Negative Social Perceptions Research Articles

Entrepreneurs in the eyes of society – on the causes of negative perception of entrepreneurs in transitional Serbia

The paper deals with the negative social perceptions of entrepreneurs often encountered during the second phase of post-socialist transformation in Serbia. The causes of these widespread social perceptions are investigated by contrasting the previous, decades long socialist system, which was hostile toward entrepreneurship as well as egalitarian ideology with the context of the occurrence and development of private enterprise and the relationship between entrepreneurs – employers and workers in this society.

Discrimination Prevention with Classification and Privacy Preservation in Data mining

Mining of data is an important increasingly methodology for extracting and finding the meaningful hidden knowledge in huge archives of data. There are the various negative social perceptions related to mining of data, out of which many are potential discrimination and potential privacy invasion. The potential discrimination consists of unfairly treating and identifying people based on their existence and belonging to a particular group. Data mining and automated data collection techniques such as classification and association rule mining have provided way to taking decisions automatically, such as computation of insurance premium, loan granting or denial, credit card issue etc. If the provided data sets for training are biased in discriminatory (sensitive) attributes such as, race, gender, religion, etc., discriminatory decisions can be taken and may ensue. For avoiding this situations, antidiscrimination methodology like discrimination prevention and discovery have been considered in the data mining. There are mainly two types of discrimination, one is direct discrimination and second is indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination exists in the situations when decisions are taken on the basis of the sensitive attributes. Indirect discrimination exists in the situations when decisions are taken on the basis of the non-sensitive attributes that are strongly correlated with the biased sensitive attributes.

Parent’s alcoholism severity and family topic avoidance about alcohol as predictors of perceived stigma among adult children of alcoholics: Implications for emotional and psychological resilience

ABSTRACTAlcoholism is a highly stigmatized condition, with both alcohol-dependent individuals and family members of the afflicted experiencing stigmatization. This study examined the severity of a parent’s alcoholism and family topic avoidance about alcohol as two factors that are associated with family members’ perceptions of stigma. Three dimensions of stigma were considered: discrimination stigma, disclosure stigma, and positive aspect stigma. In addition, this study assessed associations between perceived stigmatization and individuals’ experiences of depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and resilience. Adult children of alcoholics (N = 622) were surveyed about family conditions, perceived stigma, and their emotional and psychological well-being. Regression analyses revealed that the severity of a parent’s alcoholism predicted all three types of stigma for females, but not for males. In addition, family topic avoidance about alcohol predicted all types of stigma for males and discrimination stigma and positive aspect stigma for females. With few exceptions, the three types of stigma predicted depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and resilience for both male and female adult children of alcoholics. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for promoting a family environment that mitigates stigma and encourages emotional and psychological well-being.In 2012, approximately 3.3 million deaths worldwide were due to the harmful use of alcohol (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). Individuals who abuse alcohol are susceptible to a variety of negative health outcomes (Rehm et al., 2009) and display inappropriate social behaviors (Klingemann, 2001; Schomerus et al., 2011a). General societal perceptions tend to characterize alcohol-dependent individuals as irresponsible and lacking in self-control (Schomerus et al., 2011b). Research in the United Kingdom found that 54% of the population believes alcohol-dependent individuals are personally to blame for their own problems (Crisp, Gelder, Goddard, & Meltzer, 2005). In the United States, a person’s own bad character or the way they were raised are more likely to be identified as reasons for alcoholism than they are for other types of mental illness (Schnittker, 2008). In addition, people prefer greater social distance between themselves and alcoholics than between themselves and people with mental illness (Crisp et al., 2005). The negative social perceptions of alcoholics likely contribute to feelings of stigma (Room, 2005). Not only does stigma affect the afflicted individual, but also members of his or her family (WHO, 2014). Children of parents with an alcohol dependency may be reluctant to discuss a parent’s alcoholism with others if they feel pressured to keep it a secret or to avoid negative stereotypes (Afifi & Olson, 2005; Burk & Sher, 1990; Caughlin & Petronio, 2004; Lam & O’Farrell, 2011). Thus, the stigma of a parent’s alcoholism may prevent children from addressing concerns and coping with their surroundings.

