Negative Peace Research Articles

Pedagogy of Peacefulness as an Effort of Peaceful Education at School

Based on the phenomenon occurred at all level of education, it was found that the circumstances of the schools were unsafe and uncomfortable for students and academics. There were a number of direct and indirect violence carried out at schools and it had impacts on physical and psychological health of students. There was no existence of positive peace in the form of structural violence, socio-cultural violence, ecological violence and negative peace such as tribal warfare, fights and aggression. What happened actually although the nature of man in conscience had the basic harmony and desire to live together in tranquility? Therefore, the common perception of the concept of peace and peace pedagogy was needed to be created. Teachers as peace educators, thus, played an important role as a figure that had the personality of peace in the classroom and at school. The teacher as a peaceful personality consisted of three components: peaceful states, attitudes, and behavior that were consistent across one’s life spaces and life span. Moreover, the school also needed to develop an educational approach in the curriculum in synergy with the goals of education.

Approaches to Understanding Sustainable Peace: Qualitative Causal Loop Diagrams and Quantitative Mathematical Models

Scholarly research on peace has overwhelmingly focused on negative peace, or the absence of conflict, aggression, violence, and war. We seek to understand holistic peace systems, the political, economic, and social systems that sustain peaceful societies. We show how two methods can help us understand the properties and dynamics of such complex peace systems. Each method provides insights from different perspectives to help understand sustaining peace. The causal loop diagram helps us to identify the peace factors and the connections between them. The mathematical model helps us determine the quantitative results of the interactions between all the peace factors. Using these methods, we found that there is no single “leverage” factor that is the lynchpin in creating sustainable peace. Rather, the small effects of a large number of positive peace factors that support peace can collectively overcome the stronger emotional response to the negative conflict factors that jeopardize peace.

Plato's Conception of Peace

This article examines some of the ways in which Plato conveys a concern with peace and what conceptions of peace he has a concern with. I first consider Plato’s attitude to war (πόλεμος) and its conventional opposite, peace (εἰρήνη). In this context we find very little concern with peace at all and, by contrast, a somewhat disturbing emphasis on the importance of war. However, if we turn from war to a different type of conflict, faction (στάσις), we find a distinct difference. Plato considers faction unproductive because of the internal divisions it sustains. Yet Plato does not specifically call the opposite of faction ‘peace’; instead, he uses terms that have different extensions for us, such as δικαιοσύνη (‘justice’). Nevertheless, it is possible to outline a positive Platonic conception of peace by tabling a set a of peace-related terms. I distinguish three categories of terms that describe (1) conditions of peace (or negative peace), (2) dispositions of peacefulness, and (3) relations of peace, where such relations result from the expression of peaceful dispositions. My examination suggests that positive peace, for Plato, is founded on the unity and integrity of character. Only when individuals are at peace with themselves can peace within society be achieved.

Social conflict and reconciliation conflict: Conflict between in the pematang panggang community with psht martial arts

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors causing conflict and reconciliation process that has been done by society and government in resolving conflict. This research uses Conflict theory from Johan Galtung and Labeling Theory from George H. Mead. This research uses qualitative approach. Methods of data collection is done by interview, observation, and document. The results showed that conflict between in the pematang panggang community with PSHT martial arts caused by several factors such as the separation of residence between citizens in certain areas and the lack of mutual respect. The government’s reconciliation in resolving the conflict is an approach negative peace which only focuses on solving direct violence.

A Study on the Attainment of Regional Peace: Insinuation of Johan Galtung’s Philosophy of Peace in Southeast Asian Countries

<p><em>The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the insinuation of Galtung’s </em><em>“</em><em>positive</em><em>”</em><em> and </em><em>“</em><em>negative</em><em>”</em><em> peace in southeast Asian countries. Applying the qualitative research methodology and a case study approach, this study finds a relation of Galtung’s’ peace theory and peaceful coexistence in contemporary Southeast Asian nations. This study reveals that the southeast Asian nation-states beneath the authority of ASEAN’s regionalism have efficaciously been managed its negative peace since the 1970s. The execution of positive peace, on the other hand, had instigated with the enactment of treaty, accord and agreement since the 1980s. This regional organization has taken numerous strategies, which contributes to speed up its economy, improve social lifespan and develop a culture of peace in this area. The zone which was once well-known for its mutual confrontation, hostility and conflict, has now converted diplomatic. Its non-coercive approaches, soft diplomacy and, nuclear nonproliferation has now turned into a pioneer characteristic for the conflict-prone regions of the world. </em></p>

