Negative Personality Characteristics Research Articles

Stigma of Binge-Eating Disorder in Hong Kong Chinese Adults: Effects of Weight Status, Diagnostic Labeling, and Etiological Explanations.

Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a strongly stigmatized condition and is often complicated by weight stigma. Research on the intersection between BED and weight stigma is scarce especially in Chinese populations. The present study examined BED stigma in Chinese, whether BED stigma was independent from weight stigma, and whether diagnostic labeling and etiological explanations influenced the degree of BED stigma. Using a between-subject experimental vignette study, 642 participants (mean age = 29.74 years, SD = 11.34) were randomly assigned to read one of the 18 vignettes, describing a character with information on BED symptoms, weight status, diagnostic labeling, and etiological explanations, followed by measures of stigma and help-seeking intentions. The character with BED symptoms was ascribed more negative personality characteristics, elicited more negative affective reactions, and triggered greater desired social distance compared to the character without BED symptoms. No evidence for weight stigma was found nor for its interaction with BED stigma. The Cantonese diagnostic label of BED, kwong sik zing, was associated with lower levels of volitional stigma and greater help-seeking intentions than the diagnostic label of eating disorders, jam sik sat tiu, and the absence of labeling. The effect of etiological explanations was only significant in the univariate test, indicating that providing either a psychosocial or a biogenetic etiological explanation lessened the negative evaluations of personality characteristics. The present study provided first evidence for BED stigma in Chinese. BED stigma appeared to be attributable to the presence of disordered eating behavior rather than the BED diagnosis.

First impressions: Do faces with scars and palsies influence warmth, competence and humanization?

A glance is enough to assign psychological attributes to others. Attractiveness is associated with positive attributes ('beauty-is-good' stereotype). Here, we raise the question of a similar but negative bias. Are people with facial anomalies associated with negative personal characteristics? We hypothesized that biases against faces with anomalies arise because of negative stereotypes (less warmth and competence) and forms of dehumanization (animalistic and mechanistic). We enrolled 1493 mTurk participants (N = 1306 after exclusion) to assess 31 traits of photographed people using 60 pairs of photographs of the same person before and after plastic surgery. Half anomalous faces had a scar and the other half had a palsy. To calculate warmth and competence, we conducted a principal components analysis of the 31 attributes. Animalistic dehumanization was assessed by averaging reverse-scored ratings corresponding to moral sensibility and rationality/logic, and mechanistic dehumanization by averaging across reverse-scored ratings corresponding to emotional responsiveness and interpersonal warmth. We found that both kinds of anomalous faces were seen as less warm, competent and were dehumanized. Our findings suggest that an 'anomalous-is-bad' stereotype generalizes regardless of the aetiology of the anomaly. This effect may be related to a reverse halo effect, that is, the horn effect.

Association between personality traits and psychological distress among postmenopausal women with coronary heart disease: A cross-sectional survey and mediation analysis.

Postmenopausal women with negative personality characteristics are at an increased risk of psychological disorders, yet little is known about the mechanism underlying the relationship between type D personality and psychological distress in postmenopausal women with coronary disease. This study assessed the mediating roles of perceived social support and self-perceived burden in the relationship between type D and psychological distress based on the equity theory and stress-buffering model. Demographic characteristics, type D, psychological distress, perceived social support, and self-perceived burden were completed by 335 participants with self-reported questionnaires using a cross-sectional design in Southeast China. The results revealed that perceived social support and self-perceived burden both separately and serially mediated the relationship between type D personality and psychological distress. Effective intervention strategies aimed at improving perceived social support or reducing self-perceived burden may be beneficial in reducing psychological distress.