Invisible intersections: Understanding the complex stigmatisation of women with intellectual disabilities in their vulnerability to gender-based violence

abstractOf the range of disabilities, intellectual disabilities are often the most complex and least understood. The effects of the disability and related negative social attitudes and perceptions combine with the pernicious effects of sexism and misogyny, so that women with these kinds of disabilities are frequently and disproportionally subject to gender-based violence (GBV). This article explores the stigmatisation that renders women with intellectual disabilities more vulnerable to victimisation from the perspective of service providers in the disability and GBV sectors. The data are taken from a larger study on GBV and access to justice for women with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities undertaken in the Western Cape, Gauteng, and KwaZulu-Natal, wherein we interviewed 58 service providers at disability and GBV organisations. In the process, service provider narratives indicated that the experiences of women with intellectual disabilities, including their vulnerability to and experiences of violence, are mediated by multiple complex social perceptions and myths. According to our findings these include the general view that people with disabilities are less valuable, cultural myths and superstitions about disability, fear and shame associated with ‘disabled’ sexuality, beliefs about the lack of credibility of persons with intellectual disabilities, and the tendency of persons with disabilities to internalise negative views about themselves. These myths and perceptions are not mutually exclusive, but combine and interact in complex and compound ways, often rendering the victimisation of women with intellectual disabilities invisible, or intractable. This article aims to highlight the relationship between intellectual disabilities and prevailing social attitudes as a central concern in the prevention of and responses to violence against women with intellectual disabilities.

Entrepreneurs in the eyes of society – on the causes of negative perception of entrepreneurs in transitional Serbia

The paper deals with the negative social perceptions of entrepreneurs often encountered during the second phase of post-socialist transformation in Serbia. The causes of these widespread social perceptions are investigated by contrasting the previous, decades long socialist system, which was hostile toward entrepreneurship as well as egalitarian ideology with the context of the occurrence and development of private enterprise and the relationship between entrepreneurs – employers and workers in this society.

Understanding the sources of diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes

AimsTo identify the unique sources of diabetes distress (DD) for adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). MethodsSources of DD were developed from qualitative interviews with 25 T1D adults and 10 diabetes health care providers. Survey items were then developed and analyzed using both exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory CFA) analyses on two patient samples. Construct validity was assessed by correlations with depressive symptoms (PHQ8), complications, HbA1C, BMI, and hypoglycemia worry scale (HWS). Scale cut-points were created using multiple regression. ResultsAn EFA with 305 U.S. participants yielded 7 coherent, reliable sources of distress that were replicated by a CFA with 109 Canadian participants: Powerlessness, Negative Social Perceptions, Physician Distress, Friend/Family Distress, Hypoglycemia Distress, Management Distress, Eating Distress. Prevalence of DD was high with 41.6% reporting at least moderate DD. Higher DD was reported for women, those with complications, poor glycemic control, younger age, without a partner, and non-White patients. ConclusionsWe identified a profile of seven major sources of DD among T1D using a newly developed assessment instrument. The prevalence of DD is high and is related to glycemic control and several patient demographic and disease-related patient characteristics, arguing for a need to address DD in clinical care.

The lived experience of homeless youth: A narrative approach.

Homeless youth are an understudied and stigmatized group. In their daily lives, these youth confront negative social perceptions and harrowing circumstances related to survival, which may present challenges to the construction of a meaningful, coherent identity. Using the theoretical notion of narrative engagement (Hammack & Cohler, 2009), this study explores how youth experiencing homelessness make meaning of their lived experiences and engage with dominant discourses about homelessness that stigmatize and devalue them. A narrative analysis of 4 case studies, drawn from in-depth life story interviews with 11 unhoused youth in the United States, suggests that despite experience of struggle and loss, participants demonstrated the ability to (a) resist contamination through the construction of redemptive narratives, grounded in agency and resilience; and (b) resist dominant narratives about homelessness by attributing their circumstances to external causes and by critiquing institutions and figures perceived as holding power. In doing so, participants refused to adopt a “criminal” or “client” master narrative of homeless identity, instead affirming the value and worth of their knowledge, experiences, and identities. This study reveals the active agency of homeless youth to construct counternarratives in which they may restory their identities to find resilience in the margins.

