model can accurately predict the conductivity of tissue under electroporation from 100 to 1000 V/cm. A negligible thermal effect was observed at 1000 V/cm, with a temperature increase of 0.89 °C. We believe that the proposed model is suitable to describe the electroporation at the tissue level and provides a hint of the effects on the cell membrane.

Transient Non-Collinear Magnetic State for All-Optical Magnetization Switching.

Resonant absorption of a photon by bound electrons in a solid can promote an electron to another orbital state or transfer it to a neighboring atomic site. Such a transition in a magnetically ordered material could affect the magnetic order. While this process is an obvious road map for optical control of magnetization, experimental demonstration of such a process remains challenging. Exciting a significant fraction of magnetic ions requires a very intense incoming light beam, as orbital resonances are often weak compared to above-band-gap excitations. In the latter case, a sizeable reduction of the magnetization occurs as the absorbed energy increases the spin temperature, masking the non-thermal optical effects. Here, using ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy, this work is able to resolve changes in the magnetization state induced by resonant absorption of infrared photons in Co-doped yttrium iron garnet, with negligible thermal effects. This work finds that the optical excitation of the Co ions affects the two distinct magnetic Fe sublattices differently, resulting in a transient non-collinear magnetic state. The present results indicate that the all-optical magnetization switching (AOS) most likely occurs due to the creation of a transient, non-collinear magnetic state followed by coherent spin rotations of the Fe moments.

Thermal Effects on Shear Characteristics of Unbound Granular Materials under Drained Conditions

In this study, the thermally induced changes in the shear characteristics of unbound granular materials (UGMs) were investigated. A series of drained shear tests were conducted using a large-scale triaxial apparatus under controlled temperatures. The thermal dependence of the peak strength, critical strength, internal friction angle, and dilatancy of UGMs were investigated under different temperatures, initial mean effective stresses, and relative compaction. Dense UGMs tended to expand during heating and slightly contract during cooling. In the heating and cooling process, a nonlinear relationship was observed between thermal deformation and temperature. Thermal deformation was attributed to the deformation, movement, and rotation of soil particles and closely related to the initial mean effective stress and relative compaction. A thermal softening effect was observed during the shear test, and the peak strength decreased with increasing temperature. However, negligible thermal effects were observed relative to residual strength. The effect of temperature on the shear characteristics of UGMs was primarily related to the thermal expansion of pores in the soil skeleton. The relationship between peak strength and initial thermal volumetric strain was found to be exponential. Considering the thermal effect, a normalized semi-empirical model of the parabolic Hvorslev envelope for dense UGMs was proposed to supply guidelines for road base design.

Ultrashort pulse laser micro drilling of silicon

Ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials induces negligible thermal effects on materials, thereby reducing the post-processing operations, which makes the process a “green manufacturing process”. In the present research work, micro holes are fabricated in silicon using ultrashort pulse laser micromachining with pulse energy of 40 µJ at high repetition rates from 100 to 500 kHz. The hole depths obtained are 16.7, 17.8, 28.1, 33.9, and 32.2 µm at repetition rates of 100, 200, 333, 400, and 500 kHz, respectively. An analytical model is used to estimate the surface temperature obtained as 2000, 2800, 3700, 4000, and 4500 K at the center of the micro holes at repetition rates of 100, 200, 333, 400, and 500 kHz respectively. It is observed that the saturation of surface temperature occurred after a certain number of pulses. Due to the saturation of temperature after a certain number of pulses, the increase in micro hole depth gets saturated. The present investigation is beneficial for producing micro holes in silicon which are highly demanding for MEMS, photonics, solar cells, and microfluidic applications.

