Negative Salt Effect Research Articles

Growth and production of colored fiber cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) subjected to salt stress and potassium fertilization

Temporal and spatial variation of rainfall in semiarid regions may lead to an increase in the concentrations of salts present in irrigation water, and it is necessary to adopt techniques to reduce the negative effects of salts on plants. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the growth and production of colored cotton cv. BRS Topázio as a function of irrigation using water with different levels of salinity and potassium doses. The experiment was carried out in pots adapted as lysimeters under greenhouse conditions, using a non-saline Neossolo Regolítico (Entisol) of sandy texture. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 4 replicates, with treatments distributed in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to four levels of saline irrigation water electrical conductivity (1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) and four potassium doses (50; 75; 100 and 125% of the recommendation), with a dose of 100% corresponding to 150 mg K2O per kg-1 of soil. Irrigation using water of electrical conductivity (saline) above 1.5 dS m-1 negatively affected the growth and production of cotton cv. BRS Topázio, and cotton seed weight was the most sensitive variable. Potassium doses above 50% of the recommendation in interaction with salinity reduced the height and leaf area of cotton cv. BRS Topázio.

Effect of Biochar on Cadmium Fractions in Some Polluted Saline and Sodic Soils.

Soil contamination by heavy metals is becoming a serious environmental problem especially in saline and sodic soils and information on different fractions of metals is useful to predict their mobility and availability in soil. Addition of organic amendments, as an important technique to remediation of metals has been considered recently. Therefore, the effect of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on cadmium (Cd) fractions in saline, sodic, saline-sodic and normal soils were evaluated through an incubation experiment using sequential extraction. Treatments included biochar (0, 2, and 4 wt %) of sugarcane bagasse and 50 mg Cd kg-1 with three replications. In all studied soils with 2 and 4% biochar application, the organic matter fraction was the dominant form of Cd. Biochar had no significant influence on exchangeable Cd in normal and sodic soils. Whereas, application of 2 and 4% biochar increased exchangeable Cd concentration in saline and saline-sodic soils probably due to high capacity of biochar to sorb salts that mitigate the negative effects of salts in soil solution. The mobility factor (MF) of Cd in studied soils was high (20-50%). The MF value decreased with the increase of biochar dosage. According to reduced partition index, Cd was partitioned in all fractions. Based on these results, biochar can mitigate the effect of Cd pollution in these soils.

Efficiency of pepper seed invigoration through hydrogen peroxide priming to improve in vitro salt and drought stress tolerance

Priming is considered a potential strategy to counteract the adverse effects of environmental stress factors via the exogenous application of chemicals to improve plant tolerance. In this context, herein, the priming of pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L. Tunisian var. ‘Baklouti Medenine’) using different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 1–100 mM) was carried out in in vitro culture subjected to abiotic stress. Seed germination was carried out on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with stress-inducing agents: sodium chloride (NaCl 85.55 mM) or polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000, 3%) for induction of salt or drought conditions, respectively. The results revealed that depending in priming concentration and medium culture, H2O2 priming enables faster germination for both salt- or drought-stressed seeds, associated with the decline of mean germination time (MGT), time taken for cumulative germination to reach 50% of its maximum (t50) and germination rate (GR), and the increase in germination index (GI). The primed seeds showed great uniformity, reflected by a reduction in time interval between 25% and 75% of viable seeds to germinate (U7525). Under both stress-free and drought stress conditions, priming at 10 mM H2O2 showed a significant decrease of MGT, t50, and GR and an increase in GI. Similarly, the best uniformity (U7525) was obtained at this priming level. Following salinity stress, application of a low concentration of H2O2 (1 mM) reduced t50 and increased GI, versus no significant changes for MGT and GR and a regression in uniformity. No positive effect was noted for H2O2 priming in the final germination percentage and seedling vigor for all cultures. This study suggests that H2O2 priming invigorates pepper seed germination and alleviates the negative effects of salt and drought via the enhancement of seed tolerance.

