Negative Reactions Research Articles

How Being Outvoted by AI Teammates Impacts Human-AI Collaboration

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) enable AI agents to go beyond simply supporting human activities and, instead, take more control in team decision-making. While significant literature has studied human-AI collaboration through the lens of AI as a “second opinion system,” this type of interaction is not fully representative of many human-human team collaboration scenarios, such as scenarios where each decision maker is granted equal voting rights for the team decision. In this research, we explore how imparting AI agents with equal voting rights to the human impacts human-AI decision-making and team performance. Using a human subjects experiment in which participants collaborate with two AI teammates for truss structure (aka, bridge) design, we manipulate a series of voting scenarios (e.g., AI agents outvoting the human vs. AI agents agreeing with the human) and AI performance levels (high vs. low performing). The results indicate that changes in human self-confidence are not consistent with whether the quality of the final team-voted design action is advantageous or disadvantageous relative to their own actions. The results also show that when humans are outvoted by their AI teammates, they do not show strong negative emotional reactions if the team-voted decision has an advantageous outcome. Additionally, AI performance significantly influences the human-AI team decision-making process and even one low-performing AI (i.e., an AI that is frequently incorrect) on the team can significantly deteriorate team performance. Taken together, this research provides empirical evidence on the effects of AI voting with equal decision authority on human-AI collaboration, as well as valuable insights supporting real-world applications of human-AI collaboration via voting.

Adult poison dart frogs avoid potential heterospecific competitors using their sense of smell

AbstractOlfaction is the oldest sense in the animal kingdom. It is used during a multitude of behaviours, such as the encounter of food, the detection of predators, the recognition of habitat‐related cues or the communication with conspecifics. While the use of olfaction and chemical communication has been studied widely in some animals, it is barely known in others. Anurans (frogs and toads), for example, are well known to use acoustic and visual senses, but their chemical sense is still largely understudied. Studies concerning the chemical sense in anurans have been mostly based on the use of semiochemicals in juvenile stages, while the information on adult anurans remains limited. In this study, we analysed the behavioural response of the Neotropical poison frog Ranitomeya sirensis (Sira poison frog, Dendrobatidae) when presented with the odours of prey, novel/prey‐luring fruit, habitat, conspecific faeces and heterospecifics. For this, we offered each of the odours by placing them into one of two testing tubes fixed in an arena, with the other tube left empty as a control. We then measured the time the frogs spent in the vicinity of the odour versus the control tube and calculated a response index. While the frogs did not show a significant avoidance or attraction towards most of the tested odours, they showed a strong response towards the heterospecific odour, which was significantly avoided. This is the first evidence of a poison dart frog responding towards the odours of adult heterospecific frogs. We consider potential reasons for this strong negative reaction, such as the interspecific competition avoidance hypothesis, and discuss our results in the context of other animal species being deterred or attracted by heterospecific chemical cues.

이야기 만들고 공유하는 과정에서 나타난 유아의 경험 탐색

Objectives This study explored the experiences of children as they took the lead in creating and sharing their own stories, based on the necessity for storytelling activities driven by children themselves. Methods For 19 weeks from March 20 to July 28, 2023, story-making activities were conducted with 14 five-year-old children. Data were collected through methods such as participant observation via video recording and story recording, interviews with the children, and creating a researcher’s journal. The collected data were tran-scribed and analyzed on the same day, and the meanings were interpreted through a process of reviewing the sto-ries created by the children in chronological order and by each individual child. Results The results showed that the children experienced ‘attempting to transition the story’, ‘inducing interest with their own stories’, and ‘maintaining their own stories’. When the story deviated from their interests, the chil-dren refused or attempted to transition the story by moving the space and time. To attract the interest of their peers, they raised curiosity through questions or expressed things that could simultaneously pursue their own de-sires and others’ expectations. They also tried to maintain their own stories by responding to negative reactions from their peers and distinguishing between their own stories and others’ stories. Conclusions Since the children felt the need for listening and revisited their experiences to create ‘meaningful ex-periences’, the process of creating and sharing stories can be seen as a reciprocal dialogue and growth process for children.

