Negative Particles Research Articles

THE EXPRESSION OF MODAL MEANINGS IN SUBSTANTIVE TWO-PART SENTENCES (N1 NEG СОР N1) WITH DEVERBATIVES IN THE NOMINAL PART OF A PREDICATE

The paper deals with the modality of nominal sentence of phraseological model with deverbative and particle «not» in the predicate. The role of the negative particle in the interaction with different ways of deverbative formation in the formation of expression and subjective modal meanings in sentences of this type is considered, the connection of modal meanings with the category of the person.

Lead phosphate deposition in porous media and implications for lead remediation

Phosphate addition is commonly applied as an effective method to remediate lead contaminated sites via formation of low solubility lead phosphate solids. However, subsequent transport of the lead phosphate particles may impact the effectiveness of this remediation strategy. Hence, this study investigates the mechanisms involved in the aggregation of lead phosphate particles and their deposition in sand columns as a function of typical water chemistry parameters. Clean bed filtration theory was evaluated to predict the particle deposition behavior, using Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory to estimate particle-substrate interactions. The observed particle deposition was not predictable from the primary energy barrier in clean bed filtration models, even in simple monovalent background electrolyte (NaNO3), because weak deposition in a secondary energy minimum prevailed even at low ionic strength, and ripening occurred at ionic strengths of 12.5 mM or higher. For aged (aggregated) suspensions, straining also occurred at 12.5 mM or higher. Aggregation and deposition were further enhanced at low total P/Pb ratios (i.e., P/Pb = 1) and in the presence of divalent cations, such as Ca2+ (≥ 0.2 mM), which resulted in less negative particle surface potentials and weaker electrostatic repulsion forces. However, the presence of 5 mg C/L of humic acid induced strong steric or electrosteric repulsion, which hindered particle aggregation and deposition even in the presence of Ca2+. This study demonstrates the importance of myriad mechanisms in lead phosphate deposition and provides useful information for controlling water chemistry in phosphate applications for lead remediation.

The natural history of negation phenomena

In the study of negation, a series of intriguing phenomena have emerged. These include the much-debated Negative Polarity Items, the controversial issue of neg-raising, the cross-linguistic synchronic reinforcement of a speaker’s negative assertions through emphatic mechanisms, the mysterious absence of *nall-like univerbations from the world’s languages, and, above all, the persistent diachronic renewal of negative particles cross-linguistically (the so-called “Jespersen’s cycle”). The present paper revisits these phenomena, addressing the following seminal questions: What is their raison d’être? Are they somehow interrelated? And, if they are, what is their common denominator? The paper answers these questions by presenting a comprehensive account that foregrounds the expressive speaker. It argues that the natural, untaught, instinctive notion of scalarity is the quintessence of the speaker’s expressivity with respect to these phenomena.

Indirect speech acts of modern communication: speech genre of hidden request

This article analyzes the phenomena that have developed in the field of expressing will in contemporary speech communication. Namely, the illocutionary goals of imperative indirect speech and ways of implementing indirect imperativeness at the lexical and grammatical levels. Additionally, the authors describe markers of hidden forms of motivation and factors, which determine the degree of motivation, and reveal non-imperative forms of motivation. The theoretical basis of the work includes the works by N. I. Formanovskaya, A. Vezhbitskaya, J. Searle, M. Ya. Blokh , G. G. Yarmarkina and other researchers of the phenomenon of directive speech acts. The article analyzes request forms in indirect speech presented as declarative and interrogative sentences. The authors establish that communicative acts expressing will are implemented by a variety of linguistic means and models aimed at softening the expression of a request. For example, among declarative sentences, there are constructions with the lexeme хочу (“I want”), predicative adverbs надо (“need”), нужно (“necessary”), etc.; among interrogative sentences — interrogatives with the modal part правда (“truth”), modal constructions with хотеть (“want”) and мочь (“to be able”), indirect directives containing the interrogative indicative of the verb of the causal action with the negative particle не (“not”). A speaker’s choice of a specific means and form of request affects its assessment as categorical, neutral, polite and over-polite.

Applied Corpus Linguistics for Lexicography: Sepedi Negation as a Case in Point

So far, Sepedi negations have been considered more from the point of view of lexico­graphical treatment. Theoretical works on Sepedi have been used for this purpose, setting as an objective a neat description of these negations in a (paper) dictionary. This paper is from a different perspective: instead of theoretical works, corpus linguistic methods are used: (1) a Sepedi corpus is examined on the basis of existing descriptions of the occurrences of a relevant verb, looking at its negated forms from a purely prescriptive point of view; (2) a "corpus-driven" strategy is employed, looking only for sequences of negation particles (or morphemes) in order to list occurring con­structions, without taking into account the verbs occurring in them, apart from their endings. The approach in (2) is only intended to show a possible methodology to extend existing theories on occurring negations. We would also like to try to help lexicographers to establish a frequency-based order of entries of possible negation forms in their dictionaries by showing them the number of respective occurrences. As with all corpus linguistic work, however, we must regard corpus evidence not as representative, but as tendencies of language use that can be detected and described. This is especially true for Sepedi, for which only few and small corpora exist. This paper also describes the resources and tools used to create the necessary corpus and also how it was annotated with part of speech and lemmas. Exploring the quality of available Sepedi part-of-speech taggers concerning verbs, negation morphemes and subject concords may be a positive side result. Keywords: African languages dictionaries, corpus linguistics, negation, Sepedi, Northern Sotho, lexicography, part-of-speech tagging, corpus query processing

