Negative Way Research Articles

Attention and the forward testing effect.

Memory retrieval affects subsequent memory in both positive (e.g., the testing effect) and negative (e.g., retrieval-induced forgetting [RIF]) ways, and can be contrasted with other forms of memory modification (e.g., study-based encoding). Divided attention substantially impairs study-based encoding but has a modest effect on retrieval. What of the subsequent learning consequences of retrieval? Earlier studies indicate that certain positive effects (i.e., the testing effect) are not reduced by distraction, whereas negative effects (i.e., RIF) are eliminated. The present study assessed an indirect (positive) effect of retrieval-the forward testing effect (FTE), in which prior retrieval or retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning. Two experiments examined the role of attention in both the standard FTE and the pretesting effect. In Experiment 1, participants learned three study lists through retrieval practice or restudy, followed by a fourth study list. Prior retrieval practice enhanced subsequent new learning more than restudy (i.e., the standard FTE), and to a similar degree under full attention (FA) and divided attention (DA). In Experiment 2, participants learned cue-target word pairs by either studying the pair or guessing the target when shown a cue (i.e., pretesting) followed by the correct pair. Pretesting enhanced memory more than just studying to a similar degree under FA and DA. In sum, both forms of the FTE were unaffected by distraction, indicating that these positive consequences of retrieval are not based on controlled processes but instead appear to be relatively obligatory consequences of retrieval (or retrieval attempts). These results also have relevance for specific accounts of the standard FTE and the pretesting effect.

Three diverse motives for information sharing

Knowledge is distributed over many individuals. Thus, humans are tasked with informing one another for the betterment of all. But as information can alter people’s action, affect and cognition in both positive and negative ways, deciding whether to share information can be a particularly difficult problem. Here, we examine how people integrate potentially conflicting consequences of knowledge, to decide whether to inform others. We show that participants (Exp1: N = 114, Pre-registered replication: N = 102) use their own information-seeking preferences to solve complex information-sharing decisions. In particular, when deciding whether to inform others, participants consider the usefulness of information in directing action, its valence and the receiver’s uncertainty level, and integrate these assessments into a calculation of the value of information that explains information sharing decisions. A cluster analysis revealed that participants were clustered into groups based on the different weights they assign to these three factors. Within individuals, the relative influence of each of these factors was stable across information-seeking and information-sharing decisions. These results suggest that people put themselves in a receiver position to determine whether to inform others and can help predict when people will share information.

People or predators? Comparing habitat‐dependent effects of hunting and large carnivores on the abundance of North America's top mesocarnivore

Variation in animal abundance is shaped by scale‐dependent habitat, competition, and anthropogenic influences. Coyotes Canis latrans have dramatically increased in abundance while expanding their range over the past 100 years. Management goals typically seek to lower coyote populations to reduce their threats to humans, pets, livestock and sensitive prey. Despite their outsized ecological and social roles in the Americas, the factors affecting coyote abundance across their range remain unclear. We fit Royle–Nichols abundance models at two spatial scales in a Bayesian hierarchical framework to three years of data from 4587 camera trap sites arranged in 254 arrays across the contiguous USA to assess how habitat, large carnivores, anthropogenic development and hunting regulations affect coyote abundance. Coyote abundance was highest in southwestern USA and lowest in the northeast. Abundance responded to some factors as expected, including positive (soft mast, agriculture, grass/shrub habitat, urban–natural edge) and negative (latitude and forest cover) relationships. Colonization date had a negative relationship, suggesting coyote populations have not reached carrying capacity in recently colonized regions. Several relationships were scale‐dependent, including urban development, which was negative at local (100‐m) scales but positive at larger (5‐km) scales. Large carnivore effects were habitat‐dependent, with sometimes opposing relationships manifesting across variation in forest cover and urban development. Coyote abundance was higher where human hunting was permitted, and this relationship was strongest at local scales. These results, including a national map of coyote abundance, update ecological understanding of coyotes and can inform coyote management at local and landscape scales. These findings expand results from local studies suggesting that directly hunting coyotes does not decrease their abundance and may actually increase it. Ongoing large carnivore recoveries globally will likely affect subordinate carnivore abundance, but not in universally negative ways, and our work demonstrates how such effects can be habitat and scale dependent.

