Negative Tone Research Articles

(236) Evaluating the Social Media Landscape Surrounding Men’s Health Conditions in Testicular Cancer Patients

Abstract Introduction Forms of sexual dysfunction remain some of the most common concerns amongst testicular cancer survivors. While it is commonly reported, discussions surrounding male sexual dysfunction among patients with testicular cancer in public social media forums are understudied. Objective We sought to evaluate themes and tones on Reddit, a large social media platform, regarding men’s health conditions in patients with testicular cancer. Methods We retrospectively analyzed discussion posts on Reddit using qualitative analysis and natural language processing-based sentiment analysis. Using the Reddit application programming interface (API), 1000 posts from April to June 2023 were extracted from the subreddit r/testicularcancer, which is dedicated to discussions related to testicular cancer and has >5,900 active members. Men’s health issues were defined to include erectile dysfunction, low libido, testicular discomfort, or ejaculatory dysfunction (e.g., delayed or premature ejaculation, anejaculation, painful ejaculation). Qualitative analysis was performed to determine overall themes within discussion posts. Sentiment analysis was performed using the validated tool VADER, which is specifically attuned to sentiments expressed on social media platforms and assigns a score for each post that can be interpreted as having a positive (score of 1), neutral (score of 0), or negative (score of -1) sentiment. Results A total of 148 posts were randomly selected for thematic and sentiment analysis. Notable discussion themes from the posts include discussing treatment options (e.g., chemotherapy vs. surgery vs. observation) offered by the physician (24.3%); asking about side effects of treatment (17.6%); discussing a patient’s personal journey with testicular cancer (33.1%); asking for advice from the online community (68.9%); and discussing various emotions (frustration, anxiety, stress, etc.) (28.4%). Fifteen (10.1%) posts mentioned a men’s health issue within the text body. Of these 15 posts, 7 discussed low libido, 4 discussed testicular pain or discomfort, 3 highlighted ejaculatory dysfunction, and 1 highlighted a physiologic effect of low testosterone levels. The mean (SD) VADER score was 0.1 (0.9); most posts (75; 51.0%) had a positive sentiment while 62 (42.2%) had a negative sentiment. Posts discussing men’s health issues did not have a significantly stronger positive or negative tone than other posts (p = 0.83). Conclusions On Reddit, the slim majority of posts had positive sentiment and patients seemed to prioritize discussing their journey with testicular cancer and its various treatment options along with asking for community advice and second opinions. Upon initial analysis, a smaller but notable percentage of posts mentioned a men’s health issue, indicating that men’s health issues may be underdiscussed on social media venues despite its prevalence in this particularly vulnerable patient population. A variety of reasons may explain this, including stigma involving discussing sexual dysfunction in public forums and a lack of prioritization and focus on men’s health issues in the context of living with cancer. Disclosure No.

Digital diplomacy and domestic audience: how official discourse shapes nationalist sentiments in China

This article aims to reveal the domestic implications of China’s digital diplomacy by centring the interaction between official diplomatic discourses and Chinese nationalist sentiments. Examining diplomatic discourse presented by Chinese foreign affairs spokespersons and the related nationalist comments of the Chinese domestic audience, this study illustrates the dynamic interplay between official diplomatic discourses, the salience of other, and nationalist sentiments. The findings suggest that China’s digital diplomatic discourse can influence the dynamic of domestic nationalist sentiments. A positive diplomatic tone contributes to more positive nationalist sentiments through an enhanced sense of national identification. Conversely, a negative tone of diplomatic discourse tends to generate more negative nationalist sentiments through intensified social comparison and derogation, particularly in the presence of salient foreign others. The study puts forward the theoretical commensurability between digital diplomacy, social identity theories, and nationalism construction. It also offers practical insights into China’s multifaceted nationalist communication and digital diplomacy strategies.