Flame Self-interaction and Flow Topology in Turbulent Homogeneous Mixture n-Heptane MILD Combustion

Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion has potential to achieve both high energy efficiency and ultra-low emissions. This analysis adopts the critical point theory to characterise the Flame-Self Interaction (FSI) events and flow topologies in turbulent, homogeneous mixture, n-Heptane MILD combustion using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) with reduced chemical mechanism. The local flame geometry has also been categorised using the mean and Gauss curvatures. It was found that the Tunnel Formation (TF) and Tunnel Closure (TC) topologies are the most probable FSI events at all values of the reaction progress variable c, while the Unburned Pocket (UP) and Burned Pocket (BP) topologies were mostly present towards the unburned and burned mixtures of the flame, respectively. Moreover, increasing the turbulence intensity did not result in any significant changes in the distribution of FSI events. Investigation of the flow topology distribution showed that the features associated with non-zero dilatation rate did not exist in the MILD cases considered. This is a consequence of the negligible thermal expansion effect due to the small temperature rise in MILD combustion cases. Increasing the dilution factor caused a reduction in the frequency of FSI events for all c levels. The distributions of flame self-interaction events in homogeneous mixture MILD combustion have been found to be significantly different from previously reported distributions for conventional turbulent premixed combustion.

Особливості проектування теплових сенсорів потоку біомедичного призначення

It is shown that thermal flow sensors are characterized by high structural and technological compatibility with biomedical equipment and, compared to other types of flow sensors, they most fully meet the requirements for this equipment. The developed signal converters fully meet the requirements for modern biomedical equipment and energy-saving low-voltage electronics (unipolar 3V power supply), provide a negligible thermal effect on the flow environment and are implemented on the latest element base - high-precision CMOS railto-rail operational amplifiers, bidirectional multiplexers of the type ADG, ADuC type microconverters, powerful D-MOS HEX FET transistors, etc

Flexible Optogenetic Transducer Device for Remote Neuron Modulation Using Highly Upconversion-Efficient Dendrite-Like Gold Inverse Opaline Structure.

A remote optogenetic device for analyzing freely moving animals has attracted extensive attention in optogenetic engineering. In particular, for peripheral nerve regions, a flexible device is needed to endure the continuous bending movements of these areas. Here, a remote optogenetic optical transducer device made from a gold inverse opaline skeleton grown with a dendrite-like gold nanostructure (D-GIOF) and chemically grafted with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) is developed. This implantable D-GIOF-based transducer device can achieve synergistic interaction of the photonic crystal effect and localized surface plasmon resonance, resulting in considerable UCNP conversion efficiency with a negligible thermal effect under low-intensity 980nm near-infrared (NIR) light excitation. Furthermore, the D-GIOF-based transducer device exhibits remarkable emission power retention (≈100%) under different bending states, indicating its potential for realizing peripheral nerve stimulation. Finally, the D-GIOF-based transducer device successfully stimulates neuronal activities of the sciatic nerve in mice. This study demonstrates the potential of the implantable device to promote remote NIR stimulation for modulation of neural activity in peripheral nerve regions and provides proof of concept for its in vivo application in optogenetic engineering.

An alternative air distribution solution for better environmental quality in the ISS crew quarters

This article presents the study of a ventilation solution using cross-flow fans for the crew quarters (CQ) aboard the International Space Station. Currently the CQ uses two axial fans for ventilation, which occasionally generate insufficient flow rate or acoustic issues. A ventilation circuit using two cross-flow fans was designed, its acoustic performance was measured and the flow was investigated via CFD by using the measured cross-flow fan operating curves as boundary conditions. The acoustic performance of the fans was evaluated in isothermal conditions, under the assumption that the heat generated by the occupants and equipment would produce negligible thermal buoyancy effects in microgravity on the station. Future studies will investigate how the internal heat generated in the enclosure affects the thermal comfort conditions of the occupants. After a comparison between the axial and cross-flow fan systems, results indicate that the latter provides better acoustic parameters for the same flow rate with less energy consumption.