The Portrayals of the Other in Yemeni Postcolonial Fiction: A Critical Study on Ahmed Zein's Steamer Point

This research paper investigates the portrayals of the other in Ahmed Zein’s Steamer Point (2015), with a special focus on the European colonizer. In addition to that, it examines the coexistence between the natives and Europeans as reflected in the story. The postcolonial theory has been used as a methodology to frame the discussions and analysis of the novel in this study. The paper has been constructed in five sections: Introduction, background of the study, theoretical framework, discussions and analysis, and finally the conclusion. The study ended up with the conclusion that The relationship between the self and the other is one of the complicated issues in the postcolonial era. Each one of self and other seeks to abolish the boundaries between them. The other seeks to abolish the components of the self, which make the self feels the loss of his privacy and rights in his relationship with the other. Steamer Point dealt with the issue of colonization and the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized people. While the story seems to glorify the colonizers, it also showed their real face in the negative way they looked at the natives, as well as how badly they treated them. That hegemony and biasness against the local people led at the end of the story to independence.

Create the future of food with children: Qualitative insights into children’s perception of plant-based meat, fish, and dairy alternatives

Children’s food preferences are a major influence on what is served for dinner in the household. However, little is known about children’s perceptions of plant-based foods. This study aimed to better understand how 9-to-11-year-old children perceive plant-based meat and dairy alternatives. Different types of plant-based alternatives were investigated: meat and fish substitutes (legumes, nuts), replacements (tofu, tempeh), and analogues, as well as dairy substitutes. These alternatives were placed in a meal context, considering the influence of dish composition. The study combined design probes, interviews, and cooking sessions as different qualitative methods to explore children’s perceptions. First, design probe packages with creative assignments were given to the children. Afterwards, one-to-one interviews were conducted to elaborate on the input gained from the assignments. Lastly, children created in small groups a pizza with plant-based alternatives. Results showed that taste was the topic mentioned most in both positive and negative ways. Initially, children generally had positive taste expectations for the analogues, while their taste expectations for substitutes and replacements were more negative. However, during the cooking session, there was no considerable difference in their actual taste perceptions of analogues, substitutes, and replacements. This highlights the importance of studying perceptions of plant-based alternatives in a real-life meal context, where substitutes and replacements can, next to analogues, also be an integral part of a meal. Although previous research shows that animal welfare is an important driver for children to choose plant-based alternatives, this study showed that animal welfare is linked to plant-based meat analogues only. Therefore, actively linking animal welfare to substitutes and replacements may help to guide children and their households towards a plant-forward diet with more plant-based ingredients such as vegetables, legumes, and grains.

Would entitled people be more proactive at work? Examining contrasting mechanisms based on the proactive motivation model

Previous research has largely regarded psychological entitlement as detrimental to organizational effectiveness. In contrast, this study presents a more nuanced view by exploring its relationship with proactive work behavior. Drawing on the proactive motivation model, we propose that psychological entitlement influences proactive work behavior in both positive and negative ways, with need for uniqueness, role-breadth self-efficacy, and emotional exhaustion serving as mediators for the “reason to,” “can do,” and “energized to” states, respectively. Through a field study and an experiment, our results consistently showed that psychological entitlement had positive influences on proactive work behavior. Our study thus highlights that psychological entitlement should not be seen solely as problematic, sheds light on new mechanisms through which it influences work outcomes, and deepens our understanding of individual differences in proactive behavior at work.

Göç Olgusunun Göçmen Bireyler Üzerindeki Ruh Sağlığına Etkisi

Migration is a complex structure that has existed throughout human history of individuals and units. There are different types of migration. Internal migration means displacement within the borders of the country. Emigration means leaving the regions they belong to for certain reasons. Brain drain, on the other hand, occurs when people who have developed their own personality are academically educated elsewhere due to the country's conditions. As a result of this move, immigrant individuals are affected by spiritual and emotional changes. The psychological effects of immigration on immigrants are known. Immigrant individuals may experience difficulties in three different categories: before migration, during migration and after migration. As a result of research on common pathologies seen in immigrants, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, self-alienation, schizophrenia, somatization disorder, and increased psychotic features have been expressed. It is known that the life disruption of immigrants has also been reduced. There are definitions of these immigrant types, as well as the psychological transitions of immigrant individuals and the common problem seen in immigrants. Literature research is included in their content. It can be stated that the results of the research showing that migration disrupts the daily life of the students and that psychological problems arise in their lives in a negative way can be expressed. Keywords: Types of migration, migrants, psychology, mental health, trauma.