Martin Luther King Jr.’s white moderates and moderate Baptists: Moderateness as betrayal of the gospel

In his 1963 “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” Martin Luther King Jr. criticizes “the white moderate,” identifying them as empathizing with the Civil Rights Movement, but not acting upon it. King’s “white moderate” compares to contemporary white Baptists who embody King’s definition. Putting “white moderate” in conversation with “moderate Baptists” demonstrates how moderate actions betray the Gospel. Exploring the identity of the clergy whom King addresses in his letter aids in drawing out a fuller definition of “moderate.” This article applies three aspects of King’s critique to contemporary Baptist concerns, such as women in ministry and inclusion of LGBTQIA persons in all areas of ministry: (1) an avoidance of tension through silence, what King calls “negative peace;” (2) a sympathetic view without sustained change in social structure or policy, identified by King as “lukewarm acceptance;” and (3) using generalized statements to avoid speaking of “hot-topic” issues, which King phrases as “sanctimonious trivialities.” White Baptists can fight against the trend of “moderateness” through being transformed by and participating in what King calls “direct action.” In doing so, Baptists may become, to use King’s term, “extremists for love.”

Collaborative Public Health Management of Ebola in Africa

This essay considers the management of infectious disease through the prism of recent Ebola epidemics on the African continent. A review of country experiences suggests that securing working relationships among multiple actors within a global infrastructure of collaborative health governance offers a productive means for redressing viral spread. It is further argued that as various domains and sectors of the international system become more tightly interlaced to face common health threats, the ability to grow what Galtung referred to as “positive peace” increases. In this context, positive peace is conceptualized as bonds of support emerging from crisis settings that expand politically, socially and economically beyond disease events. Ultimately these bonds chasten a variety of forms of violence. This is opposed to “negative peace,” which reflects an absence of personal violence. The recent history of Ebola in Africa offers observers the opportunity to explore these themes in greater detail, and provides evidence of efforts to build infrastructure that can create more peaceful, mutually beneficial relationships on the common ground of pursuing public health. It also displays how direct human aggression rooted in long standing structural and cultural chains of violence can interrupt, impede and even destroy such efforts, ultimately leading to the possible letting loose of an illness that could reach transnational and even pandemic proportions.

The Role of Military Service in the Integration/Segregation of Muslims, Christians and Druze within Israel

This study applies the negative peace/positive peace approach to internal nation-state relations between the majority and ethnic minority. This approach focuses on the policies implemented by the state. In order to understand the social system from its formation, an important focus should be given to the period of establishment of a new state, whereas physical borders are defined along with the borders of society, which determines who is included in the new nation and who is excluded. The conclusions are based on the case of the Israeli Druze, an ethnic minority with whom the state of Israel and its Jewish majority have achieved positive peace. This study suggests that the positive peace with the Druze was achieved following their integration in the army—as a decision of the state of Israel—that lead to their integration in the Israeli society. Conversely to the Israeli Muslims, where a negative peace is maintained, following the early year’s state policy to exclude them.

「消極的平和」の枠を越えた平和教育の原理の探究 カントの平和論を手がかりに

「消極的平和」の枠を越えた平和教育の原理の探究 カントの平和論を手がかりに

‘‘Challenges to Achieving Sustainable Peace in Democratic Republic of Congo’’: A Case Study of North Kivu Province.

‘‘Challenges to Achieving Sustainable Peace in Democratic Republic of Congo’’: A Case Study of North Kivu Province. Kizaliwa Irumbo Abstract The article focuses on „„challenges to achieving sustainable peace in Democratic Republic of Congo‟‟: A Case study of North Kivu Province. It intended to explore factors affecting peace building process in order to ensure sustainable peace in DRC at personal level. Qualitative research indicates that there is peace in DRC but not what DRC people were expected to. People are experiencing negative peace. Quantitative data has yet been collected from individuals interested in peace building process. In this study, challenges to achieving sustainable peace in DRC are explored using survey data collected from 384 respondents including North Kivu local population, civil society activists and political leaders The results indicate that 71.11% of respondents realized that key challenges to achieving sustainable peace in DRC at personal level include social exclusion, misappropriation of national resources, partiality and negligence of culture in conflict resolution among others. 72.32% of respondents found out that the aforementioned factors resulted into murder and traumatisms, corruption, poverty, unemployment of DRC people and less understanding of the population culture. To handle the situation, 90.625% proposed the following actions: humanitarian assistances and sensitization which may result into healed persons and individual active participation in peace building process. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jgpc.v7n1a1