Aspects of negation in Makaa (A83)

Polarity is a topic that has attracted much attention in semantics but as well in language typology regarding the syntactic and morphological realisations of negation. This paper studies negation in Makaa (A83) following two major perspectives. First, typologically, it examines the system of Makaa negation against the backdrop of polarity theory and second, from a (comparative) Bantu perspective, it examines the system of Makaa negation against the backdrop of other Bantu languages; including grammaticalization. Makaa negation displays divergent and very complex negation patterns studied under the contrast standard vs. non-standard negation. Concerning the origin of negators in Makaa, it is argued that Makaa negators might derive from grammaticalized verbs, the 3SG personal pronoun, possessive adjectives or object marker, and locative pronouns. Others are probably old negation particles.

Effect of Negative Ion Concentration and Magnetic Field on Electronegative Plasma Sheath

Plasma is the ionized state of matter and is of interest as it has found applications in diverse fields. In all practical applications of plasma, it interacts with the material surface via non-neutral region that is formed between bulk plasma and surface known as the sheath, which plays a vital role in overall plasma properties. In this work, the characteristics of electronegative magnetized plasma sheath have been presented employing the kinetic trajectory simulation method based on kinetic theory. It is found that magnetic field and volumetric composition of negatively charged particles have significantly affected the characteristics of electronegative plasma sheath. Although the particle densities deplete towards the wall, the decreasing rate of negative charged particles is steeper than that of positive ions. The magnitude of electric field slowly increases close to the sheath entrance, whereas it sharply increases close to the wall. The positive ion density decreases in both cases when the concentration of negative ion is increased or when the magnetic field is increased. On increasing the magnetic field from 0 to 250 mT, the ion density reaching the wall decreases from 0.331 to 0.305 n ps. The results are similar and agree with similar works following different models and our model provides a satisfactory basis for the study of electronegative plasma sheath.

Is it possible to prove the Altaic theory on the basis of negative forms in Mongolian, Manchu and Turkish?

AbstractThe research question posed in this article is whether the Altaic theory is possible, if it is discussed on the basis of chosen negative forms in Mongolian, Turkish, Manchu and its Sibe dialect. The supporters of the Altaic theory assume that these languages (and some include Japanese, Korean and Ainu to this list (Miller, 1967)) emerged from the same root. The opponents of this theory think that the similarities in these languages have resulted from historical contacts between their speakers (Doerfer, 1966, p. 122). This article consists of the analysis of negative forms in various stages of Mongolian, Manchu and Turkish languages carried out on the basis of literary monuments and contemporary resources. The conclusions concerning the possibility of the Altaic theory based on the described negative forms have been presented at the end, accompanied by the Index of negative particles and suffixes.

Two-Step Acoustophoresis Separation of Live Tumor Cells from Whole Blood.

There is an unmet clinical need to extract living circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for functional studies and in vitro expansion to enable drug testing and predict responses to therapy in metastatic cancer. Here, we present a novel two-step acoustophoresis (A2) method for isolation of unfixed, viable cancer cells from red blood cell (RBC) lysed whole blood. The A2 method uses an initial acoustofluidic preseparation step to separate cells based on their acoustic mobility. This acoustofluidic step enriches viable cancer cells in a central outlet, but a significant number of white blood cells (WBCs) remain in the central outlet fraction due to overlapping acoustophysical properties of these viable cells. A subsequent purging step was employed to remove contaminating WBCs through negative selection acoustophoresis with anti-CD45-functionalized negative acoustic contrast particles. We processed 1 mL samples of 1:1 diluted RBC lysed whole blood mixed with 10 000 DU145 cells through the A2 method. Additional experiments were performed using 1000 DU145 cells spiked into 1.5 × 106 WBCs in 1 mL of buffer to further elucidate the dynamic range of the method. Using samples with 10 000 DU145 cells, we obtained 459 ± 188-fold depletion of WBC and 42% recovery of viable cancer cells. Based on spiked samples with 1000 DU145 cells, our cancer cell recovery was 28% with 247 ± 156-fold WBC depletion corresponding to a depletion efficacy of ≥99.5%. The novel A2 method provides extensive elimination of WBCs combined with the gentle recovery of viable cancer cells suitable for downstream functional analyses and in vitro culture.

Negation as a predictor of clausal complement choice in World Englishes

Research on complementizer selection has shown that the presence of a negative particle in a subordinate complement clause influences complement choice, leading to a relatively higher proportion of finite complementation patterns by increasing the complexity of the syntactic environment. Studies have also shown that different types of negation, namelynot- andno-negation, increase the tendency towards more explicit complementation options (Rohdenburg 2015). The current study focuses on the effect ofnot- andno-negation on the complementation profile of the verbregret, which allows variation between finitethat/zero-complement clauses and nonfinite (S) -ingclauses. The GloWbE corpus was used to create a data set of more than 4,000 examples from 16 varieties of English. The results of the analysis support previous findings that the presence of a negative marker in the complement clause increases the preference for finite patterns, especially in L2 varieties of English. However, contrary to the expectations of this study,no-negation was found to have a stronger effect on complement choice thannot-negation.