The potential effects of deepfakes on news media and entertainment

AbstractDeepfakes are synthetic media, such as pictures, music and videos, created with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools, a technique that builds upon machine learning and multi-layered neural networks trained on large datasets. Today, anyone can create deepfakes online, without any knowledge about the underpinning technology. This fact opens up creative opportunities at the same time as it creates individual and societal challenges. Some identified challenges are fake news, bullying, defamation, media manipulation and democracy damage. The aim of this study was to analyse and discuss how deepfakes could affect entertainment, education and digital news media in positive and negative ways. The chosen research strategy was a qualitative cross-sectional study to create a snapshot of current attitudes in blogs, online discussion fora and from a selected expert panel. Firstly, blogs and internet discussion fora on deepfakes and AI were analysed inductively. Secondly, results from the previous step were used to create a question scheme for semi-structured interviews with some selected experts that have relevant knowledge in the field of AI and deepfakes. Finally, interviews answered were analysed thematically using the Technology Affordances and Constraints Theory as an analytical lens. Findings show that deepfakes at the same time have a wide variety of affordances, but also some critical constraints to consider. In the affordance part, there are the potential use of deepfakes for speculative and provoking concepts, not only as entertainment, but also to illustrate educational scenarios that are hard or impossible to capture in traditional videos, images or sound recordings. Furthermore, there are many affordances for entertainment and the creation of environments where realism is not an important condition. Some examples are video game graphics, animated film background music in games and music videos. However, the conclusion is that the findings comprise more of constraints than of affordances, where the serious negative aspect of deepfakes can lead to psychological, financial and social harm. Many images and videos in news media have already been manipulated during the last decades, but deepfakes can take this to a new and more problematic level where the overall trust might disappear. The author’s recommendation is to further increase the focus on source criticism and that discussions on which sources to trust should be an early introduced part of educational programmes.

Improving health and preventing cancer through a better transport system in Aotearoa/New Zealand

ABSTRACT The transport system influences health, including the onset of new cancers, in both positive and negative ways. Transport affects the frequency of cancer via access to healthcare, employment and other goods and services of society; physical (in)activity; exposure to transport-related pollution and climate change. In addition, avoidable transport health impacts overload the health system that delivers cancer care. The current transport system in Aotearoa/New Zealand is the result of policy choices made in the last 50–70 years which have privileged the private motor vehicle. We discuss examples of local work to support a healthier transport system, including action research with government partners creating infrastructure to support healthy travel, health professional advocacy in transport policy processes and involvement in coronial processes and a subsequent government advisory group. These, and other attempts at change, have had limited impact because of the elements that hold the current system in place; the weak regulatory architecture and institutions, commercial influences on policy and funding arrangements. Creating a healthy, cancer-preventing transport system requires not just focus on specific policy changes but reform of the policy making apparatus to ensure healthy people and planet are at the centre of decision making.

One health: the impact of environment, detergents and hygiene on barrier, microbiome and allergy

SummaryA variety of body surfaces, such as skin and mucosal membranes—from the nasopharyngeal area to the lungs, uterus, vaginal area, and digestive tract—contain complex microbial ecosystems that are tailored to the specifics of the respective niche [1].The so-called dysbiosis—a disadvantageous change in the composition of the microbiome—is associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases [2]. Gastrointestinal as well as cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, psychological, oncological, and also allergic diseases have been linked to microbial dysbiosis. Susceptibility to allergies can be due to genetic predisposition; in addition, extrinsic factors from today’s lifestyle increasingly contribute to microbiome changes, but also to the disruption of the skin and mucosal barrier and thus to the development of allergies [3].Gisela, a fictional farmer, guides us through this review. She is representative of adults and children of all genders in industrialized countries. During her daily routine, the skin and mucosal microbiome is influenced by a variety of exogenous factors. These include everyday personal hygiene products, detergents for laundry and dishes, food, medication, animal contact, and exposure to various outdoor environments. Gisela’s daily routine will illustrate how the human microbiome and the skin barrier are modified in positive or negative ways, and how this could influence the development of allergies. Furthermore, potential measures for the prevention and management of dysbiosis will be discussed in terms of examples of alternative products and behaviors.