Writing Aids: (Re)Conceptualizing the Individual and Social Body in Spanish American Literature by Jodie Parys (review)

Parys, Jodie. Writing Aids: (Re)Conceptualizing the Individual and Social Body in Spanish American Literature. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2012. 199 pp. While the intersection of disease and literature is both a fecund and well-mined field of research, until the last decade there was a paucity of critical material dealing with the treatment and import of HIV and AIDS in Latin American literature. In 2012, two books entered this void: Lina Meruane's Viajes virales, which gives a theoretical and historical context to the appearance of the disease in society and then in literature in the 1980s; and Jodie Parys's Writing AIDS: (Re)Conceptualizing the Individual and Social Body in Spanish American Literature. latter, through close readings of a number of short works, engages with literature's power to change social perception. It does so by analyzing facets of the relationship between AIDS and literature which move from a personal level to a societal one: from violence and eroticism, to dynamics of isolation and community. Its theoretical basis is grounded in the presentation of disease as a military attack or an apocalypse, and of carriers of a disease as inherently dangerous, which are drawn from Susan Sontag's AIDS and its Metaphors (1988). Parys's first chapter, The Body as Weapon: HIV as Revenge, examines three short stories: Luna negra de noviembre (1992) by Ana Solari, El secreto de Berlin (1988) by Ramon Griffero, and El vuelo de la reina (2002) by Tomas Eloy Martinez. These works are described in terms of their usage of sexually transmitted disease as the (biological) weapon used to exact revenge in two different trajectories: a jilted lover seeking reparations for emotional trauma, and a diseased protagonist taking revenge on a healthy population in an attempt to reclaim control of his body. treatment of both the disease and the diseased in these works suggests a temporal progression that would have given the chapter a cohesive narrative, if the stories included were referenced by date or presented in chronological order, which was not the case. Additionally, Parys critiques the authors that she studies for failing to affect cultural change by resorting to stigma-laden metaphorical language that refuses to challenge cultural stigmas (55), and for the perpetuation of negative social perceptions through the depiction of disease as a weapon of revenge, even though that is the thematic thrust of the chapter. Departing from the previous chapter's depictions of the negative interactions of an HIV positive protagonist and a lover, the second chapter, Eroticism and Aids: Confluence of Desire, Death, and Writing, discusses works that vindicate the sexuality of similar protagonists. two texts discussed are the poetry collection Invitacion al polvo (1991) by Manuel Ramos Otero, and the short story Adios, Ten-Ying (1993) by Andrea Blanque. discussion of the first of these works lauds the poet for openly expressing eroticism without focusing on the incipient doom that physical or sexual contact could incur, though it simultaneously questions the efficacy of literary representations that ignore that darkness. Through this contradiction, the poetic voice's ownership of his sexuality, in spite of or because of the disease that he is afflicted by, is at least tentatively presented as a positive. …

Attitudes and experiences regarding induced abortion among female sex workers, Savannakhet Province, Laos

Objective:Female sex workers (FSWs) are at risk of unintended pregnancies and induced abortions (IAs). This study aimed to describe attitudes towards and experiences of IA among FSWs in Laos. Methods258 FSWs were interviewed in Kaysone Phomvihan, Laos. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyse the data. ResultsOverall, 24% of the respondents reported experience of IA. Fifteen percent reported experience of unintended pregnancy after entering sex work, whereof all had ended in IA. Thirty-six percent had self-induced the last IA and 64% were carried out in private clinics. The main reasons for having IAs were paternity denial and lack of financial and social support. A majority agreed or strongly agreed that IA should not be legal in Laos and that women who undergo IA are immoral, but also that IA is the only option a FSW has when experiencing an unintended pregnancy. A positive attitude towards IA was associated with longer duration of sex work and being unmarried. ConclusionIAs were common. Respondents’ attitudes and practices reflected limited options when experiencing an unintended pregnancy, and were influenced by negative social perceptions. Interventions targeting FSWs should raise awareness of IA and post-abortion care, and promote dual contraceptive use with highly effective contraceptives.