Tuz Stresi Altındaki Biber Bitkisindeki Kalsiyum Uygulamalarının Antioksidatif Enzim Aktivitelerine Etkisinin Araştırılması

Demre sivri biber çeşidinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, tuz stresi altındaki biber bitkisine farklı dozlarda uygulanan kalsiyumun (Ca) bitki gelişimi ve antioksidant enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma kontrollü şartlardaki 16/8 saatlik aydınlık/ karanlık fotoperiyotta, 25 oC de ve %70 nemli iklim odasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada toplam bitki ağırlığı ile bitkilerin tuza dayanım skalaları belirlenmiştir. Stres altındaki bitkilerde meydana gelen biyokimyasal değişiklikleri belirlemek amacıyla bitki yapraklarındaki antioksidant enzim aktiviteleri (Katalaz (CAT), Askorbat peroksidaz (APX), Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD)) belirlenmiştir. Tuz stresi altındaki bitkilere uygulanan kalsiyumun dozu arttıkça bitkilerin toplam ağırlıklarında artış olmuştur. Bu sonuçlara paralel olarak, bitkiler strese girmedikleri için ya da çok az stres oluştuğu için her üç enzim aktivitesinde Ca doz artışına bağlı olarak düşüşler olmuştur. Tuz stresi altındaki biber fidelerine artan dozlarda Ca uygulamalarının tuzun olumsuz etkisini azaltmada kısmen de olsa etkili olduğu yapılan ölçüm ve analizler sonucunda söylenebilir.

Spectrophotometric kinetic study of mercury(II)-catalyzed formation of [4-CNpyRu(CN)5]3− via ligand exchange reaction of hexacyanoruthenate(II) with 4-cyanopyridine: a mechanistic approach

The kinetics of the formation of yellow-colored complex [4-CNpy Ru(CN)5]3− via cyanide substitution from the coordination sphere of [Ru(CN)6]4− using Hg(II) as catalyst by nitrogen heterocyclic ligand 4-cyanopyridine (4-CNpy) has been studied spectrophotometrically in an aqueous medium by monitoring the increment in absorbance at 400 nm, the λmax of yellow-colored product [4-CNpy Ru(CN)5]3−. The reaction rate followed first-order kinetics in [4-CNpy] and was independent to [Ru(CN)64−]. The complex behavior in the reaction rate was observed with increasing [Hg2+]. Negative salt effect upon variation in ionic strength was noticed in the progressive course of the reaction. A suitable mechanistic scheme compatible with the experimental results has been suggested which is supported by activation parameters.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance the tolerance of Euonymus maackii Rupr. at a moderate level of salinity.

Salt stress is one of the major environmental constraints for plant growth. Although the ways in which mycorrhizal plants deal with salt stress have been well documented, it still is blank for Euonymus maackii, an important local ecological restoration tree, to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and salt stress. In this study, we tested the effect of different salt levels (0, 50, 100,150 and 200 mM) and AMF inoculation on E. maackii growth rate, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes, nutrient absorption and salt ion distribution. The results indicated negative effect of salt on height, photosynthesis capacity, nutrition accumulation, while salt stimulated the antioxidant defense system and salt ions accumulation. The toxic symptom by excessive accumulation of salt ions worsen with salt level increased gradually (except for the 50 mM NaCl treatment). AMF inoculation alleviated the toxic symptom under moderate salt levels (100 and 150 mM) by increasing photosynthesis capacity, accelerating nutrient absorption and activating antioxidant enzyme activities under salt stress. Meanwhile, effect of AMF was not detected on seedlings under slight (0 and 50 mM) and high (200 mM) NaCl concentration. Our study indicated AMF had positive impact on E. maackii subjected to salt, which suggested potential application of AMF- E. maackii on restoration of salt ecosystems.

Effect of calcium applications on ion accumulation in different organs of pepper plant under salt stress

The present study was carried out in a climate chamber and water culture of physiology laboratory of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture. Demre pepper varieties are used in the study of different levels of calcium (Ca) morphological and biochemical effects of pepper plants under salt stress were investigated. The study was carried out in 16/8 hour light / dark photoperiod, 25 oC and % 70 humid climate chamber in controlled conditions. In order to determine the biochemical changes occurring in stressed plants, the amount of ions Na, K, Ca, Cl in root, stem and leaves of plants and Ca/Na ratio were determined. The accumulation of Na and Cl ions was found to decrease in root, stem and leaves as the dose of Ca increased. It can be said that increasing doses of Ca applications under salt stress are partially effective in reducing the negative effects of salt.