Sound absorption properties of different green wall systems

Façade of the buildings generally consists of acoustically rigid materials. They reflect or scatter sound emitting from sound sources especially main roads thus affects sound environment in a negative way. Applying green walls can be nature-based solution to these urban scale noise. The aim of this research is to compare green wall systems in terms of sound absorption and to determine which one is more effective. Sound absorption at normal incidence of 8 different green wall systems measured via impedance tube in accordance with TS ISO EN 10534-2 standard for 50-6400 Hz. The ivy type, evergreen Hedera Helix plant was used. Potting soil or felt or rock wool was used as a growth medium. As a result, it was seen that the sound absorption of the 'plant + 20 cm potting soil + 10 cm air gap' green wall system was higher than the others. It is followed by the system with 'plant + 20 cm potting soil', 'plant + 3 cm felt + 10 cm air gap' and 'plant + 3 cm rock wool + 10 cm air gap' systems. The sound absorption value was found to be lowest when the plant was applied only as a green façade.

THE ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE TREND: THE IMPACTS ON ORAL HEALTH

Objective: The objective of this narrative literature review article is to address the electronic cigarette, an invention created in recent years, which has been widely used by adolescents, young people and adults, and is a product that has been causing several problems in the oral mucosa, dental structure and oral health, impacting in an extremely negative way. Methodology: To construct this narrative literature review article, a methodology was outlined in a thoughtful and strategic way, so that the maximum amount of information that could be added to the topic of the article could be obtained from online books, doctoral and master's theses, course completion papers, case reports, review articles, monographs, PICs and research on the topic addressed. Thus, to obtain this range of information, research was carried out in the following databases and websites: DeCs, BVS/BIREME, PROSPERO, Web of Science, CAPES Periodicals Portal, Science Direct, Scielo, PUBMED Central, The Cochrane Library, LUMEN ET VIRTUS Magazine, FT Magazine, Research, society and development journal combined with the Google Academy website. Results: The electronic cigarette was initially created as something that was supposed to be less corrosive and would cause fewer problems than the conventional cigarette, being something that was created for people who already smoke, so that they would start using this “healthier” cigarette, until the dependence diminished so that smokers could later quit all types of cigarettes. Conclusion: Thus, it is seen that the electronic cigarette has a range of harmful effects on the human body, being a product that causes problems in the oral cavity.

Investigating the mediating role of digital game addiction in the relationship between adolescents’ school belonging and resilience

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the mediating role of digital game addiction in the relationship between school belonging and psychological resilience of adolescents in middle school. Considering school belonging together with digital game addiction may help to better understand the risk and protective factors of psychological resilience and to create a comprehensive model of psychological resilience. Method The sample consisted of 316 secondary school students aged between 11 and 14 (M = 12.84), 47.5% (n = 150) female and 52.5% (n = 166) male. Data were collected using a demographic information form and three self-report scales. In addition to descriptive statis- tics, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Bootstrap Analysis were used to analyses the data. The mediating role of digital game addiction in the relationship between school belonging and resilience was analysed using the Bootstrap method with 5000 resamples. This approach is regarded as providing more accurate results compared to the Sobel test. Results The results of the study show that there are significant positive relationships between school belonging and psychological resilience and negative relationships with digital game addiction. Also, the results of the study revealed that the mediating role of digital game addiction in the effect of school belonging on adolescents’ psychological resilience was statistically significant. Conclusion It was revealed that digital game addiction, which affects both psychological resilience and school belonging, which is a protective factor, in a very negative way, is a mediating variable whose effect should be reduced or eliminated.

INTERRELATION OF PHARMACOLOGICAL QUALITIES VIZ; RASA- GUNAVIRYA-VIPAKA-PRABHAVA WITH RESPECT TO THEIR STRENGTH (BALABAL NIRUPANA)

Ayurveda is founded on the Tridosha theory. The primary objective of the mind and the body is to establish Tridosha balance, encompassing Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. When all three forms of dravyas (Jangam, Audabhid, and Parthiva), i.e., food or drug, also pass through the human body, they elicit a reaction that impacts the Tridoshas in either a positive or negative way. Drugs' therapeutic potential is also linked to qualities such as Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka, and Prabhava. These qualities of medication are known as Panchapadarthas or Pachagunas. Dravya's biological effects are substantially influenced by its inherent features, including Vipaka and Prabhava. These pharmacological qualities contribute to the pacification of significant Tridoshas and restore equilibrium between Dhatu, Mala, Srotas, and Agni. Their strength determines the interrelationship of these pharmacological properties and their subsequent effect on one another is called Balabal Nirupana. Ancient Ayurvedic Acharyas and manuscripts explain some fundamental laws underlying this idea. This paper will discover how a Dravya operates by applying ancient Ayurvedic principles.