Persistent Infant Handling Despite an Infant’s Negative Reaction by Female Japanese Macaques in Yakushima (Macaca fuscata yakui): Exploring its Function, Process, and Relationship to Social Tolerance

Persistent Infant Handling Despite an Infant’s Negative Reaction by Female Japanese Macaques in Yakushima (Macaca fuscata yakui): Exploring its Function, Process, and Relationship to Social Tolerance

Understanding preferences for descriptive political representation among citizens with immigrant background

Today, citizens with an immigrant background make up a large minority in many western democracies. However, we still know little about how this growing group of citizens wants to be represented politically, often due to a simple lack of data. This study overcomes this obstacle by using Facebook ad campaigns to target Swedish citizens with immigrant background directly. In a series of experiments the study shows important similarities between native Swedes and citizens of immigrant origin, with both groups emphasizing substantive representation. The study also reveals substantial heterogeneity within the immigrant group: respondents show no preference for being represented by another immigrant in general. Only a shared immigrant background elicits a positive response, thus cautioning against treating “immigrant background” as a homogenous category. The results also highlight an understudied source of discrimination where respondents with immigrant background show a strong negative reaction against immigrants from certain countries.

Risk, discomfort and disruption: experiences of (im)mobilities in public spaces among Swedish youth racialised as non-white

ABSTRACT Mobility can be understood as both an everyday part of, and a normative imperative in, young people’s lives. It is also an unequally distributed resource. Based on interviews and focus groups with people in their teens, this article analyses how young people racialised as non-white experience (im)mobility in public spaces in Sweden. Drawing on Sarah Ahmed’s theorising, the article discusses how spaces are experienced in the racialised social-spatial order of Stockholm and Malmö. The analysis shows that the negative reactions of others, such as ‘looks’ and ‘comments’, in places perceived as white (Swedish) makes the young people feel unwelcome and disrupt their mobility. The young people’s experiences correspond to overall societal patterns of racialisation and segregation within these cities and Sweden as a whole. The analysis also shows that the young people express aversion towards visiting certain spaces or talk about complete withdrawal from spaces seen as risky. To analyse such responses of ‘being stopped’ we introduce the concepts of ‘socio-spatial reluctance’ and ‘socio-spatial withdrawal’. The article concludes that youth spatial mobilities must be understood as restricted by racialised structures, which affect not only where this category of young people feel safe to go but also what they can do.

Patient and Care Partner Perspective on Potential Undertreatment of Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment for Cardiovascular Disease.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) affects up to 22% of US older adults aged 65 and older. Research suggests that physicians may recommend less cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment for older adults with MCI due to assumptions about their preferences. To delve into the disparity between patient preferences and physician assumptions in CVD treatment recommendations, we conducted a multi-site qualitative study to explore the underlying reasons for this discrepancy, providing insights into potential communication barriers and strategies to enhance patient-physician relationships. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, we conducted interviews with 20 dyads, comprising older adults with MCI (n = 11) and normal cognition NC (n = 9), and their respective care partners. During these interviews, participants were prompted to reflect on physicians recommending fewer guideline-concordant CVD treatments to older adults with MCI than those with NC and physicians presuming that older adults with MCI desired less care or treatment in general than those with NC. We identified three primary themes: (1) Most participants had negative reactions to the data that physicians might undertreat patients with MCI for CVD; (2) Participants suggested that physicians may undertreat patients with MCI due to physician assumptions about treatment effectiveness, patient prognosis, value, and treatment adherence, and (3) Participants proposed that physicians may elicit less input from patients with MCI about treatments because of negative physician assumptions about patient decision-making capacity and physician time limitations. This study underscores the pressing need for person-centered communication and involvement of older adults with MCI and their care partners in the decision-making process to ensure that decisions are well-informed, reflecting patients' genuine preferences and values. Addressing these concerns has the potential to substantially enhance the quality of care and treatment outcomes for this vulnerable population, ultimately promoting their overall well-being.