Structure, thermal and spectroscopic properties of Nd:YAlO3 perovskite crystal between 77 to 300 K for the design of cryogenic cooled solid state laser

The solid-state lasers provide an attractive approach to enhance the laser performance benefitting from significant improvements in both thermo-optic and spectroscopic properties of the gain mediums under cryogenic temperature. We have systematically investigated the structure, thermal and spectral properties of Nd:YAlO3 (Nd:YAP) in the temperature range of 77–300 K. We found that the thermal expansion coefficient of a-cut Nd:YAP crystal is about zero around 180 K. The zero-thermal-expansion could lead to negligible thermal effect and suppress optical distortion in high average power lasers, which provides great help for high power and high beam quality laser generation. The increase in thermal conductivity and reduced thermal expansion at cryogenic temperature lead to thermal shock resistance parameter significantly larger than that at room temperature. Furthermore, the detailed thermal and spectral properties of Nd:YAP crystal in the temperature range across 77–300 K were determined. All results of the Nd:YAP crystal, in particular, the emergence of zero-thermal-expansion, provide important information for the design of cryogenic cooled high-power lasers.

Current Progress in Femtosecond Laser Ablation/Ionisation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

The last decade witnessed considerable progress in the development of laser ablation/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LI-TOFMS). The improvement of both the laser ablation ion sources employing femtosecond lasers and the method of ion coupling with the mass analyser led to highly sensitive element and isotope measurements, minimisation of matrix effects, and reduction of various fractionation effects. This improvement of instrumental performance can be attributed to the progress in laser technology and accompanying commercialisation of fs-laser systems, as well as the availability of fast electronics and data acquisition systems. Application of femtosecond laser radiation to ablate the sample causes negligible thermal effects, which in turn allows for improved resolution of chemical surface imaging and depth profiling. Following in the footsteps of its predecessor ns-LIMS, fs-LIMS, which employs fs-laser ablation ion sources, has been developed in the last two decades as an important method of chemical analysis and will continue to improve its performance in subsequent decades. This review discusses the background of fs-laser ablation, overviews the most relevant instrumentation and emphasises their performance figures, and summarizes the studies on several applications, including geochemical, semiconductor, and bio-relevant materials. Improving the chemical analysis is expected by the implementation of laser pulse sequences or pulse shaping methods and shorter laser wavelengths providing current progress in mass resolution achieved in fs-LIMS. In parallel, advancing the methods of data analysis has the potential of making this technique very attractive for 3D chemical analysis with micrometre lateral and sub-micrometre vertical resolution.

Enhancement of electrical conductivity during the femtosecond laser trimming process for OLED repair

In OLED panel repair process, femtosecond laser ablation has been adopted for last 10 years. Because femtosecond laser process can be performed with negligible thermal effect, it is suitable for modifying the organic materials whose lifetime is negatively affected by heat. Because of it, femtosecond laser ablation process has been applied to repair process of OLED panel such as elimination of internal debris, disconnection of over connected electrodes, and etc. However, it has been limitedly applied to certain types of defects. In order to increase a production yield, various types of defects should be treated. Thus, additive repair process needs to be developed. In last few decades, various research groups have been developing electrode printing techniques. But it is very hard to print an electrode with width of 1 µm scale so far. Therefore, we suggest new repair technique that combines additive and subtractive methods. It is the technique that conductive material is printed with width of few micrometers scale followed by femtosecond laser trimming with width of 1 µm scale. During an electrode printing followed by femtosecond laser trimming (EPFLT) process, we could enhance electrical conductivity of printed electrode. After EPFLT process, the average electrical conductivity of electrodes increases from 1.51ⅹ107 S/m to 2.31ⅹ107 S/m. Here, we carefully claim that the heat accumulation during a femtosecond laser trimming causes an annealing of printed electrode and the electrical conductivity is enhanced.

Nonlinear oscillations of non-neutral plasmas in a time-dependent harmonic trap

A non-neutral plasma is confined in a quasi-1D device and described by a fluid model. The use of the Lagrangian variables method together with a certain Ansatz for the velocity field reduces the problem essentially to ordinary differential equations satisfied by a scale function. In the case of thermal dominated plasma, the governing equation is the Pinney equation, having a close connection with the time-dependent harmonic oscillator. For a slowly varying frequency of the trap potential, an approximate solution is derived and shown to be accurate in the adiabatic limit. In the case of negligible thermal effects, the resulting non-homogeneous time-dependent oscillator equation for the scale function is also approximately solved, in the adiabatic limit. The validity conditions of the thermal dominated and Coulomb dominated cases are determined. The results are applied to a confined antiproton plasma, with implication on antimatter atom experiments.