Decoding Twitter: Sentiment Analysis with Machine Learning

This research undertakes a comprehensive examination of sentiment analysis on Twitter, leveraging the power of machine learning methodologies. With a focus on decoding the intricate landscape of emotions within the Twitterverse, the study aims to provide valuable insights into understanding sentiments expressed in this dynamic social media platform. The primary objective is to employ machine learning techniques to unravel the underlying sentiments, encompassing positive, negative, and neutral tones within the brevity of Twitter communication. The methodology involves the collection of a diverse dataset of tweets, followed by meticulous preprocessing steps to handle noise, eliminate irrelevant information, and perform tokenization. Feature extraction techniques, such as TF-IDF, are employed to convert textual data into numerical vectors, facilitating the subsequent application of various machine learning models. These models, ranging from traditional approaches like Naive Bayes to advanced ones like Support Vector Machines, are implemented and rigorously evaluated based on key performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score.

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING EMPLOYING SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON THE PUBLIC VOICE OF FILIPINOS DURING CRISIS SITUATIONS

Aims: This Natural Language Processing study examined the sentiments of Filipinos in crisis situations using Twitter data. The goal was to identify the prevalent emotional tone, categorize sentiments, and explore variations across different types of crises. Study design: Qualitative Research using Natural Language Processing Place and Duration of Study: Philippines, 2019 - 2023 Methodology: There were 10,000 tweets that narrate the public voice of Filipinos during crisis situations that were analyzed using sentiment analysis. They were mined using Apify Easy Twitter Search Scraper. Results were analyzed using Orange Software and Plutchik’s Emotional Wheel via Box Plot. Results: Results show that the dominant public voice is neutral, this is followed by positive and negative tones. This means that Filipinos mainly share information, describe their situations, and seek clarifications during crises. It is further revealed that joy was the most dominant emotion, followed by sadness, trust, surprise, fear, disgust, anticipation, and anger. This means that even in crisis, Filipinos wish peoples safety, pray for the situation and give jokes to lighten the mood. The order of dominant emotions or tone for earthquake, inflation, and typhoon followed a pattern of neutral, positive and negative. The pandemic stood out, featuring a dominant neutral tone, followed by negative and then positive. Conclusion: These Findings Offer Valuable Insights for Refining Government Crisis Response Strategies. Additionally, This Underscores the Significance Of Recognizing And Understanding Emotions In Communication, Providing Valuable Guidance For Educators And Students. KEYWORDS: Education, applied linguistics, natural language processing, sentiment analysis,public voice, emotional tone, Philippines

Social Media Posts About Distal Radius Fracture: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Patient and Provider Perspectives.

Social media offers a popular, unfiltered source of patient and provider perspectives on health care. This study investigated the characteristics of social media posts referencing distal radius fracture (DRF). Content was queried from Instagram from February 06, 2019, to December 08, 2021, using the hashtags "#distalradiusfracture" and "#wristfracture." The 1500 most-liked posts were analyzed. Poster demographics including age, gender, region, laterality, and treatment type and post characteristics including post type, number, content, timing relative to treatment, tone, and satisfaction were examined. Variables were compared using χ2 tests. Univariate, multivariate, and stepwise regression were performed. The most popular post formats were single photo (44.5%), multiple photos (32.3%), and single video (13.9%). Patients (40.3%) were the most common poster followed by surgeons (33.4%). Men (48.7%) and women (51.3) were evenly represented. Of the total posts, 87.7% depicted the post-treatment phase of care; 54.8% of posts depicted operative management, while 26.6% depicted non-operative management; and 73.7% of posts were positive in tone, 18.7% neutral, and 7.6% negative. Univariate analysis demonstrated that posters who were patients, friends/family of patients, female, and posts with >100 "likes" were more likely to share negative tones. Multivariate and stepwise regression were consistent with the above. Most posts regarding DRF originate from patients, are post-treatment, and are positive. Negative tone is associated with posts from patients, family/friends of patients, female posters, and posts with >100 likes. With this information, surgeons will be better prepared to address patient concerns, manage expectations, and actively participate in social media themselves.