Voices about the impact of tourism on the Agave Landscape: comparisons between Tequila and Teuchitlan, Mexico

Tourism development can be a desirable or undesirable phenomenon for the host communities. This document presents and compares the positive and negative social perceptions about tourism development in Tequila and Teuchitlan, two Mexican settlements on the Agave Landscape World Heritage Site . Both are respectively associated with the two most visited tourist attractions in the area, the Magic Town of Tequila and Los Guachimontones Archaeological Site . The opinions collected from the inhabitants of these villages point out several benefits perceived by the locals, such as employment diversification, local culture recovery, and the generation of new business. The increase in the crime rate, pollution, and the low redistribution of tourism gains were the common negative comments in both villages. The main purpose of this document is to survey the social perceptions of Tequila’s and Teuchitlan’s local residents since massive tourism arrived to this region in West Mexico in 2006.

A Methodology for Direct and Indirect Discrimination Prevention in Data Mining

Data mining is an increasingly important technology for extracting useful knowledge hidden in large collections of data. There are, however, negative social perceptions about data mining, among which potential privacy invasion and potential discrimination. The latter consists of unfairly treating people on the basis of their belonging to a specific group. Automated data collection and data mining techniques such as classification rule mining have paved the way to making automated decisions, like loan granting/denial, insurance premium computation, etc. If the training data sets are biased in what regards discriminatory (sensitive) attributes like gender, race, religion, etc., discriminatory decisions may ensue. For this reason, anti-discrimination techniques including discrimination discovery and prevention have been introduced in data mining. Discrimination can be either direct or indirect. Direct discrimination occurs when decisions are made based on sensitive attributes. Indirect discrimination occurs when decisions are made based on nonsensitive attributes which are strongly correlated with biased sensitive ones. In this paper, we tackle discrimination prevention in data mining and propose new techniques applicable for direct or indirect discrimination prevention individually or both at the same time. We discuss how to clean training data sets and outsourced data sets in such a way that direct and/or indirect discriminatory decision rules are converted to legitimate (nondiscriminatory) classification rules. We also propose new metrics to evaluate the utility of the proposed approaches and we compare these approaches. The experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed techniques are effective at removing direct and/or indirect discrimination biases in the original data set while preserving data quality.

The effects of severity and causal explanation on social perceptions of hair loss

Trichotillomania (TTM) is associated with stigma and negative social perceptions. Disclosing one’s condition has reduced stigma in several conditions; but not in TTM. The role of severity, causal explanation, and familiarity with TTM on social perceptions of hair loss was examined. Undergraduates (N=290), randomly assigned to conditions varying by causal explanation (i.e., vignettes describing TTM, a genetic condition, or no explanation of cause) and severity of hair loss (i.e., photographs depicting mild, moderate, and severe loss), provided their social perceptions of female disclosure. Disclosure of TTM was rated more negatively than nondisclosure. Severe hair loss was associated with greater negative perceptions than mild hair loss. TTM as an explanation was perceived more negatively than a genetic explanation. When hair loss was mild or moderate, TTM as an explanation was rated most negatively. When hair loss was severe, a TTM explanation and non-explanations yielded more negative perceptions. Familiarity with TTM was associated with higher acceptability. Results suggest when TTM disclosure may be beneficial.