Analysis of fluid–solid coupling characteristics of tripod sliding universal coupling based on cavitation and thermal effects

In this article, a fluid–solid coupling analysis of tripod sliding universal coupling and lubricating oil film was conducted by taking into consideration cavitation and thermal effects. The coupling of the sleeve and slip pin with the lubricant oil film under different pressure differences and frequencies was investigated. Moreover, the study results were compared with the results of fluid–solid coupling under the ideal condition of negligible cavitation and thermal effects. When considering these effects, the deformation and stress values of the sleeve and the slip pin gradually increase as the pressure difference and frequency increase. The deformation and stress values of the sleeve are reduced relative to the calculation results of fluid–solid coupling in ideal conditions. However, the values of the slip pin are increased. Furthermore, when considering the thermal effect, the deformation and stress differences for the sleeve and slip pin decrease as the pressure difference increases. The stress difference of the sleeve grows sharply, whereas the deformation difference of the slip pin increases only slightly as the frequency increases.

Electrothermal Analysis of the Breast-Tumor Model During Electroporation

Short intense electric pulses surpass the capacitance of the cell membrane and leads to permeabilization [electroporation (EP)]. EP can be reversible [electrochemotherapy (ECT)] or irreversible(Treatment). EP-based treatments have gained much importance in recent past. Our work aims in analyzing the electroporated ablation area and comparing it with the existing thermal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) method. For parameter design optimization, a study is conducted to assess the damage induced by the electric field and temperature distribution on the heterogeneous human breast model. The results revealed that the electric field is more localized within the cancerous region with electrodes directly inserted into the tumor with maximum electric field of 6.21×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> V/m. Maximum thermal damage of 5.51×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> is obtained during EP which is less than 1(Ω <; 1) shows EP produces minimal damage. The largest ablation volume of 10136 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> is obtained by using 8 electrodes (100 μs), whereas RFA produces 9326 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ablation volume (3 min), indicates that maximum ablation volume was attained in EP for lower duration with negligible thermal effects which is more advantageous than the existing thermal method. Furthermore, maximum temperature attained during RFA is 20.64% more than EP. Breast composition, location and size of tumor, and thermal conditions have maximum influence on the ablation volume generated during EP.

A dose-response study of a novel method of selective tissue modification of cellular structures in the skin with nanosecond pulsed electric fields.