Representation of Invisible Illnesses in Nigeria Newspapers (June 2023 – June 2024): A Mixed-Method Study

Invisible illnesses, such as mental health conditions, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia among many other medical conditions with no symptom visibility. These invisible conditions are often misunderstood due to their lack of visible symptoms, and also low representation on many media of communication which have failed in term of sensitization and informing audiences about these conditions. This study used two research methods by combining content analysis and survey research, to examine the representation of invisible illnesses in Nigerian newspapers. The findings reveal disparities in Nigeria Newspapers coverage, with predominantly neutral tone with some negative tones taking few percentages stance, and a focus on news stories with limited personal narratives in the coverages. The survey results show low public awareness and understanding of invisible illnesses, with perceived negative and stigmatizing media coverage. The study highlighted the need for increased sensitization, balanced representation, and personal stories to promote understanding and empathy. The findings have implications for media reporting, public health education, and support for individuals affected by invisible illnesses.

Kultura otkazivanja na tviteru - otkazivanje Rusa i Ukrajinaca u kontekstu rusko-ukrajinskog rata

This research deals with the analysis of the phenomenon of cancel culture on the social network Twitter in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Cancel culture as a social phenomenon is becoming increasingly important on social networks, and Twitter has become the key environment for expressing and sharing opinions on this topic. The aim of this research is to understand how Twitter users shape the discourse on cancel culture during the current Russian-Ukrainian war, as well as to assess the intensity of this phenomenon in two different time periods - March 2022 and March 2023. The quantitative-qualitative method of content analysis and discourse analysis was used in the research. The research findings indicate that cancel culture intensified in March 2023 compared to March 2022. The research results highlight that a greater number of tweets were written in a negative tone, manifested in aggressive and insulting comments and sharp polarization into two opposing camps, which corresponds to the characteristic patterns of cancel culture when it comes to Twitter. The use of hashtags has proven to be a powerful tool for promoting ideologies and constructing meaning, enabling the creation of a particular narrative and eliciting connections with like-minded people. The research provides a deeper insight into the dynamics of cancel culture on Twitter in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, demonstrating how social and political events shape the perception and opinions of Twitter users.

ULUSAL HABER WEB SİTELERİNDE KİŞİLİK BOZUKLUKLARININ DAMGALAMA AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Societies consider the media as an important source of information on psychological disorders. Evaluated from this perspective, the content of news in the media may contribute to an increase in stigmatization. This study aims to examine the news related to personality disorders on the most traffic-receiving news websites in Turkey in terms of stigmatization. The content analysis method was employed in this research. Relevant news between January 1, 2019, and January 1, 2023, were included and evaluated. The news was segregated by researchers into four main themes: informative, crime-related, culture/art/events, and entertainment) based on similarities in content. In terms of stigmatization, the news content was assessed under headings such as murder, violence, threat/harassment, and others (deception, fraud, self-harm). The news content scanned in four media outlets between 2019 and 2023 was classified as negative or neutral. 54.26% of the news was negative, while 45.74% was neutral. According to the data, 54.26% of the news was negative, while 45.74% was neutral. The utilization of murder was observed in 20.00% of news articles with negative content, while violence was present in 25.71% of such articles. Among the negatively toned news, 20.00% was associated with murder, 25.71% with violence, 18.57% with threat/harassment, and 35.72% with other forms of stigmatization (deception, fraud, self-harm). In 60.00% of the news, the person’s photograph was included, while 54.29% included the person's name. These statistics suggest that these topics were employed to stigmatize certain individuals or groups. Photographic representations of individuals were employed in 60.00% of the news articles, while the mention of individuals’ names was seen in 54.29% of the news articles. Considering the scope of the issue and the stigmatizing content in the media, these results support the need for strong national and international alliances against stigma to coordinate the linguistic content in the news.