“Frame, Fame and Fear Traps: The Dialectic of Counter-Terrorism Strategic Communication”

This paper explores the challenges and complexities navigated and negotiated in public facing counter-terrorism strategic communication campaigns. Informed by frame analysis of campaign assets, practitioner interviews and public focus groups, the discussion pivots around three high-profile UK public messaging campaigns. Building from Goffman’s theory of “normal appearances” and the established concept of a “frame trap”, the analysis identifies two further shaping tensions. A “fear trap” occurs when counter-terrorism messages seek to “outbid” other risks in order to capture public attention, thereby unintentionally creating the negative emotional reactions sought through acts of terrorism, or overly-reassuring messages that induce public disengagement. In contrast, a “fame trap” results from creating “too much” public awareness of terrorism, by using commercial marketing logics. In practice, frame, fame and fear traps overlap and interact across different contexts, and the analysis uses the concept of a dialectic of anomaly and normality to highlight implications for future scholarship and practice.

Social Media Users’ Engagement with Religious Misinformation: An Exploratory Sequential Mixed-Methods Analysis

As the world's fourth-largest Muslim country with a growing community of social media users, Bangladesh has been experiencing frequent online religious misinformation, inspiring violence against minorities and threatening interreligious harmony. Following an exploratory sequential mixed-methods analysis combining a qualitative thematic analysis and a quantitative content analysis, we answer two pertinent research questions. We found three ways users engage with misinformation: their topics of discourse, reactions, and appraisal. Users’ discourse revolves around religious, radical, and political issues. Radical issues (60.4%) dominate users’ discourse, followed by political issues (37.1%). Users’ reactions are primarily negative (94.1%), exhibiting different destructive behaviors. Alarmingly, the negative reactions are more than seventeen times the positive reactions (5.5%). Results for misinformation appraisal suggest that 69.3% of users believe misinformation, and only 25.9% can identify and deny misinformation. Nearly half of the users (48.21%) concomitantly talk radical, react negatively, and trust misinformation. This research suggests that religious misinformation-led violence may have more political connections than religious ones.

PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION SECURITY BREACH INCIDENTS: SHORT-TERM STOCK MARKET REACTION ON INDIAN LISTED FIRMS

ABSTRACT Data breach incidents are growing by the day and firms struggle to detect, defend, and respond to such breaches. Nowadays, security breaches are considered one of the major concerns for corporate organizations around the world. Hence, it is essential to assess the impact of such breaches on organizations. This article reports stock price reaction due to public disclosure of information security breach (ISB) incidents on publicly traded firms of India. Using the event study methodology on a sample of 120 publicly announced ISB incidents between January 2004 and April 2019 pertaining to 69 publicly listed firms of India, we found that exposure to an ISB incident exacerbates negative stock price reactions based on both one-factor market model and Fama-French three-factor model. On average, breached firms lost 0.55% of their market value within two days post the announcement of ISB incidents. Further, we found some factors that significantly negatively impacted Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR). Important emerging factors such as type of compromised data, sentiment, subjectivity, and remedial strategy significantly impact CAR. According to our study findings, we suggest that firms should mention remedial measures in terms of apology and/or compensation in the ISB disclosure. Furthermore, the result indicates that investors penalize listed firms for subsequent ISB incidents. Thus, our findings may guide Chief Information Officers (CIOs), information security managers, and IT managers of publicly traded firms to devise various strategies in terms of IT security measures and content of the ISB disclosure.