Causal uncertainty during initial interactions

Department ofPsychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, CanadaAbstractCausal uncertainty (CU) refers to persistent doubts people have about their ability to understand causes of social events.Although such confusion about social dynamics should affect social exchanges, previous research has been limited to therealm of social cognition (i.e., computer-based studies exploring perceptions of hypothetical others). In three studies, weexplored CU effects during real-time social interactions with unacquainted conversational partners. We found that high CUparticipants perceived their conversations and conversational partners more negatively than did low CU participants and thatthese negative social perceptions stemmed from an inability to sufficiently reduce their cognitive uncertainty. Copyright © 2012John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.People often need to determine the reasons for people’sactions so they can respond appropriately. However, this pro-cess can be quite difficult because social events are complexand the specific causes for people’s behavior can be ambigu-ous and difficult to prove (Weary & Edwards, 1996). Inter-preting behavior during interactions with strangers, or initialinteractions,isfurthercomplicatedbythefactthatwepossesslittle information about our partners, increasing our uncer-tainty (Berger & Calabrese, 1975).Berger (1979) proposed that we experience cognitive uncer-tainty (i.e., uncertainty about others’ backgrounds, attitudes,and beliefs) and behavioral uncertainty (i.e., uncertainty abouthowtoactor reactinsocialsituations)during theseinteractions.In turn, this uncertainty produces cognitive and emotional dis-comfort (Heath & Bryant, 2000). Thus, according to Bergerand Calabrese (1975), a primary objective during initial interac-tions is uncertainty reduction. Specifically, we engage in twoforms of uncertainty reduction: proactive uncertaintyreduction,so wecan predict how our partner will behave in the future, andretroactive uncertainty reduction, so we can explain ourpartner’s behavior and select the appropriate response. Thisinformation is then incorporated into behavioral schemas thathelp people negotiate future interactions (Douglas, 1991).However, some individuals are unable to reduce theiruncertainty as effectively as others, making social interactionsmore difficult. For example, Douglas (1991) argued that peoplewith more global uncertainty (i.e., confusion about generalacquaintanceship processes) are unable to develop coherentschemas to guide their behavior and, therefore, experience lessuncertainty reduction as interactions progress. Consequently,they are more likely to avoid initial interactions altogether,resulting in greater loneliness.Similarly, some individuals experience persistent doubtsabout their ability to understand causes of social events; thesedoubts have been labeled causal uncertainty (CU; Weary EWeary&Jacobson,1997)andlesssatisfy-ing interactions (Boucher & Jacobson, 2005). Thus, CU maylead to problems with uncertainty reduction similar to thoseassociated with global uncertainty. Furthermore, CU is mod-erately and positively correlated with intolerance for and dis-comfort with ambiguity (Weary & Edwards, 1996), socausally uncertain people may find a lack of uncertaintyreduction especially frustrating, exacerbating their negativeperceptions of their conversations.Unfortunately, although causally uncertain people’s confu-sion about social dynamics should have the greatest impactduring social interactions (particularly initial interactions),virtually all CU research has been in the realm of social cogni-tion, and little attempt has been made to observe CU effectsduring real-time social interactions. In most previous research,participants made judgments about hypothetical targets at iso-lated computer terminals and merely had to process informa-tion that was given to them. Consequently, how CU affectsthe uncertainty reduction process or perceptions of interactionsand interaction partners remains unclear. We addressed thislimitation in the current research by exploring how CU affectsreal-time social exchanges between strangers.

Information sources used by the suicidal to inform choice of method

Choice of suicide method strongly influences the outcome of an attempt. Public knowledge of possible methods is an important but less frequently considered aspect of the accessibility of suicide. This qualitative study explored the sources of information shaping the near-fatal suicide attempts of 22 individuals. Respondents were recruited from nine hospitals in England. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain detailed narratives of the planning of the suicide attempt. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, then subjected to thematic analysis utilising constant comparison techniques. Information sources discussed most frequently were television, news stories, the Internet, and previous self-harm. Others were professional resources, personal knowledge of others' attempts and information gleaned from healthcare professionals. Many respondents reported seeing media portrayals or reports of suicide, which had contributed to their awareness of suicide methods. Several provided examples of direct imitation. Some had deliberately sought information about methods when planning their attempt--mostly from the Internet. Past experience was used to identify 'best' methods and perfect implementation. The frequency with which sources of information are 'used' by particular groups and their relative import cannot be inferred from a qualitative sample. Near-fatal cases may differ from completed suicides. The media is an important contributor to the cognitive availability of suicide in society and could be used for prevention through carefully crafted portrayals of suicide designed to generate negative social perceptions of popular methods. Understanding of how sources of information can influence perceptions of suicide could inform the content of clinical conversations with patients.

The Select Committee Report on Obesity (2004): The significant omission of parental views of their children's eating

Many studies have reported increasing levels of obesity and overweight in children. Recent policy developments have examined a range of influences on children's eating habits but have left largely unexamined the role of parents in general and mothers in particular. In this study we examined mothers’ understandings of healthy eating and of their influence on their children's eating patterns. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine mothers of children aged between 4 and 12 years of age. Interviewees displayed knowledge of recommended eating practices for their children but distinguished this knowledge from actual eating practices. Avoidance of negative social perceptions, pleasure in eating and opportunities for fast food were regarded as more important than eating in accordance with recommended nutritional guidelines. Moreover, the food choices made were viewed as positive alternatives to eating based on nutritional balance. These views pose a challenge for policy initiatives to address obesity and excess weight in children. Future initiatives should have increased regard for the everyday contexts within which children's eating patterns are understood and justified.