Forecasting the Future Feature: How Film Industry Hierarchies Shaped Trailer Discourse, 1919–1959

The coming attraction film trailer has successfully maintained its prominent role within film promotion for over a hundred years. This article explores the shifting historical status of the trailer within the film industry and how industry trade press reported on its development and widespread adoption. Across this period these publications worked to delineate the discursive borders within which trailer debate occurred: from attacks on the trailer’s usefulness to related claims of accuracy and fidelity. Exploring the creation of this discourse challenges the idea that the increasingly negative tone around the film trailer in the twenty first century is a uniquely modern phenomenon. The article argues that these initial industry strategies need to be understood in relation to key cultural and industrial concerns around commerce and artistry, critical cultural gatekeeping, and broader interests in forecasting. By focusing on a largely overlooked element of the classical Hollywood system, we demonstrate how trailers existed in a disputed space within that system: a crucial promotional tool but also a creatively potent film text.

Photo-Imageable Dielectrics Enabling Structured MEMS and 2.5D / 3D Bonding Systems

DuPont has developed a new Photo-Imageable Dielectric (PID) to complement its existing permanent bonding materials. The CYCLOTENEâ?¢ family of dielectric materials are well known for use as a permanent dielectric and have seen significant use in commercial applications including BSI CMOS image sensors, integrated passive devices and as an optical bonding adhesive. For new applications, there is a desire to have a thermal stable material that can be patterned to eliminate the material from the metal joining region or from the light path. We will demonstrate in this paper that the solvent developed PID as well as our existing aqueous developable PID are both capable of wafer to wafer bonding after photo imaging and development. In addition to bonding using a commercial wafer to wafer bonding tool, we have shown that wafer to wafer bonding is achievable using a two-stage vacuum laminator. Optimization of the curing process will be discussed to prevent any separation or reflow of the PID as well as achieving the maximum adhesion energy after full cure. Finally, we will show the use of the negative tone PID as a solder collar or polymer dam to enable high density flip chip bonding using 15?m Sn/Ag capped copper pillars with a 1:1.5 pitch to a and 18?m polymer openings with a 1:1.08 pitch in 10mm x 10mm dies as well as outline the process we will use to extend this approach to Cu-Cu hybrid bonding.

Connecting Soft Power, Message Framing, and Political Actors’ Involvement in Online Media: The Case of ASEAN

The research aims to examine media message framing in the selected Southeast Asia countries (Indonesia and the Philippines) surrounding events focusing on ASEAN’s 50th anniversary in 2017. The research explores the relations between media framing and ASEAN’s soft power, taking an interdisciplinary research approach combining political communication studies and international relations. The concept of soft power is divided into (a) strategic narrative and message framing and (b) state and non-state actors’ involvement in the communication process. The research uses qualitative content analysis and utilizes Atlas.ti software to conduct the coding process of online news items as the primary data. The main findings are as follows. First, ASEAN is portrayed with a rather positive tone on economic and socio-cultural issues. Second, ASEAN is portrayed on balance in a negative tone on political-security issues. Third, ASEAN state actors deliver more positive statements about ASEAN. Fourth, ASEAN non-state actors depict more negative statements about ASEAN. This research argues that positive news about economic and socio-cultural issues will likely enhance ASEAN’s soft power. On the other hand, communication with a negative tone about political-security issues may hinder the development of the institution’s soft power. ASEAN’s soft power is influenced by the communication of both state and non-state actors.

A case study of bilingual neurogenic stuttering: Measures of fluency, emotion, and articulation rate