Оценка личностных, межличностных и социальных проблем в ресоциализации лиц, привлекавшихся к уголовной ответственности

Abstract: Introduction. The research is aimed at studying the difficulties of convicts’ resocialisation as well as individuals subjected to administrative supervision. The relevance of the study is based on the social significance of countering recidivism, reducing the level of offences, as well as the necessity to gain new scientific knowledge concerning the resocialisation factors. The problem of the study is in the lack of a comprehensive understanding of resocialisation factors, diverse ideas about personal and interpersonal characteristics, and social factors disrupting resocialisation process.
 Research methods include theoretical methods of cognition: generalisation, categorisation and systematisation of information regarding the factors contributing to the resocialisation of convicted individuals; empirical methods of cognition: questionnaire, mathematical and statistical analysis - descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, comparative analysis – Mann–Whitney U-criterion.
 Results of the study. The diverse socio-psychological causes of resocialisation disorders were generalised in the form of a three-component model describing personal characteristics, interpersonal relations and social conditions. The empirical study of perceptions of the causes of resocialisation was carried out. The sample included individuals serving sentences in correctional institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, individuals under administrative supervision (n = 252) and law enforcement officers (n = 232).
 Conclusions. The theoretical model of resocialisation difficulties has been verified. Differences in the perception of the reasons causing resocialisation failures in the group of convicted individuals and law enforcement officers have been established. Recidivists are characterised by the desire to blame the social environment, underestimation of their own negative personal characteristics and social conditions. These include alcohol and other addictions, their manipulation of others, retention of a criminal lifestyle, idleness and hedonism. Law enforcement officers are characterised by increased attention to the conditions of social functioning and negative personal characteristics of ex-convicts.
 The results broaden and clarify scientific ideas about the factors that impede resocialisation, and the tools developed in the course of the study have been tested and are applicable for the practical study of a set of socio-psychological problems of integration of convicted individuals into the community.

КЛИНИКО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФАРМАКОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОЙ ЭПИЛЕПСИИ

Drug-resistant epilepsy is determined by both clinical and subjective factors that are realized through psychological, behavioral and social mechanisms leading to low compliance, behaviors that help maintain a certain frequency of seizures, deformation of the motivational and emotional spheres of patients. The purpose of the study is to analyze the clinical, psychological characteristics of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, to identify significant correlations between clinical and psychometric characteristics in patients with different course of epilepsy. The study included 60 patients diagnosed with epilepsy, divided into 2 groups: 30 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and 30 patients with seizure remission. Patients underwent psychometric tests. Statistical differences were assessed using non-parametric statistics, Spearman's coefficient was used for correlation analysis, data at p < 0.05 were considered reliable. Clinical predictors of drug-resistant epilepsy were consistent with those described earlier in the literature: early onset of seizures, long duration of the disease and frequency of seizures, the prevalence of focal seizures, symptomatic structural variant of epilepsy. Negative correlations have been found between seizure frequency and levels of neuroticism and self-destructive behavior. Thus, high anxiety caused a more responsible attitude of patients to the treatment process, increasing their compliance. In patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, negative personality characteristics correlated with insufficiency of the inhibition process. The influence of neuroticism, alexithymia extended to a greater number of personality traits and behavior, indicating their systemic impact on the behavior of patients. The construction of models of behavior in conflict by patients with drug-resistant epilepsy reflected a tendency to compensate for personality traits through ineffective avoidance behavior, to demonstrate a lack of flexibility. Drug-resistant epilepsy is an important medical and social problem. The relationship of the disease with psychological and behavioral characteristics is close and complex, so such patients need clinical and psychological support to optimize the treatment process.

Влияние профессиональной деятельности сотрудников органов внутренних дел на стрессоустойчивость и психофизиологические процессы организма

The specific features of the activity of ATS employees have a significant impact on the personal and psychophysiological characteristics of individuals and can lead to the development of maladaptive States. Employees subject to emotional instability, chronic emotional stress causes changes in the personality structure, manifested in the strengthening of accentuation, deviant behavior, the occurrence of professional deformation. The study was conducted among the employees of the internal Affairs bodies, in the amount of 708 people sent to the Center for psychological diagnosis, for the purpose of psychoprophylactic examination. When assessing the reserves of mental and psychophysiological stability of employees, the reference criterion was the length of service in the internal Affairs bodies. The following psychodiagnostic methods were used: lüscher color test, the method of assessing the overall intellectual development of the “CAT”, standardized multifactorial method of personality research “Smith”. These methods made it possible to diagnose the presence or absence of signs of socio-mental maladjustment, the presence of accentuations and negative personal characteristics, the level of intellectual productivity. According to researches it is established that the period of service in law-enforcement bodies from 6 to 10 years is critical when there is a critical accumulation of emotional tension, and as a result — psychological mechanisms of protection of an organism weaken, owing to it functional violations in a state of health increase, psychosomatic diseases are formed. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of the personality of employees of the internal Affairs bodies, which are more exposed to the development of the state of maladjustment in the process of official activity. As these factors, the stability of the emotional sphere and the stability of the functional reserves of the body were considered.