Prayer and Mental Well-Being in the United States: An Overview of Original and Comprehensive Prayer Data.

The Baylor Religion Survey (Wave 6; 2021) contains the most comprehensive set of prayer questions of any national survey of the USA; it also contains multiple indicators of mental health and well-being, specifically measures of happiness, depression, anxiety, sense of control, mattering, and dignity. This paper provides a complete overview of how various dimensions of prayer correlate with these different aspects of well-being. While many of these relationships will require more intensive investigation, our synopsis provides confirmation of past expectations using new data. Overall, we find that prayer is related to mental well-being in both positive and negative ways. Specifically, we find that praying with others and positive emotions felt during prayer are correlated with greater overall mental health and more positive self-concepts. However, we also find that petitionary prayer topics, belief that God is impersonal, and negative emotions felt during prayer coincide with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and a lack of control. Generally, these conclusions hold after controlling for basic demographics, religious tradition, and church attendance, which confirms that mental well-being is related to the practice of prayer in both beneficial and detrimental ways.

Taxonomic diversity of amphibians (Amphibia, Anura) and reptiles (Reptilia, Testudines, Squamata) in a heterogeneous landscape in west-central Mexico: a checklist and notes on geographical distributions.

In Mexico, land use changes have significantly impacted the diversity of amphibians and reptiles in a negative way. In light of this, we evaluate the alpha and beta components of the taxonomic diversity of amphibians and reptiles in a heterogeneous landscape in west-central Mexico. Additionally, we provide a checklist of amphibian and reptile species recorded over nine years of observations within the studied landscape and surrounding areas. The land cover/use types with the highest species richness and alpha taxonomic diversity differed between amphibians and reptiles. Overall beta taxonomic diversity was high for both groups, but slightly higher in reptiles. This taxonomic differentiation mainly corresponded to a difference in the turnover component and was greater in pristine habitats compared to disturbed ones. The checklist records 20 species of amphibians (ten of which are endemic) and 48 of reptiles (30 endemics). Additionally, the study expands the known geographical distribution range of one species of frog and three species of snakes. Our findings suggest that heterogeneous landscapes with diverse land cover/use types can provide essential habitats for the conservation of amphibian and reptile species.

Огюст Конт и режим Второй империи

The article analyzes the doctrine of the late Comte in his attitude to the Bona­partist regime. Although Comte experienced a short-term fascination with Napoleon’s personality in his youth, from the Restoration period he spoke of the empire in a negative way. At the same time, the coming to power of Louis Bonaparte seemed to him a favorable omen for the fate of positivism. Through public lectures on the philosophy of human history allowed by the new regime, he set the task of influencing public opinion. The Bonapartist coup met the full approval from the founder of positivism, and he did not renounce this kind of as­sessment even later. The transformation of republican power seemed inevitable to him: from parliamentarism to dictatorship. In this regard the dictatorship was conceived as a transitional stage to a true positivist regime. The idea of centra­lizing power impressed Comte, so he interpreted the coup as a logical conse­quence of the entire previous history of France. This was more than an episode. But then the philosopher became disappointed with Bonapartist politics. The presi­dent proclaimed an empire, which, in the opinion of the philosopher, acted only as a metamorphosis of an obsolete monarchical principle. But Comte did not refuse to adhere to the “republican dictatorship”, he spoke of the need for a posi­tivist triumvirate to come to power, personally outlined by him. He assigned himself the role of a spiritual mentor of secular power, the high priest of the new, scientific religion of Mankind. Both the philosopher and the emperor saw their mission as helping to end the era of revolutions. But the ways of its implementa­tion were thought so differently that there was no way to synchronize the two political positions

Trust and distrust in public governance settings: Conceptualising and testing the link in regulatory relations