IntroductionThis study explores the features of bilingual neurogenic stuttering and the potential connection between emotion and articulation rate on speech disfluencies. MethodThe participant is a 59-year old, Yiddish-English bilingual male with a moderate non-fluent aphasia. Thirty-two narratives (16 in each language), elicited using cue words, were analyzed for frequency of disfluency, type of disfluency (stuttering vs. non-stuttering-like), word-type (content vs. function), within-word location of disfluency, and occurrence of accessory behaviors. Additionally, the percentage and type of emotion (positive vs. negative) expressed, and articulation rate (fluent syllables spoken/duration of fluent utterances) was assessed. ResultsDisfluency occurred in each language with approximately equal frequency. The most common stuttering-like disfluencies were repetitions (monosyllabic, sound, and syllable) and prolongations. The most common non-stuttering-like disfluencies were self-correction/revisions, phrase and multisyllabic word repetitions, and pauses (silent and filled). In both languages, disfluencies occurred on both content and function words, but primarily content words, and in any position of the word, although primarily initial position. No accessory behaviors were noted. There was a similar amount of emotion words used in each language although the first acquired language, L1/Yiddish, had an overall more positive tone, and his second acquired language, L2/English, had a more negative tone. Additionally, there was a negative relationship between emotion and the number of disfluencies in L1/Yiddish, and a positive relationship in L2/English. A faster articulation rate was found in his native and more proficient language, Yiddish, than English. There was a negative relationship between articulation rate and the number of disfluencies in L1/Yiddish, and a positive relationship in L2/English. ConclusionsCross-linguistics differences for emotion and articulation rate demonstrates that these aspects impact on fluency and contributes to the disfluencies in each language. Clinical implications of the study demonstrates the importance of assessment of bilingual (i.e., proficiency and dominance) and fluency features of each language in the diagnostic process and the significance of considering emotional processes and articulation rate as part of a comprehensive intervention plan for acquired stuttering.

Instagram and lumbar discectomy surgery: An evaluation of patients’ perception of surgery in social media

Background/Aim: Most scoring systems in healthcare take into account the physical condition and pain status of a patient, but the impact of society on the individual is ignored. The aim of our study was to evaluate the social media posts made by patients regarding lumbar discectomy surgery. The objective was to identify and explore concerns and issues that may not be immediately evident during clinical evaluations but are significant to the patients themselves. Methods: Public posts with the hashtags #discectomy, #lumbardisectomy, and #discectomyrecovery were examined on the Instagram application. The tone of the post, return to sports (RTS), rehabilitation or physical therapy (PT), return to work (RTW), incision site (e.g., scarring, sutures, and dressing), pain, activities of daily living (ADL), and X-ray/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were evaluated. The "Instagram likes ratio" was determined by dividing the total number of likes received for each post by the number of followers. Results: 272 posts were assessed, and 77.9% of them exhibited a positive tone. The topic that was most frequently discussed was ADL, which was discussed in 24.6% of the posts. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between positive tone and ADL, as well as positive tone and RTS (P<0.001). A statistically significant correlation was observed between negative tone and neurological deficits, pain, and X-ray/MRI findings (P<0.001). Conclusion: Our study offers a unique perspective on the experience and satisfaction of patients who have undergone lumbar discectomy. Neurologic deficits and pain were notably significant in the negative posts. However, in general, the majority of the posts maintained a positive tone. The results could provide insights into patients' experiences and perspectives that can potentially inform healthcare professionals in providing more comprehensive and patient-centered care.

Does negativity matter under the principle-based approach? Evidence from narrative reporting in the UK

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the association between negative tone in annual report narratives and future performance in the UK context. Under the principle-based approach in the UK, managers tend to bias the tone of narrative reports upward, as the reporting regime is more flexible than the rule-based approach in the USA. Consequently, any negative disclosure not mandated by regulators conveys credible information about a firm’s prospects.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a sample of UK FTSE all-share non-financial companies from 2010 to 2019. The authors use the textual-analysis approach based on Loughran and McDonald (2011)’s wordlist (LM) to measure the negative tone in UK annual reports.FindingsThe results show a significant negative association between negative tone and future performance. Moreover, our further analyses suggest that only the negativity in the executive section of the annual disclosures correlates significantly with future performance. In summary, this study suggests that negativity does matter under the principle-based approach and can be used as an indicator of future performance.Originality/valueIn contrast to the literature arguing that only positivity has the power to affect a firm’s outcomes under the principle-based approach, the authors provide new empirical evidence suggesting that negativity also matters within the UK context and can be used as an indicator for future performance. Also, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to identify which section of the annual report is more informative about a firm’s future performance.