International Water Cooperation and Environmental Peacemaking

Proponents of the environmental peacemaking approach argue that environmental cooperation has the potential to improve relations between states. This is because such cooperation facilitates common problem solving, cultivates interdependence, and helps to build trust and understanding. But as of now, very few cross-case studies on environmental peacemaking exist. Furthermore, much of the available literature understands peace in negative terms as the mere absence of acute conflict. This article addresses both shortcomings by studying the impact of international water cooperation on transitions toward more peaceful interstate relations. To do so, we combine information on positive water-related interactions between states with the peace scale, a recent data set measuring the degree of positive and negative peace between states. For the period 1956–2006, we find that a higher number of positive, water-related interactions in the previous ten years makes a shift toward more peaceful interstate relations more likely. This is particularly the case for state pairs that are not in acute conflict with each other.

What’s So Peaceful about Asian Peace?

Previous work on an Asian peace has been imprecise on where, when, and why it occurs. This study examines different levels of state-based peace starting with the absence of war; unlike other treatments, however, we examine the incidence of civil war as well as the traditional interstate war. We then consider a more stringent threshold for peace, focusing on the absence or diminution of violent conflicts short of war, specifically incidents of militarized disputes and lesser conflicts. Finally, we look a broader conception of peace (“positive peace”) and examine all state relationships in Asia along a peace scale, which ranges from serious rivalries to negative peace to integrated security communities. Our findings indicate the strongest evidence for Asian peace with respect to avoiding interstate war. Nevertheless, there are significant conflicts involving violence and the threat of military force that persist in the region. A number of rivalries, many of them long-standing, continue to raise the specter of war. In addition, positive peace in Asia is rare for interstate relations and isolated to a few states for internal peace.

Mozambique’s post-war success story: Is it time to revisit the narrative?

ABSTRACTOver the past years since the signing of the Rome peace Accords, Mozambique has generally been regarded as an exemplary African post war success story. However, events in the last four years illuminate something different. This article will show that the low intensity but violent clashes between FRELIMO government forces and former rebel group RENAMO are not just a mere manifestation of Mozambican’s government inability to consolidate post war gains. These clashes could be framed and located within the broader context of complexities associated with transforming a peace Accord into a genuine and sustainable postwar peace dividend. It seems the success was largely registered in terms of reducing direct violence by creating negative peace. Even though negative peace was good, it was unfortunately not adequate. This article also argues that the success narrative lulled many including Mozambicans into ignoring fissures in the area of structural violence which effectively limited the country’s ability to progress towards positive peace. Despite all this, however, this article will concur with the belief that an outright full scale war is still highly improbable, but not impossible because RENAMO is still capable of spoiling and eroding the registered post war gains.

Incomplete Peace and Social Stagnation: Shortcomings of the Good Friday Agreement

Twenty years beyond its signing, the Good Friday Agreement remains the cornerstone of ‘peace’ in Northern Ireland, even as it has faced political, social, and cultural challenges. Despite the lack of renewed violence in the region since 1998, the Good Friday Agreement left many issues unaddressed, hampered by the region’s reality as a ‘deeply divided society’ and ultimately a ‘negative peace’. This article seeks to address the reasons peace has failed to flourish in the region, claiming that a ‘peace process’ ultimately concerned with governmental structures and paramilitary ceasefire was inadequate to truly resolve the conflict, resulting in the endurance of tensions into the present. As a result, the legacy of the Good Friday Agreement is a social stalemate from which the region cannot progress. Northern Ireland remains polarised by many of the same differences visible at the start of the Troubles half a century ago, as old divisions play out in new ways. This has resulted in a ‘culture war’, further dividing the populace. Current political instability in both Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom continue to challenge the tentative peace in the region, raising doubts that such divisions can be reasonably overcome.

INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTH, PEACEBUILDING, AND PRODUCTIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP - EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS IN COLOMBIA

After more than half a century of armed conflict, Colombia is moving towards a post-conflict period. National and regional strategies aimed to strengthen institutional capacities, promote productive entrepreneurship and reduce organized violence and crime, are crucial lines of action for the alleviation of current (and future) grievances among ex-combatants, and Colombian society in general. This study presents an exploratory analysis on institutional strength, peacebuilding, and productive entrepreneurship in Colombia. Three composite indices based upon international assessments or seminal studies were developed, namely: Institutional Strength Index; Building Peace Index (based on the Negative Peace Index and Positive Peace Index); and Productive Entrepreneurship Index. The results showed a significant correlation between Institutional Strength Index and Productive Entrepreneurship Index. Population is the variable with the most significant correlation with productive entrepreneurship, employment, GDP, industrial sophistication, innovation, crime and certain types of violence (sexual and domestic).