Good GP care for transgender children: The parents’ perspectives

Background As more general practitioners (GPs) are consulted to navigate inclusive care for transgender and gender diverse (trans) children and young people, the experiences of families seeking care for trans children can inform GP practice. Aims The aims of this study were to understand the experiences of parents of trans children in their interactions with GPs when seeking care for their children; to inform GPs about families’ experiences of good care; and to complement existing guidelines and resources for GPs on affirmative trans healthcare for children. Methods This was a nation-wide, qualitative, constructivist study using semi-structured in-depth interviews, which was nested in a larger study on experiences of parents with a trans child across a range of Australian services and agencies. Eighteen parents of trans children in Australia were interviewed, recruited from online support and advocacy networks for parents of trans children. Results We found that although parents valued ongoing care from their family GP, some had to seek a new GP because they had or feared a negative reaction from their regular GP, or their regular GP did not have the knowledge to support their family. Parents sought GPs who would validate their child and affirm their child’s gender. Parents expected practical care from GPs such as referrals to gender-affirming specialists and other health practitioners, routine clinical procedures, and letters of support to services and agencies. Qualities that parents valued in a GP were a respectful manner, listening, putting the child first, asking appropriate questions, and being willing to learn. Discussion GPs that understand trans healthcare for children across a range of health areas and can respond positively in a respectful and matter of fact way to families are in short supply. Parent knowledge can inform GPs to support trans children in line with the Australian Standards of Care.

Reproductive sex ending in failure affects sexual health – A qualitative study of men and women attending a fertility clinic

ObjectiveTo explore men’s and women’s experiences regarding their history of sexual health when attending a fertility clinic. MethodsA qualitative study with semi-structured individual interviews was conducted among heterosexual males and females seeking infertility care at a public fertility clinic in Sweden in 2022–2023. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. ResultsEight males and ten females were included. The analysis resulted in an overarching theme: A change from spontaneous to scheduled intercourse affects various aspects of sexual health. In the beginning of the relationship sex had been spontaneous, joyful and satisfying. However, sex was not always unproblematic, and there had been sexual changes. Sex with a reproductive purpose was scheduled according to ovulation, leading to changes in sexual behavior. Increased erectile problems in men and decreased frequency of orgasms in women, and a lack of sexual desire in both, were experienced. Men and women felt pressured to have sex when it became a requirement. Men’s sexual and women’s reproductive failures led to negative emotional reactions, including stress, frustration, disappointment, anxiety and guilt. Sexual and reproductive problems affected the relational well-being, leading to feelings of sharing the burden but also conflicts and sexual avoidance. ConclusionsExperiencing reproductive failures, sexual problems and negative emotional reactions can affect men’s and women’s sexual health. Therefore, an implication for clinical practice among healthcare professionals during evaluation of infertility, is a need to be aware of and ask questions about sexual health after reproductive failures.

Determination of six volatile fatty acids in human serum, urine and faeces by low temperature derivatisation combined with HPLC–MS/MS

A stable isotope dilution-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method based on a low-temperature derivatization strategy with 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3-NPH) was developed for the determination of six volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in serum, urine, and feces. Ice acetonitrile was used to precipitate proteins and extract the target analytes. The extract was derivatized with 3-NPH methanol solution at 4 °C. BEH C8 (1.7 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm) column was used for chromatographic separation, and acetonitrile–water (both containing 0.01 % formic acid) were used as the mobile phase with a gradient elution of 10 min. Electrospray ionization source (ESI) in negative ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were used for analyte detection. The regression coefficients R2 of the calibration curves for the six VFAs were in the range of 0.9963–0.9994, and the LOQs were in the range of 0.02–0.5 μg mL−1, with the recoveries in the range of 85.3–104.3 %, and the intra- and inter-day precision in the range of 1.8–9.1 %. The method is simple, accurate and reliable, and has been applied in the sensitive determination of VFAs in complex biological samples.

Varicella-Zoster Virus-Induced Neurologic Disease After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Multicenter Observational Cohort Study.