The Effects of an Online Positive Psychology Course on Happiness, Health, and Well-Being.

This study investigated the effects of an 8-week online positive psychology course on happiness, health, and well-being. There were 65 undergraduate students in the course and a comparison group of 63 undergraduates taking other online psychology courses. The participants were assessed on positive mental health (e.g., happiness, positive emotions), negative mental health (e.g., anxiety, depression), general health, and personal characteristics (e.g., hope, resilience) during the first and last week of the courses. The anxiety and depression measures had cut-offs for clinically significant symptoms. The hypotheses were that the positive psychology students would have significant improvements on all measures and a reduction in the percent anxious and depressed relative to the comparison group. The hypotheses were supported with large effect sizes for positive and negative mental health (mean ds = 0.907 and - 0.779, respectively) and medium-to-large effects for general health and personal characteristics (d = 0.674 and mean ds = 0.590, respectively). There was a reduction from 49.2 to 23.1% percent anxious and from 18.6 to 6.2% percent depressed with no change in the comparison group. In addition, improvements in the online positive psychology course were compared with a previous study of a similar face-to-face positive psychology course (Smith et al., 2021) showing the effect sizes for improvements relative to the comparison groups were larger in the online vs. face-to-face course (mean ds = 0.878. vs. 0.593). Possible explanations for these differences are discussed along with the implications for maximizing the benefits of positive psychology courses in the future.

Девиантное поведение сотрудников органов внутренних дел: обзор исследований в современной российской психологии

Introduction. Modern Russian studies devoted to the study of deviant behavior in different age samples of employees of internal affairs bodies (ATS) are considered. The urgency of the problem is related to the task and optimization of interpersonal interaction of ATS employees. Materials and discussion. The types of deviant behavior and deviations in interpersonal interaction are considered. The results of studies aimed at identifying the causes and predictors of deviant behavior in cadets, cadets and police officers with different service experience are presented. The concept of antisocial creativity is considered, predictors of antisocial creativity identified in studies of various age samples are presented. An important predictor of deviant behavior in police officers are negative personal characteristics: hostility, aggression, character accentuation. Among cadets, an important role in the formation of negative personal characteristics is played by the peculiarities of the educational institution, and to a greater extent its closeness. Employees of the Department of Internal Affairs have a different situation: with the growth of service experience, these characteristics are not formed, but manifest themselves due to professional deformation. Conclusions. The analysis of modern publications shows the absence of longitudinal studies tracking the dynamics of changes in deviant behavior, and the apparent insufficiency of studies of deviant behavior in the interpersonal interaction of police officers.
 The prospect of studying the features of interpersonal interaction of ATS employees within the framework of the study of the relationship between antisocial creativity and emotional intelligence is substantiated.

«Сказочные» карикатуры как инструмент дискредитации в британском политическом дискурсе (на примере The Guardian)

The article considers the implementation of the discrediting strategy in the British political discourse of 2021—2023. The material of the study was political cartoons published in the Guardian, which contain iconic and verbal allusions to the plots of British folk and author's fairy tales. A fairy tale is considered as a precedent phenomenon presented with varying degrees of detail: at the level of a precedent name, a precedent situation, a precedent chronotope, a precedent plot, a precedent text. The interaction of iconic and verbal components is considered. It is shown that fairy-tale allusions turn out to be an effective tool for discrediting the portrayed politicians and the transformations they carry out, since they allow the addressee to build a dynamic image of a “man-in-situation” and predict the development of the situation. Precedent situations, in turn, make it possible to endow a character with a certain set of negative personal characteristics. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of readers' comments, on the basis of which it is possible to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of the impact of the cartoon.

Dark Tourists: Profile, Practices, Motivations and Wellbeing.