Study of the adaptive reaction to salt stress of Сicer arietinum L., grown from seeds exposed to presowing γ – irradiation

It was found that γ-irradiation under certain conditions accelerates the growth and development of plants, improves their productivity and quality characteristics. Based on this, in the presented article, we tried to determine the range of the seed irradiation dose, which helps to reduce the negative effect of salt. For this, a fairly wide range of both the radiation dose and the salt concentration was used. The response of the plant to salt stress was determined on the basis of changes both in a biometric parameters, and in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, and total protein. According to the results, the main biometric indices increased markedly in chickpea upon pre-sowing irradiation at doses of 1-5 Gy and germination under normal conditions. The maximum increase in individual indices was found at a dose of 5 Gy. In the case of non-irradiated seeds grown under salt conditions, even a low concentration (1 mmol) of salt led to inhibition of the plant development. Seedlings, germinated from seeds irradiated in the dose range from 5 to 100 Gy, were shown to grow normally even at high salt concentrations. At a stimulating dose of 5 Gy, an increase in salt concentration from 1 to 50 mmol led to a gradual increase in MDA levels in the leaves. An increase in salt concentrations in the range of 1-200 mmol also led to a marked increase in the proline content. Under high concentrations (from 10 to 200 mmol) of salt, seed irradiation led to a sharp decrease in the total protein content. Irradiation of seeds at doses of 5- 100 Gy is assumed to reduce the effects of salt stress to some extent. At high salt concentrations, proline plays a significant role in protecting the plant from salt stress.

Influence of electrostatic interactions on the formation and stability of multilayer fish oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein-xanthan-locust bean complexes

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of electrostatic interactions on the stability of multilayered fish oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI)-xanthan (XG)-locust bean gum (LBG) complexes. Emulsions were prepared using the layer-by-layer deposition technique with salt concentrations (0, 5, and 50 mM NaCl) at pH below (pH 3) and above (pH 7) the isoelectric point of WPI. Results indicated that zeta potential at pH 3 resulted in positive values, whereas at pH 7 resulted in negative values, with the magnitude of the ζ-potentials increasing as the NaCl concentration increased. NaCl did not have any major impact on the particle size of the emulsions. XG emulsions had the highest viscosity at pH 3 regardless of time, though XG-LBG emulsions showed a significant increase at 0 and 5 mM NaCl over time. XG emulsions at pH 3 showed the highest viscosity at every salt concentration. At pH 7, XG-LBG emulsions had the highest viscosity results, yet decreased over time, indicating the negative salt effect the synergistic interaction between XG and LBG. With 0 mM and 5 mM NaCl at pH 7, XG-LBG emulsions had the highest creaming stability; while with 50 mM NaCl, XG emulsions had the highest creaming stability. For both the primary and secondary lipid oxidation tests, XG-LBG emulsions had the highest oxidative stability at every salt concentration at pH 7. These results have important implications in the design of biopolymer-based delivery systems for microencapsulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for use in functional foods.

Jasmonic Acid Enhances the Potato Plant Resistance to the Salt Stress in Vitro

The protective effect of jasmonic acid (JA) was evaluated under the stress conditions (100 mM NaCl). The potato plants Solanum tuberosum L, mid-season variety Lugovskoy, were used in the experiments. The plant-regenerants were grafted and grown in test tubes on the modified Murashige and Skoog agar medium in the absence (control) or presence of JA at concentrations of 0.001, 0.1, and 10 μM under the optimal conditions or with addition of NaCl. After 28 days of cultivation, the growth (stem and root lengths, tier and leaf numbers, and plant mass) and physiological (proline and photosynthetic pigment contents and teh osmotic potential of cell exudate) characteristics of the plants were assessed. Jasmonic acid (0.1 and 10 μM) has been demonstrated to display a pronounced protective effect on potato plants under the salt stress condition. JA abolished partially the negative salt effect on the main photosynthetic pigments and maintained the cell osmotic status during salinization.