The online language of work-personal conflict

With the blurring of boundaries in this digital age, there is increasing concern around work-personal conflict. Assessing and tracking work-personal conflict is critical as it not only affects individual workers but is also a vital measure among broader well-being and economic indices. This inductive study examines the extent to which work-personal conflict corresponds to individuals’ language use on social media. We apply an open-vocabulary analysis to the posts of 2810 Facebook users who also completed a survey for an established work-personal conflict scale. It was found that the language-based model can predict personal-to-work conflict (r = 0.23) and work-to-personal conflict (r = 0.15) and provide important insights into such conflicts. Specifically, we found that high personal-to-work conflict was associated with netspeak and swearing, while low personal-to-work conflict was associated with language about work and positivity. We found that high work-to-personal conflict was associated with negative emotion and negative tone, while low work-to-personal conflict was associated with positive emotion and language about birthdays.

Tone of narrative disclosures and earnings management: UK evidence

This paper investigates whether a relationship exists between the tone of narrative disclosures and engagement in earnings management activities. Using FTSE all-share nonfinancial firms, our estimates show a significant association between the tone of narrative disclosure (measured by the percentage of positive words, negative words, and net tone) and the prevalence of earnings management. The results also suggest that manipulating firms, which represent extreme cases of earnings management, are more likely to use less negative tone to conceal their fraudulent practices. In contrast, non-manipulating firms tend to use more positive tone to mask their involvement in managing earnings. Additionally, the paper examines the market reaction to both earnings management and the tone of narrative disclosure. The findings reveal that earnings management and net tone are positively associated with abnormal market returns for non-manipulating firms, but have no significant association for manipulating firms. Overall, the paper highlights the important role of the tone of narrative disclosures in providing clarity to the numbers presented in annual reports.

Tone complexity and analyst forecast behaviors: evidence from earnings conference calls

PurposeBoth the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) and the popular press have routinely criticized firms for the complexity of their financial disclosures. This study aims to investigate how financial analysts respond to the tone complexity of firm disclosures.Design/methodology/approachUsing approximately 20,000 earnings conference call transcripts of S&P 1,500 firms between 2005 and 2015, the authors first calculate the abnormal negative tone, the measure of tone complexity; then use such tone measure in econometric models to examine analyst forecast behavior. The authors also test the robustness of the results under different model specifications, tone word lists and alternative tone measure calculations.FindingsConsistent with the notion that analysts respond to the information demand from investors and incur more costs and effort to analyze firm disclosure when the tone is more complex, the authors find that higher tone complexity is positively and significantly associated with more analyst following, longer report duration, more forecast revisions, larger forecast error and larger forecast dispersion. In addition, the authors find that tone complexity has a long-term impact on analyst following but has a limited long-term impact on analyst report duration, analyst revision, forecast error and dispersion.Originality/valueThis study complements existing literature by highlighting the information role of financial analysts and by providing evidence that analysts incorporate the management tone disclosed during conference calls to adjust their forecasting behaviors. The results can be used by policymakers as evidence and support for further improving firm communication from a new dimension of disclosure tone.

Investigating the Readability and Linguistic, Psychological, and Emotional Characteristics of Digital Dementia Information Written in the English Language: Multitrait-Multimethod Text Analysis.