This work aims to address whether knowing what dark tourism is (or not) impacts rumination on sadness, self-hatred, hostility, psychological vulnerability, and tourist wellbeing, as well as practices and motivations for dark tourism. A quantitative approach, based on a survey of 993 respondents, reveals that women and more educated participants know more about dark tourism; people who know what dark tourism is have visited more Holocaust museums, sites of human tragedy and natural disasters, concentration camps, and prisons; show more curiosity, need to learn and understand, and need to see morbid things. A model was found showing that gender, age, know/do not know dark tourism, and motivations (curiosity, the need to learn, the need to understand, and pleasure) explained 38.1% of a dark tourism practice index. Most findings also indicate that rumination on sadness, self-hatred, hostility, and psychological vulnerability are associated with darker practices. Greater wellbeing was not found in participants who knew in advance what dark tourism was. Interestingly, participants who visit tragic human sites present higher values in hostility and tourist wellbeing than those who do not. In summary, people who visit more dark places and score higher on negative personality characteristics have higher values of tourist wellbeing.

A Survey on Junior Nurses’ Risk Perception Level and Its Influencing Factors

[Objective] Junior nurses’ perceived risk level may affect their career satisfaction and performances. This study sought to investigate the current situation of risk perception level of junior nurses with undergraduate degrees and to determine its influencing factors, with the aim to provide a reference for nursing managers to carry out targeted training and education for junior nurses. [Methods] A total of 484 junior nurses with undergraduate degrees from five tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province were selected by the convenience sampling method as the research participants. The general information questionnaire, risk perception questionnaire and the Chinese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scale were used for the survey. [Results] The enrolled junior nurses scored 85.84±13.56 (Full score was 100) on the risk perception survey. Working years, positive and negative affect, gender, and personality characteristics were the main influencing factors for junior nurses’ risk perception levels (P<0.05). [Conclusions] Junior nurses' risk perception was at a moderate and acceptable level. However, their risk perception was higher in dimensions such as physical function, occupational exposure, and time. Therefore, nursing managers should pay attention to high-risk perception items, and targeted measures should be taken according to different characteristics of nurses to improve their ability to correctly recognize risks and eliminate negative emotions in order to improve the quality of nursing services.

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A POSITIVE IMAGE OF A TEACHER OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article analyzes the functions and structural components of the positive image of a teacher of higher education. The focus is on the fact that the importance of the image phenomenon in social interaction has grown rapidly in the course of social change. The importance of the human factor is growing, which allows the individual to present himself to society as an individual. That is why the problem of formation and development of the image of teachers of higher education in our time is receiving special attention. To achieve this goal, a set of interrelated and interdependent methods was used: analysis of scientific literature to substantiate the pedagogical conditions for the development of the professional image of a modern teacher of higher education; generalization, synthesis, systematization to clarify the state of the problem and theoretical interpretation of pedagogical features of a positive image. It was found that the image formed as a result of human existence in society is characterized by dynamism, flexibility, as it is able to change depending on the external conditions and requirements of its bearer. Given the fact that image is a complex socio-psychological phenomenon that can be studied from different points of view, modern science offers three main approaches to the typology of personality image: functional, contextual, comparative. It is concluded that the main functions of the image for a teacher of higher education are: interpersonal adaptation; coverage of the best personal and business qualities; concealment of negative personal characteristics, with the help of clothes, hair, makeup, refined manners to distract people from their shortcomings; overcoming age limits; function of social training.

Making the Personal Statement "Truly Personal": Recommendations From a Qualitative Case Study of Internal Medicine Program and Associate Program Directors.

The personal statement is an integral part of a residency application but little guidance exists for medical students about what content to include. We use the framework of isomorphism, the process by which institutions model themselves after one another, to understand what internal medicine program directors (PDs) and associate program directors (APDs) recommend be included in the personal statement and how programs use personal statements in their selection of applicants to interview and rank. Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted between August and October 2020 with 13 academic PDs and APDs, who were selected for participation based on program size and geographic location. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using content analysis. Effective personal statements should be well-written, present unique information, and demonstrate fit with a residency program. PDs and APDs recommended against expressing lack of interest in a program or highlighting negative personal characteristics. PDs and APDs used personal statements to distinguish between applicants and noted that personal statements help programs form an impression of the applicant. Consensus among PDs and APDs about what personal statements should include and how they are used indicates that isomorphism influences the match process. Our study found that the personal statement is a valued part of the residency application when it includes unique attributes and reveals personal values that align with that of the program. Additionally, PDs and APDs noted that when applicants highlight their unique characteristics, it can help distinguish themselves from others.