Early reports described an increased risk of herpes zoster following receipt of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. The objective was to assess whether COVID-19 vaccine is associated with varicella-zoster virus-induced neurologic disease (VZV-ND). This multicenter retrospective case-control study with a test-negative design was conducted at 12 hospitals in Israel. We included all patients admitted with VZV-ND between January 2020 and December 2021 and matched controls with a negative polymerase chain reaction result for VZV in cerebrospinal fluid. We identified 188 patients meeting the case definition of VZV-ND who were admitted during the study period. Cases were matched with 376 controls. There was no significant variation in the incidence of VZV-ND between 1 year preceding and 1 year following the deployment of BNT162b2 in Israel. Analysis of persons who had received at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine (n = 259) showed similar proportions of VZV-ND and non-VZV-ND in 4 intervals (30, 42, 50, 60 days) following the last vaccine dose. The median time from the last vaccine dose to hospitalization with a neurologic syndrome was 53 days (IQR, 25-128) and 82 days (IQR, 36-132) for VZV-ND and non-VZV-ND, respectively, not reaching statistical significance (P = .056). The rate of VZV-ND in vaccinated patients was no different from the rate in the unvaccinated group (30.9% vs 35.4%, P = .2). We did not find an association between COVID-19 vaccine and VZV-ND. Since COVID-19 vaccine is now recommended yearly, every fall and winter, establishing the safety of the vaccine is of great importance.

A network analysis of exhaustion disorder symptoms throughout treatment

BackgroundStress-induced Exhaustion Disorder (ED) is associated with work absenteeism and adverse health outcomes. Currently, little is known regarding how the symptoms of ED are interrelated and whether the patterns of symptoms influence treatment outcomes. To this end, the current study applied network analyses on ED patients participating in a multimodal intervention.MethodsThe first aim of the study was to explore the internal relationships between exhaustion symptoms and identify symptoms that were more closely related than others. A second aim was to examine whether the baseline symptom network of non-responders to treatment was more closely connected than the baseline symptom networks of responders, by comparing the sum of all absolute partial correlations in the respective groups’ symptom network. This comparison was made based on the hypothesis that a more closely connected symptom network before treatment could indicate poorer treatment outcomes. Network models were constructed based on self-rated ED symptoms in a large sample of patients (n = 915) participating in a 24-week multimodal treatment program with a 12-month follow-up.ResultsThe internal relations between self-rated exhaustion symptoms were stable over time despite markedly decreased symptom levels throughout participation in treatment. Symptoms of limited mental stamina and negative emotional reactions to demands were consistently found to be the most closely related to other ED symptoms. Meanwhile, sleep quality and irritability were weakly related to other exhaustion symptoms. The symptom network for the full sample became significantly more closely connected from baseline to the end of treatment and 12-month follow-up. The symptom network of non-responders to treatment was not found to be more closely connected than the symptom network of responders at baseline.ConclusionsThe results of the current study suggest symptoms of limited mental stamina and negative emotional reactions to demands are central ED symptoms throughout treatment, while symptoms of irritability and sleep quality seem to have a weak relation to other symptoms of ED. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of ED.Trial registrationThe clinical trial was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov 2017-12-02 (Identifier: NCT03360136).

Overestimating prevalence? Rethinking boundaries and confounders of moral distress.

Moral distress denotes a negative reaction to a morally challenging situation. It has been associated with adverse outcomes for healthcare professionals, patients and healthcare institutions. We argue that existing definitions, along with measures of moral distress, compromise the validity of empirical research. First, the definition and measurement of moral distress conflate moral events and psychological distress, even though they are distinct phenomena that should be assessed independently. Second, in many studies, there is a lack of clarity in distinguishing between moral and non-moral events. Finally, prior research on moral distress often overlooks the substantial body of evidence demonstrating the impact of diverse work-related factors, beyond moral events, on both distress and job retention. These challenges might undermine the effectiveness of interventions aimed at alleviating moral distress. We outline a comprehensive research agenda that encompasses conceptual clarifications, the refinement of data collection instruments, the design of studies and the application of appropriate statistical methods.

Care or sabotage? A reflexive thematic analysis of perceived partner support throughout the bariatric surgery journey.