Growth and chlorophyll in noni seedlings irrigated with saline water in substrate with vermicompost

ABSTRACT Irrigation is a limiting factor for the development of crops, and all water sources contain salts, which can accumulate in the soil and in the plant, compromising its development. The use of vermicompost is one of the alternatives to mitigate the negative effects of salts on plants. This organic compost is a soil conditioner and a nutrient source for plants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the growth and chorophyll of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) in response to the salinity of irrigation water in substrates with and without vermicompost. A completely randomized design in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme was used, corresponding to four levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 dS m-1), in three soil substrates (without humus, with 33.33 and 66.66% of humus). Three months after germination, the following variables were evaluated: plant height; stem diameter; number of leaves; chlorophyll index (a, b and total) in the leaves; and fresh and dry matter of shoots and roots. The increase of salinity in irrigation water negatively influences growth in height, stem diameter, biomass production and chlorophyll a and total indexes, but with lower intensity in substrates with humus, that improves the fertility of the substrate and favors the growth of noni plants, regardless of the salinity of the irrigation water; however, its beneficial effect decreases with the intensification of electrical conductivity of irrigation water.

Kinetics and mechanism of formation of the complex [Ru(CN)5INH]3− through the ligand substitution reaction between the aquapentacyanoruthenate(II) anion and isoniazid

The formation kinetics of the complex, [Ru(CN)5INH]3−, formed through the ligand substitution reaction between isoniazid (INH) and aquapentacyanoruthenate(II) ([Ru(CN)5H2O]3−), have been investigated, under pseudo first-order conditions, as a function of concentrations of [INH] and [Ru(CN)5H2O]3−, ionic strength and temperature at pH = 4.0 ± 0.02 in 0.2 M NaClO4 spectrophotometrically at 502 nm ( λmax of intense yellow colour product [Ru(CN)5INH]3−) corresponding to metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions, in aqueous medium. The pseudo first-order condition was maintained by taking at least 10% excess of [INH] over [Ru(CN)5H2O]3−. The stoichiometry of the reaction product was found to be 1:1 which was further supported and characterized using elemental analysis, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric techniques. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters have also been computed, using the Eyring equation, and the values of ΔH≠, Ea, ΔG≠ and ΔS≠ were found to be 47.3 kJ mol−1, 49.8 kJ mol−1, −8.62 kJ mol−1 and 187.6 J K−1mol−1, respectively. The reaction was found to obey first-order kinetics with respect to [INH]. It exhibited a negative salt effect on the rate upon variation of ionic strength of the medium. A tentative mechanistic scheme was proposed on the basis of experimental findings.

Salicylic Acid Alleviated Salt Damage of Populus euphratica: A Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis

Populus euphratica Oliv. is a model tree for studying abiotic stress, especially salt stress response. Salt stress is one of the most extensive abiotic stresses, which has an adverse effect on plant growth and development. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule that plays an important role in modulating the plant responses to abiotic stresses. To answer whether the endogenous SA can be induced by salt stress, and whether SA effectively alleviates the negative effects of salt on poplar growth is the main purpose of the study. To elucidate the effects of SA and salt stress on the growth of P. euphratica, we examined the morphological and physiological changes of P. euphratica under 300 mM NaCl after treatment with different concentrations of SA. A pretreatment of P. euphratica with 0.4 mM SA for 3 days effectively improved the growth status of plants under subsequent salt stress. These results indicate that appropriate concentrations of exogenous SA can effectively counteract the negative effect of salt stress on growth and development. Subsequently, transcripts involved in salt stress response via SA signaling were captured by RNA sequencing. The results indicated that numerous specific genes encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and antioxidant enzymes were upregulated. Potassium transporters and Na+/H+ antiporters, which maintain K+/Na+ balance, were also upregulated after SA pretreatment. The transcriptome changes show that the ion transport and antioxidant enzymes were the early enhanced systems in response of P. euphratica to salt via SA, expanding our knowledge about SA function in salt stress defense in P. euphratica. This provides a solid foundation for future study of functional genes controlling effective components in metabolic pathways of trees.