Background and ObjectivesThis study describes the effects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) on the epidermis and dermis of normal skin scheduled for excision in a subsequent abdominoplasty. NsPEF therapy applies nanosecond pulses of electrical energy to induce regulated cell death (RCD) in cellular structures, with negligible thermal effects. Prior pre‐clinical studies using nsPEF technology have demonstrated the ability to stimulate a lasting immune response in animal tumor models, including melanoma. This first‐in‐human‐use of nsPEF treatment in a controlled study to evaluate the dose‐response effects on normal skin and subcutaneous structures is intended to establish a safe dose range of energies prior to use in clinical applications using nsPEF for non‐thermal tissue modification.Study Design/Materials and MethodsSeven subjects with healthy tissue planned for abdominoplasty excision were enrolled. Five subjects were evaluated in a longitudinal, 60‐day study of effects with doses of six nsPEF energy levels. A total of 30 squares of spot sizes 25mm2 or less within the planned excision area were treated and then evaluated at 1 day, 5 days, 15 days, 30 days, and 60 days prior to surgery. Photographs were taken over time of each treated area and assessed by three independent and blinded dermatologists for erythema, flaking and crusting using a 5‐point scale (0 = low, 4 = high). Punch biopsies of surgically removed tissue were processed and evaluated for tissue changes using hematoxylin and eosin, trichome, caspase‐3, microphthalmia transcription factor, and elastin stains and evaluated by a dermatopathologist. The skin of two subjects received additional treatments at 2 and 4 hours post‐nsPEF and was evaluated in a similar manner.ResultsMost energy settings exhibited delayed epidermal loss followed by re‐epithelization by day 15 and a normal course of healing. Histologic analysis identified the appearance of activated caspase‐3 at two and four hours after nsPEF treatment, but not at later time points. At the 1‐day time point, a nucleolysis effect was observed in epidermal cells, as evidenced by the lack of nuclear staining while the epidermal plasma membranes were still intact. Cellular structures within the treatment zone such as melanocytes, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles were damaged while acellular structures such as elastic fibers and collagen were largely unaffected except for TL6 which showed signs of dermal damage. Melanocytes reappeared at levels comparable with untreated controls within 1 month of nsPEF treatment.ConclusionsThe selective effect of nsPEF treatment on cellular structures in the epidermal and dermal layers suggests that this non‐thermal mechanism for targeting cellular structures does not affect the integrity of dermal tissue within a range of energy levels. The specificity of effects and a favorable healing response makes nsPEF ideal for treating cellular targets in the epidermal or dermal layers of the skin, including treatment of benign and malignant lesions. NsPEF skin treatments provide a promising, non‐thermal method for treating skin conditions and removing epidermal lesions. © 2019 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A comprehensive experimental study on temperature-dependent performance of lithium-ion battery

The relationship between lithium-ion battery performance and operating temperature is of significance in designing battery thermal management system (BTMS). In this study, two different thermal conditions, namely constant temperature condition and near-adiabatic condition are established to explore charging/discharging characteristics and heat generation behaviors of the lithium-ion battery with Li(NixCoyAlz)O2 cathode. The objective of creating near-adiabatic condition is to discover the effect of the heat generated by battery itself on charging/discharging characteristics. The experimental results show that the battery charging characteristics are nearly independent on the charging temperature ranged from 20 °C to 40 °C, while the battery charging/discharging performance degrade dramatically for the battery temperature lower than 20 °C. Although the heat generated by battery itself may accelerate battery degradation during cycling due to the adverse effect of excessive temperature, however it improves the discharging performance in a suitable temperature range. This implies that a battery pack may have an excellent discharging performance without BTMS intervention at a moderate discharging rate (e.g., 0.5 C). The irreversible heat could be regarded as the sole heat source term to simplify the battery thermal model due to negligible thermal effect caused by the small amount of reversible heat when the battery is discharged at higher discharging rates.

COMPOSITIONS BASED ON AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF CHITOSAN AND GLUTAR ALDEHYDE FOR EMBOLIZATION OF BLOOD VESSELS

The article investigates the aqueous solutions of food chitosan and glutaraldehyde to determine the feasibility of their use as components of an embolizing composition. It was shown on the basis of experimental flow curves, viscosity and velocity curves that test solutions have low viscosity and exhibit Newtonian flow behavior. The activation energy of viscous flow of the fluids was estimated in the temperature range of 25-37 °C within the Arrhenius - Frenkel - Eyring equation. It varies within a narrow range: 17-24 kJ/mol. When mixing the aqueous solutions of food chitosan and glutaraldehyde, chemical interaction of the solutes occurs. It is accompanied by an increase in viscosity and formation of a covalently crosslinked gel. Using a simple exponential equation the effective rate constant of the chemical process was calculated. It varies in a wide range: 1.9-82.7∙103 1/s. These values can be used when selecting an optimal region of food chitosan-glutaraldehyde ratios and concentrations of their aqueous solutions to generate embolizing agents. The conditions at which gel formation takes place over forty seconds were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated a negligible thermal effect of food chitosan reaction with glutaraldehyde in the aqueous medium, which ensures no thermal burn during the formation of an embolus in the blood vessel in situ. As a result of the work elastic solid gels suitable for use as embolizing agents were obtained.