Peace, Culture and Communication: “Languaging” Post-conflict Disputes

Language, which is rarely neutral, shapes perception and behavior. Consequently, it plays an important role in relation to conflict and peace. The language of conflict usually functions on the basis of using differences to promote violence. Interviews conducted on land disputes in the post-conflict context of Northern Uganda, showed that language can be used to reduce these differences and affirm dignity thus diffusing tensions. Our preceding studies of conflict discourse within returnee communities have endeavored to show how language use, by imposing certain misrepresentations as legitimate, undermines efforts of social reintegration, perpetuates conditions of negative peace and can pose a threat of returning to conflict.In this study of Gulu elders dealing with post-conflict disputes, language is perceived as a tool of positive peace. Borrowing from the sociocultural theory of mind and its application to concepts of language, the paper shows how language can foster open and inclusive communication and support the pursuit of peaceful cohabitation within returnee communities. It goes on to demonstrate how language, within the cultural institutions of returnee communities, constitutes power that can be used in “languaging” conflict resolution. According to the study, language has embedded within it actual relations of power, so much so that those who control it exercise an enormous influence on how the communities perceive conflict and peace-building and what behaviors they accept in relation to resolving post-conflict disputes.Consequently, the quick revitalization of traditional arrangements of dispute settlement has been possible in the area of Gulu because language is a strong social institution which has enhanced the efforts of peace maintenance in the Acholi post conflict context. Languaging or talking through disputes as an alternative discourse to conflict should be embraced as a strategy of empowering the voiceless. It is an effective and sustainable cost effective strategy for dealing with cyclic disputes especially when applied as complementary to other dispute settlement approaches.

Parameters – Full Issue – Autumn 2017

FEATURES: Special Commentary. Limits of Negative Peace, Faces of Positive Peace — Patricia M. Shields. A Wake for Counterinsurgency? Abandoning Counterinsurgency: Reviving Antiterrorism Strategy—Steven Metz. Insurgent Defectors in Counterinsurgencies—Jacqueline L. Hazelton. War among (& for) the People. Rethinking NATO Policy on the Protection of Civilians—Sten Rynning. Military Force and Mass Migration in Europe—Matthew N. Metzel and John M. Lorenzen. War and Social Perception. Casualties of Their Own Success: The 2011 Urination Incident in Afghanistan—Paolo G. Tripodi and David M. Todd. Third-Force Influences: Hollywood’s War Films—John Chapin, Marissa Mendoza- Burcham, and Mari Pierce. Army Expansibility. Expanding Brigade Combat Teams: Is the Training Base Adequate?—Esli T. Pitts. Rapid Expansion and the Army’s Matériel: Is There Enough?—Robb C. Mitchell.

Limits of Negative Peace, Faces of Positive Peace

Limits of Negative Peace, Faces of Positive Peace

Peacebuilding and white-collar crime in post-war natural resource sectors

ABSTRACTPost-war situations can present an opportune context for white-collar crime in resource sectors – including corruption, tax evasion, land dispossession, and illegal resource exploitation. This paper investigates various forms of white-collar crime and associated human rights abuses, and points at biased processes of ‘criminalization’. Whereas white-collar crime is frequently legitimated under the guise of reconstruction and economic growth strategies, the victims of corruption and resource grabs often become ‘criminalised’. Such selective forms of criminalisation reflect a securitisation of resource sectors characterised by repressive forms of resource enclosures and increased socio-economic inequalities; putting resource-related white-collar crime at the core of negative peace economies.

The Saga of Conflict Transformation and Peace Process in Nepal: A Unique Account

Transforming from conflict to a state of peace has been a global concern in the 21st century. Nepal involved in peace building process in a unique way. Nepal’s effort to solve armed conflict has proven to be a unique Nepali model in peace and conflict literature. This paper examines the context of armed conflict and the peace process in the light of managing combatants of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) thereby contributing to the approach of transforming armed conflict into a state of global peace. For this purpose, I have used the meta-analysis to illuminate the situation of transformation from conflict to peace. Additionally, I have reflected on the ideas as a peace and human rights activist in Nepal. The paper concludes that the consensus among the conflicting parties to address the causes of armed conflict with their own ideas can uniquely contribute to conflict transformation and to establish negative peace. The reflection of this paper will pave the way for further research on peace education focusing on positive and negative peace in the post-conflict political context of the country.