Self, Social, and Family Perceptions in Relation to Loneliness Controlling for Depression among Individuals with Schizophrenia

Objective: To examine if self, social, and family perceptions would be related to and predicting loneliness independently, as a measure of depression is statistically controlled among 35 hospitalized Filipino adult men (27-44 years old) with schizophrenia. Method: Partial correlations, simple linear regression, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used. Results: Significant and positive relationships were found among negative self, social, and family perceptions and loneliness without controlling for depression. Depression was the best predictor that explained 25% of the variation in the degree of loneliness and the second best predictor variable was negative self-perceptions, by explaining 24% of the change in loneliness. Based on hierarchical multiple regression analysis holding depression as a covariate, none of the variables including depression indicated a significant predictive relationship to loneliness. Conclusion: Only negative perceptions of self and loneliness were significantly and positively correlated even after controlling for depression. This suggests that negative self-perceptions contribute more to loneliness than depression. This could strengthen the need to focus on self-related issues in the interventions to treat loneliness among persons affected by schizophrenia.

The effects of trichotillomania disclosure on peer perceptions and social acceptability

Many individuals with trichotillomania (TTM) do not disclose their condition to others. Although disclosure may have beneficial effects, little is known about the consequences of it. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of a brief, simplified preventative disclosure of TTM. Young adults ( N = 225) read one of four vignettes, which varied in a 2 (male versus female character) × 2 (preventative disclosure of TTM versus nondisclosure) design, and answered several questions regarding the character in the vignette. Although some potential positive effects of disclosure were found (e.g., reduced likelihood of misattribution), some areas of concerns also surfaced. The findings suggest that a brief, simplified preventative disclosure of TTM led to an increase in negative social perceptions compared to non-disclosure. More specifically, those characters that disclosed TTM were evaluated more negatively and more socially rejected than those that did not disclose. However, the overall perceptions of persons with noticeable hair loss, regardless of disclosure status, were not necessarily negative. Implications of the findings, limitations to the study, and directions for future research are discussed.

Peruvian street lives: culture, power, and economy among market women of Cuzco

For more than twenty years Linda J. Seligmann has walked the streets of Peru in city and countryside alike, talking to the women who work in the informal and open-air markets of the Andean highlands of Cuzco. In this readable ethnography, composed of vignettes and accompanied by a superb series of photographs, Seligmann offers a humane yet incisive portrayal of their lives. Peruvian Street Lives argues that the sometimes invisible and informal economic, social, and political networks market women establish, although they may appear disorderly and chaotic, in fact often keep dysfunctional economies and corrupt bureaucracies from utterly destroying the ability of citizens to survive from day to day. Seligmann asks why the constructive efforts of market women to make a living provoke such negative social perceptions from some members of Peruvian society, who see them as symbols and actual catalysts of social disorder, domestically and publicly. The book traces the impact on market women and market activities of distant yet enormously powerful forces, such as economic globalization. At the same time it shows how market women eke out a living, combat discrimination, and creatively transgress existing racial and gender ideologies, within the rich and expressive cultural traditions they have developed.

Social image of students who shop and don't shop online.

A descriptive survey of a stratified random sample of 326 undergraduates from a large, diverse university in Los Angeles was conducted to assess whether resistance to online shopping might be, in part, related to negative social perceptions of those who shop online. Indirect questioning showed that students perceived online student shoppers as more lazy and less likely to fear for the safety and security of others but also as more trustworthy, attractive, successful, and smart. Differences in social perceptions were not related to these students' own online spending.

SOCIAL IMAGE OF STUDENTS WHO SHOP AND DON'T SHOP ONLINE

A descriptive survey of a stratified random sample of 326 undergraduates from a large, diverse university in Los Angeles was conducted to assess whether resistance to online shopping might be, in part, related to negative social perceptions of those who shop online. Indirect questioning showed that students perceived online student shoppers as more lazy and less likely to fear for the safety and security of others but also as more trustworthy, attractive, successful, and smart. Differences in social perceptions were not related to these students' own online spending.