The influence of facial attractiveness and personal characteristics on imitation

ABSTRACT Imitation plays a crucial role in learning and communication, although a little is known whether individuals imitate each other based on particular personality traits. Facial features and personal characteristics are the major components of personal impressions. This study adopted the color paradigm to explore the effect of the two factors on imitation. Experiment 1 examined the effect of facial attractiveness and face gender on imitation. The results showed that woman who appeared attractive drove imitation more than woman who did not. However, men who appeared attractive and unattractive differed insignificantly. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of facial attractiveness and personal characteristics on imitation. The results of Experiment 1 were verified, stating that positive personal characteristics drove imitation more than negative personal characteristics. The study found that facial attractiveness still affected imitation when characteristics information appeared. Regarding negative personal characteristics, individuals who appeared attractive drove imitation more than individuals who did not. The results indicate that imitation is automated, influenced not only by face types but also by personal characteristics.

Two sides of the same personality coin: An opportunity to refocus (un)ethical analysis

AbstractPrior ethics studies highlight the importance of understanding positive or negative leader personality characteristics to improve organizational outcomes. However, few studies combine both positive and negative leader personality characteristics, to unpack and guide ethics theorizations. This lack of methodological balance restricts how we perceive leader ethics, our understandings of organizational experiences, and therefore, our awareness of governance approaches. This study challenges the dominant ethics scholarly orthodoxy—which focuses on positive or negative leader characteristics—by combining self‐determination theory and the Dark Triad perspective, to explore the plurality of ethical dimensions within organizational leadership. A case example is provided to highlight the need for this methodological awareness and four avenues of engagement are discussed to improve future organizational governance and ethics scholarship.

Освещение деятельности Временного Приамурского правительства и сторонников советской власти в Камчатской области (по материалам газеты «Камчатский листок» 1922 г.)

Based on the materials of “Kamchatsky listok” newspaper (1922), the author reveals the peculiarities of the formation of a positive image of the Interim Amur government and discrediting the supporters of the Soviet power in the Kamchatka region on the pages of this newspaper. Newspaper materials show that the establishment of the power of the Interim Amur Government in Kamchatka took place exclusively in a peaceful way. Special emphasis is placed on the legality, patriotism and humanity of the acting government, as well as the support of the government by the Kamchatka population. The author also revealed the peculiarities of presenting information material on the newspaper pages depicting opponents of the acting government (members of the former regional revolutionary committee and members of partisan groups). To create a negative image and discredit them, a significant amount of published information was devoted to the illegality of the regional revolutionary committee in power, the small number of supporters of Soviet power and the criminal methods of their actions. In order to increase the effectiveness of the emotional impact on readers, such a technique as the publication in the news-paper of acute negative personal characteristics of the Kamchatka Bolsheviks, which took on caricature forms, was widely used. The publications of “Kamchatsky listok” are interesting from the point of view of the analysis of the official interpretation of current political events and unique factual data that cannot be found in any other sources.

Organizational Change and its Impacts Through Counterproductive Work Behaviors

The United States Armed Forces is similar to and different from other complex business organizations in the United States. The difference is that the Armed Forces have a unique traditional culture. When this is interfered with through counterproductive work behaviors, both the organization and national security are threatened. This work focused on the relationship between counterproductive work behaviors, selected negative personality characteristics, employee voice, and organizational change in the United States Armed Forces. The three personality traits were psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism. Although the effects of these traits on organizations have been studied, no study has been conducted with participants from the United States Armed Forces. Three theories were used for the theoretical foundation: social identity theory, social exchange theory, and organizational support theory. Seven research questions and seven hypotheses were formulated. A total of 241 volunteer veterans or retired military personnel in the Armed Forces participated with a 77-item researcher-designed survey based on published questionnaires. The data were analyzed with quantitative methods, specifically descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. All hypotheses were supported. The results showed that psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism related positively to counterproductive work behaviors (H1, H2, H3). Organizational changed moderated the relationships between psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism (H4, H5, H6). Employee voice related negatively to counterproductive work behaviors (H7). Implications include further quantitative research with other samples and the variables studied, as well as qualitative research. Recommendations for leaders at all levels of organizations to gain a greater understanding of the variables in this study can help leaders take steps to mitigate counterproductive work behaviors in relation to negative personality traits and organizational change for greater organizational effectiveness.