Nitrogen as a mitigator of salt stress in yellow passion fruit seedlingss

The poor chemical quality of water, especially in arid and semiarid regions, almost always precludes the practice of irrigated agriculture, thus demanding the adoption of techniques that mitigate the deleterious effects of excess salt on soil and plants. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilization in mitigating the negative effects of excess salt in irrigation water on the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings grown in a greenhouse in plastic tubes containing 0.65 dm3 of substrate. The treatments were organized in randomized blocks, in accordance with a 5 × 3 factorial scheme – five electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.3, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 dS m?1) combined with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (no nitrogen fertilization and 150 mg dm?3 of N derived from either ammonium sulfate or urea). Evaluations were performed 80 days after sowing and consisted of measuring the seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf nitrogen content, leaf concentration of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and Dickson quality index. An increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water hindered the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings. Nitrogen fertilization, with urea or ammonium sulfate, mitigated the effects of irrigation water salinity and favored the growth and quality of yellow passion fruit seedlings. Yellow passion fruit seedlings with a minimum quality standard (DQI) can be produced with irrigation water with salinity of 1.8 dS m?1, which means they can be considered as moderately sensitive. The higher quality provided by nitrogen to the yellow passion fruit seedlings made them more tolerant to salinity, allowing the use of water with salinity of 2.1 and 2.5 dS m?1 under fertilization with ammonium sulfate and urea, respectively.

The Effects of Sewage Sludge Applications on Growth, Yield and Flower Quality of Limonium sinuatum (Statice) under Salinity Conditions

In this study conducted in greenhouse conditions, the effects of sewage sludge application on plant growth, yield and flower quality of Limonium sinuatum (Statice) under salinity conditions were investigated. For this purpose, application of 25%, 50% and 75% sewage sludge doses and 50 mM and 100 mM salt treatment was preferred. Research was conducted as 3 replicates and according to two factor random plots experimental design and in such a way as to have 5 plants in each plot. During in the study, the number of the leaves, the number of flowers harvested per plant, flower peduncle length and thickness were determined. At the end of this study, the root length, the fresh and dry weight of upper parts of plant, the root fresh and dry weight were examined. As expected, while salt application negatively affected the vegetative growth parameters of the plant, yield and flower quality, the increasing sewage sludge doses affected all parameters examined during the research positively. In light of the findings of the current research, it has been determined that in the salty conditions the increasing sewage sludge application doses affected plant growth, yield and flower quality positively by removing the negative effect of salt.

Regulation of the water balance of the cotton varieties under salting conditions

The article provides information on water balance management in saline conditions of medium-fiber cotton varieties. All physiological parameters studied with increasing soil salinity vary in both species depending on biological and individual characteristics of the varieties, and the salinity of the Bukhara-8 variety against the S-6524 variety is scientifically based. During the transpiration, the water potential of the leaf and the pressure in the kselema are reduced due to water loss. The transpiration of water inside the leaves is largely controlled by the oral cavity. On the basis of both indicators, soil moisture content was maintained at 70% of total moisture content (T.N.S.). In the bottles, different levels of soil salinity were formed by chlorine ion depending on the air dried mass of the soil. Prior to field experiments, saline areas of varying salinity were identified. In both varieties, the intensity of transpiration was lower in the control and experimental variants in the morning hours, higher in the afternoon, and again in the evening. The negative effects of salts have changed the water balance of the cotton and limit the water availability of plants. In saline soils a deep and sufficient analysis of the water balance of plants and their management and water supply is required. According to the obtained data, the cost of day and residual water shortages was higher for S-6524 grade and lower for Bukhara-8 grade. In defining salinity resistance of agricultural plants, it is also recommended to study water deficiency in leaves.