ABSTRACT The relationship between trust and distrust in public governance is still an open question. In the literature, three different perspectives on how trust and distrust are related are intensively debated: (1) trust and distrust as two ends of the same conceptual continuum; (2) trust and distrust as opposites, but with neutral ground in between; and (3) trust and distrust as related, yet distinct concepts. Employing a new measure for distrust and by using perceptual data on trust and distrust in regulatory agencies from multiple types of stakeholders in nine countries and three sectors, this article shows that high trust and high distrust can co-exist at the same time, and that trust and distrust are negatively correlated only to a limited extent. Moreover, while trustworthiness correlates strongly with trust, trustworthiness does not or only weakly correlate with distrust in a negative way. These findings are robust even when controlling for respondents' characteristics, different types of stakeholders, sectors and countries. This suggests that in public governance settings trust and distrust should be considered as distinct concepts, and the article calls for more research into the distinctiveness of the measurement, causes and effects of distrust, compared to trust.

A Study of Effects of Stress Level on Job Performance

To study the Effects of stress level on job performance. Stress levels can significantly impact job performance, often in both positive and negative ways. Moderate stress can enhance focus, motivation, and productivity, pushing employees to meet deadlines and solve problems more efficiently. However, excessive stress tends to have detrimental effects, leading to burnout, decreased job satisfaction, and lower performance quality. High stress levels can impair cognitive functions, reduce decision-making abilities, and increase absenteeism. Organizations that manage stress through supportive policies and resources can help mitigate these adverse effects, fostering a healthier, more productive work environment.This study looks at how stress affects work performance using a mixed-methods approach. It employs both quantitative and qualitative techniques, combining structured and open-ended surveys with descriptive research to collect extensive data from corporate staff members. The methodology applies statistical techniques like ANOVA and percentage analysis to assure accuracy, integrating SPSS software for data analysis. Purposive sampling is employed, along with questionnaires for primary data collection, with the goal of reducing bias and increasing validity.The regression Test in the study demonstrated that stress explained around 50.3% of the variability in job performance, highlighting its significance in workplace dynamics.

Populus trichocarpa EXPA6 Facilitates Radial and Longitudinal Transport of Na+ under Salt Stress.

Expansins are cell wall (CW) proteins that mediate the CW loosening and regulate salt tolerance in a positive or negative way. However, the role of Populus trichocarpa expansin A6 (PtEXPA6) in salt tolerance and the relevance to cell wall loosening is still unclear in poplars. PtEXPA6 gene was transferred into the hybrid species, Populus alba × P. tremula var. glandulosa (84K) and Populus tremula × P. alba INRA '717-1B4' (717-1B4). Under salt stress, the stem growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, activity and transcription of antioxidant enzymes, Na+ content, and Na+ flux of root xylem and petiole vascular bundle were investigated in wild-type and transgenic poplars. The correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the correlations among the characteristics and principal components. Our results show that the transcription of PtEXPA6 was downregulated upon a prolonged duration of salt stress (48 h) after a transient increase induced by NaCl (100 mM). The PtEXPA6-transgenic poplars of 84K and 717-1B4 showed a greater reduction (42-65%) in stem height and diameter growth after 15 days of NaCl treatment compared with wild-type (WT) poplars (11-41%). The Na+ accumulation in roots, stems, and leaves was 14-83% higher in the transgenic lines than in the WT. The Na+ buildup in the transgenic poplars affects photosynthesis; the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT); and the transcription of PODa2, SOD [Cu-Zn], and CAT1. Transient flux kinetics showed that the Na+ efflux of root xylem and leaf petiole vascular bundle were 1.9-3.5-fold greater in the PtEXPA6-transgenic poplars than in the WT poplars. PtEXPA6 overexpression increased root contractility and extensibility by 33% and 32%, indicating that PtEXPA6 increased the CW loosening in the transgenic poplars of 84K and 717-1B4. Noteworthily, the PtEXPA6-promoted CW loosening was shown to facilitate Na+ efflux of root xylem and petiole vascular bundle in the transgenic poplars. We conclude that the overexpression of PtEXPA6 leads to CW loosening that facilitates the radial translocation of Na+ into the root xylem and the subsequent Na+ translocation from roots to leaves, resulting in an excessive Na+ accumulation and consequently, reducing salt tolerance in transgenic poplars. Therefore, the downregulation of PtEXPA6 in NaCl-treated Populus trichocarpa favors the maintenance of ionic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis under long-term salt stress.