Undesired Behaviours of School Principals and Teachers’ Opinions about the Effects of These Behaviours

In this research, it was aimed to determine the undesired behaviors of school principals and to identify the effects of these behaviors on teachers. This research study was designed in qualitative research design. Study group was consisted of the teachers working in primary, secondary, and high schools in Düzce city center, in the academic year of 2019-2020. The data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, and the interviews were conducted via video calls due to the pandemic effective in Turkey and world-wide. It has been analyzed with descriptive analysis method that the data collected from fourteen teachers with the maximum variation sampling method. The teachers were asked questions about the undesired behaviors of school principals, the effects of these behaviors, and their opinions about how to prevent these behaviors. According to the results of the research, some topics becomes prominent such concepts as administrative skills, unqualified administratorship, psychological violence at workplace, disequilibrium and inequality. The most emphasized negative personal characteristics are discriminatory behaviours, ride roughshod over and behave egoistically. Teachers verbalized that the school principals are lack of deficiency in administrative skills and due to their negative personal characteristics; teachers have difficulty such as loss of motivation, downheartedness, explode with anger. Regarding the organizational effects of unwanted behaviors of school principals, loyalty to the institution, loss of trust, lack of belonging, not being able to focus on jobs, being productive and cynicism have come to the fore.

The bright side of personality

The article addresses the question, which personality dimensions mostly contribute to the positive human functioning, especially to wellbeing and prosocial values. As we predicted, the three dimensions from the Big Five factors are mostly opposed to the negative personality characteristics known as Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy), namely emotional stability (low neuroticism), agreeableness and conscientiousness. The results demonstrated negative relationship between these personality dimensions (labeled Bright Triad) and Dark Triad. Both Dark and Bright Triad dimensions are substantially loaded with one single bipolar latent dimension, the Dark versus Bright Personality. The results also confirmed the substantial connections of the Bright Triad dimensions to the wellbeing and the values. The Bright Triad dimensions are positively associated with general life satisfaction and traditional, social, cognitive and democratic values and tend to be negatively associated with status or power values. On the other side, Dark Triad dimensions are positively related to the status values and tend to be negatively related to the prosocial values.

Investigating the Sense of Smell and Its Relevance to Embodied Social Work Practice: Exploring the Literature

ABSTRACT Smell is one of the many senses we deploy to act in and on our world. It is arguably the most visceral, ubiquitous, and immediately experienced, but simultaneously devalued and understudied, sense. Smell is often processed in an unconscious manner, exposing social class, gendered, age-based and racialised stereotypes. Smell therefore links to structural inequalities, affecting marginalised client groups who may emit certain smells, abide in malodorous environments, possess smell deficits, or exhibit strong emotional reactions to specific smells. Without relevant knowledge, social workers may associate various smells directly with negative individual personality or group characteristics or misinterpret situations. They could consequently unwittingly oppress subordinated groups, contravening value-based, anti-oppressive and reflexive practice. This article therefore explores the limited multidisciplinary literature on smell, supporting more informed and ethical practice decisions. IMPLICATIONS The senses, particularly smell, have been mostly overlooked in social work. As a result, social workers may often ignore, be unaware of, or react autonomously to issues involving smell. The multidisciplinary literature analysed and synthesised in this article illuminates smell’s, hitherto unrecognised, importance in social work. It begins to enable practitioners to identify when smell becomes a problematic issue, and reflexively respond in an informed, empathic manner. The article also strongly suggests that greater attention should be paid to smell in future social work education, practice, and research.