Buoyant flows in street canyons: Comparison of RANS and LES at reduced and full scales

Reduced-scale experiments and full-scale field measurements show contradictory buoyancy effects from heated windward walls. Reduced-scale experiments exhibit significant thermal effects, but full-scale field measurements show a negligible thermal effect on the overall flow fields. This paper investigates this discrepancy by using at both scales Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations with Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Compared to experimental and field measurements, RANS models perform well at reduced scale but over-predict the thermal effects of heated windward walls at full scale. On the other hand, LES results agree well with measurements at both scales. Therefore, LES should be used for full-scale simulations of street canyon flows with heated windward walls. To date, there has been no explanation for the discrepancy of opposing thermal effects between reduced-scale experiments and full-scale field measurements although Richardson number similarity is satisfied. We provide an explanation by showing that in reduced-scale experiments with heated windward walls, the assumption of Reynolds number independence is invalid. In canyon flows with thermally induced buoyancy, unless the flow is proven independent of both Reynolds number and Grashof number, we should not generalize results from reduced-scale experiments to full-scale street canyons.

Characterization of a dielectric barrier discharge in contact with liquid and producing a plasma activated water

In this work a low-temperature plasma source for the generation of plasma activated water (PAW) is developed and characterized. The plasma reactor was operated by means of an atmospheric-pressure air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). The plasma generated is in contact with the water surface and is able to chemically activate the liquid medium. Electrodes were supplied by both sinusoidal and nanosecond-pulsed voltage waveforms. Treatment times were varied from 2 to 12 min to increase the energy dose released to the water by the DBD plasma. The physics of the discharge was studied by means of electrical, spectroscopic and imaging diagnostics. The interaction between the plasma and the liquid was investigated as well. Temperature and composition of the treated water were detected. Images of the discharges showed a filamentary behaviour in the sinusoidal case and a more homogeneous behaviour in the nanosecond-pulsed one. The images and the electrical measurements allowed to evaluate an average electron number density of about 4 × 1019 and 6 × 1017 m−3 for the sinusoidal and nanosecond-pulsed discharges respectively. Electron temperatures in the range of 2.1÷2.6 eV were measured by using spectroscopic diagnostics. Rotational temperatures in the range of 318–475 K were estimated by fitting synthetic spectra with the measured ones. Water temperature and pH level did not change significantly after the exposure to the DBD plasma. The production of ozone and hydrogen peroxide within the water was enhanced by increasing the plasma treatment time and the energy dose. Numerical simulations of the nanosecond-pulsed discharge were performed by using a self-consistent coupling of state-to-state kinetics of the air mixture with the Boltzmann equation of free electron kinetics. Temporal evolution of the electron energy distribution function shows departure from the Maxwellian distribution especially during the afterglow phase of the discharge. When limited deviations from Maxwellian distribution were observed, calculated electron temperature is in good agreement with the one measured by means of spectroscopic diagnostics. Computed temporal evolution of the energy delivered to the discharge is comparable with the one obtained from electrical measurements. The electrical discharges supplied by both voltage waveforms produce plasma activated water with negligible thermal effects and pH variations.

A highly sensitive upconverting nano-glass-ceramic-based optical thermometer

Yb/Tm: YF3 nanoparticles embedded transparent bulk glass ceramic was successfully prepared to explore its possible application in optical temperature sensors. Specifically, owing to the competition of electron population in the thermally coupled Tm3+3F2,3 and 3H4 excited states, two upconversion emission bands corresponding to Tm3+: 3F2,3 → 3H6 transition and 1G4→3F4 one exhibited opposite temperature-dependent behaviors, which resulted in monotonous enhancement of the related fluorescence intensity ratio with increase of temperature. As a consequence, Tm3+ activators in the present YF3 glass ceramic had advantages of a high sensitivity of 1.84% per K, an avoidable spectral overlapping and a negligible thermal effect for accurate temperature detecting.