Past research in the Western context found that people with dementia search for digital dementia information in peer-reviewed medical research articles, dementia advocacy and medical organizations, and blogs written by other people with dementia. This past work also demonstrated that people with dementia do not perceive English digital dementia information as emotionally or cognitively accessible. In this study, we sought to investigate the readability; linguistic, psychological, and emotional characteristics; and target audiences of digital dementia information. We conducted a textual analysis of 3 different types of text-based digital dementia information written in English: 300 medical articles, 35 websites, and 50 blogs. We assessed the text's readability using the Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level measurements, as well as tone, analytical thinking, clout, authenticity, and word frequencies using a natural language processing tool, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Generator. We also conducted a thematic analysis to categorize the target audiences for each information source and used these categorizations for further statistical analysis. The median Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level readability score and Flesch Reading Ease score for all types of information (N=1139) were 12.1 and 38.6, respectively, revealing that the readability scores of all 3 information types were higher than the minimum requirement. We found that medical articles had significantly (P=.05) higher word count and analytical thinking scores as well as significantly lower clout, authenticity, and emotional tone scores than websites and blogs. Further, blogs had significantly (P=.48) higher word count and authenticity scores but lower analytical scores than websites. Using thematic analysis, we found that most of the blogs (156/227, 68.7%) and web pages (399/612, 65.2%) were targeted at people with dementia. Website information targeted at a general audience had significantly lower readability scores. In addition, website information targeted at people with dementia had higher word count and lower emotional tone ratings. The information on websites targeted at caregivers had significantly higher clout and lower authenticity scores. Our findings indicate that there is an abundance of digital dementia information written in English that is targeted at people with dementia, but this information is not readable by a general audience. This is problematic considering that people with <12 years of education are at a higher risk of developing dementia. Further, our findings demonstrate that digital dementia information written in English has a negative tone, which may be a contributing factor to the mental health crisis many people with dementia face after receiving a diagnosis. Therefore, we call for content creators to lower readability scores to make the information more accessible to a general audience and to focus their efforts on providing information in a way that does not perpetuate overly negative narratives of dementia.

Disintermediation and disinformation as a political strategy: use of AI to analyse fake news as Trump’s rhetorical resource on Twitter

The communicative effects of disintermediation caused by social media promote the expansion of personalist and emotional political discourses that reach the audience directly and evade the traditional journalistic filter. This phenomenon leads to new political communication tactics, but also exposes citizens to potentially fraudulent, contaminated or polarised content. In this context, framed in post-truth, the term ‘fake news’ gains relevance as a way of referring to disinformation and as a political and performative argument that can be weaponised. This research aims to analyse such use in the discourse of the former president Donald Trump during his presidential term (2017-2021), focussing on Twitter as the main platform in his political communication strategy online. To analyse this, we resort to a methodological triangulation of content, discourse, and sentiment analysis, with the latter combining both lexicon and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques through machine learning on the basis of deep learning and natural language processing, which is applied to his messages published with the term ‘fake news’ (N = 768). The analysis of the sample, provided here in an open dataset, employs self-developed software that allows each unit of analysis to be filtered and coded around its predominant themes, sentiments, and words. The main results confirm that Trump’s attribution of ‘fake news’ focusses on three main topics: the media (53%), politics (40%) and his cabinet (33%). It also shows how the former president resorts to a personalist agenda, focussed on the defence of his proposals and his team (80%) by delegitimizing his opponents and the press, with a negative tone (72%) loaded with derogatory terms, confirming a weaponised strategy of the term ‘fake news’ as a political argument of disinformation and disintermediation.

Using threshold regression to analyze the impact of external earnings pressure on stock price crash risk based on management tone in China

ABSTRACT Each stock market crash, from the 2015 China crash to the 2020 new coronavirus crash, has left investors terrified and hit China’s economy hard. Companies that fail to meet financial analysts’ surplus forecasts can trigger a negative market reaction. This reaction directly affects management and investor decisions and increases the risk of corporate share price collapse. Corporate management will therefore attempt to restrain excessive investor expectations by releasing a negative management tone designed to induce investors to invest scientifically and rationally, thereby reducing the risk of share price collapse. This study empirically examines the impact of external earnings pressure on stock price crash risk. It determines whether management tone has a threshold effect using, data on A-share listed companies in Shenzhen and Shanghai, China, covering 2014 to 2020. The results show that external earnings pressure significantly increases the risk of the stock price collapse; management tone has a single threshold effect on external earnings pressure and stock price collapse risk; a significantly negative correlation is observed between external earnings pressure and stock price collapse risk when management tone is below the threshold. This study provides sound advice for analysts, management and investors to better prevent and control risk.