Numerical modeling of salt effects in weak acid–weak base diodes

This work studies the effect of salt contamination in weak acid-base diodes by numerical modeling. In a positive salt effect some salt is added to the alkaline reservoir, while the negative salt effect appears as a suppression of the positive one by contaminating also the acidic side of the diode. First, the positive and negative salt effects were investigated for weak electrolytes and they were found to be similar to those in a traditional strong acid-base diode. Next, positive and negative salt effects were studied when the ions of the contaminating salt were different from that of the weak electrolytes.In the positive salt effect it was found that at a certain critical concentration of the added salt the current increases sharply in a nonlinear fashion. In a negative salt effect it was found that the diode current responds strongly even for small changes in the salt concentration on the acidic side. The sensitivity of a weak acid-base diode was found to be similar to that of a strong one, thus it can be also applied as a sensitive detector of nonhydrogen cations in an acidic medium. Furthermore, weak electrolytes provide milder conditions for the non-reactive parts of the diode, and their potential profiles can also be more suitable for ion detectors.

Produção de mudas de maracujazeiros amarelo e roxo irrigadas com águas salinas e uso de urina de vaca

In the semi-arid region of Northeast of Brazil, the salinity of irrigation water is one of the factors that most interferes in the production of fruit tree seedlings, being necessary the search of alternatives to mitigate the effects of the salts in the plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and quality of seedlings of two cultivars of passion fruit (yellow and purple) under conditions of irrigation with saline waters, in substrate with and without the use of cow urine diluted in water. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with treatments distributed in the 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to two cultivars of passion fruit (yellow and purple), two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.5 and 3.5 dS m-1) and in the presence or absence of cow's urine diluted in water (0.0% and 5.0%) and ten replicates. Seedling emergence rate index, height and shoot diameter of passion fruit seedlings, regardless of the yellow or purple species, were negatively affected by irrigation with high salinity water (3.5 dS m-1). Cow urine attenuated the negative effects of salts on purple passion fruit plants. The use of cow urine, applied via soil, increased the leaf area of yellow and purple passion fruit seedlings, regardless of water salinity. Yellow passion fruit seedlings presented better quality standards when produced with low salinity water, regardless of the use of cow urine. The quality indexes of purple passion fruit seedlings were adequate when using low salinity water and without cow urine and in treatments with more saline water and cow urine.

Short-term effects of sulphate and chloride on the concrete containing coal bottom ash as supplementary cementitious material

Suphate and chloride attacks on concrete are the prominent issues in the field of durable concrete structures. Therefore, this study focused on the influence of ground coal bottom ash on the strength performances of concrete exposed to sulphate and chloride environment. In this study the ordinary portland cement was replaced with 10% of coal bottom ash by weight of cement and same water to binder ratio of 0.5 was used in all concrete mixes. The original CBA was initially ground for 2 h in Los Angeles machine. Subsequently, after passing from 300micron sieve it was further ground for the period of 20 h in a ball mill grinder, to get the similar particles sizes as to ordinary portland cement. After de-moulding samples were immersed in a water for the curing period of 28 days. Afterward, specimens were shifted in 5% sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions for additional curing periods of 28, 56, and 90 days. The short-term effects of sulphate and chloride on the concrete were evaluated in terms of change in weight, variation in compressive strength and degree of damage. It was observed that the addition of CBA in concrete, gives the significant development in compressive strength, around 11.32% and 13.92% higher strength than that of the control mix in water and 5% Na2SO4 solution respectively at the exposure period of 90 days. However, the development of compressive strength in 5% NaCl solution was slower, around 6.87% decrease was observed in concrete containing CBA at the exposure period of 90 days as compared to the control mix. This study suggests that 10% of CBA as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete could reduce the negative effects of sulfate and chloride salts. The outcome of this study indicated that application of ground CBA as supplementary cementitious material in concrete increases the resistance against aggressive environment.

Endophytes from the crop wild relative Hordeum secalinum L. improve agronomic traits in unstressed and salt-stressed barley

Agricultural crops growing in saline soils produce sub-optimal yields due to the negative effects of excess salts on plant growth and development. Salinity stress for crops is likely to increase as...