Social support is mostly seen as a positive resource for many health outcomes. However, some research indicates that weight loss may disrupt the equilibrium of relationships and highlights the potential for a more negative form of social support. This qualitative study aimed to explore bariatric surgery (BS) patients' perceptions of the way in which their current or previous partner supported them throughout their BS journey. BS patients (N = 30) participated in semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed using an inductive approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes were derived from the data. While two themes reflected social support as a form of caring (Mutual Investment and Positive Reinforcements), the other two themes indicated aspects of sabotage (Feeder Behaviours and Negative Reactions to Weight Loss Attempts and Successes). Transcending these themes was the notion of Bariatric Surgery as an Opportunity or Threat to the Relationship. Some patients perceived social support as a positive resource in BS success involving Mutual Investment from their partners and being offered Positive Reinforcements for changes in their weight status and wellbeing. Some, however, described more negative aspects of support which had undermined their BS goals, either unintentionally or intentionally, through acts of sabotage including Feeder Behaviours and Negative Reactions to Weight Loss Attempts and Successes. Future research should develop interventions to help prepare the partners of those undergoing BS for the changes to both their partner's weight status and the dynamics of their relationship.

The Paradox of Inclusion in Elite Workforce Differentiation Practices: Harnessing the Genius Effect

AbstractWe examine the assumption that making workforce differentiation practices more inclusive will cause employees to react more positively. We identify a fundamental ‘paradox of inclusion’, where practices designed to be more inclusive may in fact decrease employees' perceived inclusion. Drawing on social comparison theory and the ‘genius effect’ – using talent management practices as an empirical case – we found that both employees identified as ‘talents’ and ‘non‐talents’ reacted more favourably to exclusive, secretive practices than to inclusive, transparent practices. Across four studies, we ran experiments testing managers' assumptions about employee reactions to talent practices (Study 1; N = 179); the reactions of ‘non‐talents’ (Study 2; N = 576); the reactions of ‘talents’ (Study 3; N = 306); and conducted a field study (Study 4; N = 402). Managers' preferences for more inclusive practices were guided by their assumption that non‐talents would react more positively to them. Non‐talents, in fact, reacted more negatively to more inclusive practices in terms of envy, organization‐based self‐esteem, turnover intentions, and perceived inclusion. Keeping talent status a secret from employees buffered negative reactions. Based on these findings, we identify paradoxes inherent to workforce differentiation and extend theorizing on the tension between exclusive and inclusive practices within organizations.

Market Responses to Credit Rating Changes Given Prior Performance and the Association with Information Asymmetry and Corporate Governance

Credit ratings are important for real estate investment trusts (REITs) given their dependence on external capital to support growth. However, relatively little research has examined how credit rating changes can impact shareholder wealth. We document new evidence showing how the market response to REIT credit rating changes is associated with prior return performance. We demonstrate that previous results indicating a negative reaction to REIT credit rating downgrades are associated with prior periods of positive performance. We report new evidence showing an insignificant reaction to downgrades for credit rating changes after periods of negative performance. We also report new findings indicating a positive market reaction to upgrades following periods of negative performance. These findings suggest the market anticipates bad news after negative performance and good news after periods of positive performance. We find higher information asymmetry (less transparency) is associated with stronger market reactions to credit rating changes. Moreover, stronger corporate governance is associated with increased transparency as reflected in milder abnormal returns to credit rating changes.

Deciphering Public Sentiment on iPhone 14: A BERT-Based Analysis of Twitter Discourse

The study delves into understanding the sentiment of Twitter users towards the iPhone 14 by employing sentiment analysis models. Recognizing the limitations of traditional sentiment analysis tools, the research utilizes the BERT model, known for its bidirectional understanding of textual context. Initially, the study observed a prevailing negative sentiment using general models. However, after refining the approach using BERT, a more balanced representation of sentiments was observed. The BERT model's results highlighted both positive and negative reactions towards the iPhone 14 on Twitter, with distinct peaks in sentiment scores. The research underscores the importance of leveraging advanced models like BERT for tasks requiring nuanced understanding, providing stakeholders in the technology domain with comprehensive insights into public sentiment.