Shear strength and stiffness behavior of fine-grained soils at different surface hydration conditions

We developed an experimental program to monitor how interparticle forces control the mechanical behavior of fine-grained soils when saturation changes from the tightly adsorbed regime to saturation. The testing program uses stiffness (i.e., S-wave velocity) and strength (i.e., Brazilian tensile strength) tests on kaolinite, silica flour, and diatomaceous earth soil samples at very low confining stresses (<5 kPa). Three fine-grained soils yield a range of different properties, including particle size, specific surface area, negative charge density, and internal or external particle porosity. Results show that shear stiffness and tensile strength follow similar trends, emphasizing that the same interparticle forces control the mechanical responses. In particular, the interpretation of S-wave velocity measurements shows three different behavior ranges: a van der Waals attraction range, a capillary-dominated interparticle forces range, and the continuous decrease in the capillary forces from the saturation at the air-entry pressure until full saturation. We show that the interparticle forces respond to a complex function of water content, particle size, particle separations, surface charge density, and the presence of internal particle porosity.

Translation as a tool in linguistic analysis

The English conjunction ‘if’ and its functional equivalents in Russian and in Bulgarian, which normally introduce conditional clauses, have a variety of other functions which may or may not be connected with their invariant meanings. The use of ‘if’ in combination with the negative particle ‘not’ and with the comparative connective ‘as’ to introduce syntactic elements other than conditional clauses is characterised with a whole spectrum of func¬tional meanings, such as concession, gradation, implied suggestion, etc. These meanings and nuances of meaning, which sometimes pose real pro¬blems for the linguist, come to the surface in translations from and into English, Bulgarian and Russian. Interpretations and inter-language trans¬formations involved in the process of translation play the role of semantic analysis and reveal functional peculiarities which are often overlooked in mono-lingual or even in contrastive grammars.

Anti-inflammatory ethosomal nanoformulation in combination with iontophoresis in chronic wound healing: An ex vivo study.

Prescription of anti‐inflammatory drugs may be considered as a promising strategy in chronic wound healing where the inflammatory disturbance has delayed the healing process. It seems that hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate (HB17) would be promising in the form of a nano‐formulation to enhance drug delivery efficacy. In the present study, transdermal delivery of nano‐HB17 in combination with iontophoresis was investigated ex vivo. Ethosomal‐HB17 was synthesised using lecithin, ethanol and cholesterol with a different ratio by hot method. The negative ethosomal‐HB17 particle size was around 244 ± 4.3 nm with high stability of up to 30 days. Additionally, evaluated entrapment efficiency of HB17 in ethosomes by high performance liquid chromatography was 40.6 ± 2.21%. Moreover, the permeation speed and amount of H17B in complete‐thickness rat skin in the presence and absence of iontophoresis showed that the penetration of free H17B and ethosomal‐H17B formulations were zero and 7.98 μg/cm2 in 120 min, respectively. Whereas in the case of applying iontophoresis, permeation amount obtained was zero and 19.69 μg/cm2 in 30 min in free H17B and ethosomal‐H17B formulations, respectively. It has been concluded that transdermal delivery of ethosomal‐H17B is an effective strategy to enhance drug delivery and it will be improved when it is combined with iontophoresis.

Penrose process for a charged black hole in a uniform magnetic field

Spinning black holes create electromagnetic storms when immersed in ambient magnetic fields, illuminating the otherwise epically dark terrain. In an electromagnetic extension of the Penrose process, tremendous energy can be extracted, boosting the energy of radiating particles far more efficiently than the mechanical Penrose process. We locate the regions from which energy can be mined and demonstrate explicitly that they are no longer restricted to the ergosphere. We also show that there can be toroidal regions that trap negative energy particles in orbit around the black hole. We find that the effective charge coupling between the black hole and the super-radiant particles decreases as energy is extracted, much like the spin of a black hole decreases in the mechanical analogue. While the effective coupling decreases, the actual charge of the black hole increases in magnitude reaching the energetically-favored Wald value, at which point energy extraction is impeded. We demonstrate the array of orbits for products from the electromagnetic Penrose process.

Du lexique à la grammaire : la négation en français

When it comes to negation, the Romance languages have generally stuck to the Latin model (non), which remains unchanged in Italian and is only slightly different in Spanish (no). In French, however, it’s a different story and a more inventive one, involving two negative particles, the second of which originally provided a literal and precise meaning. For example, je ne marche pas(“not a single step”), je ne vois point(“not even a dot”), je ne bois goutte(“not even a drop”), je ne mange mie“not the slightest crumb”… The discontinuous monemes that survive in French today (ne… pas, ne… point, and the less frequent, ne… guère) thus started life in quite a different way. This paper will attempt to retrace their journey from an originally unlimited source of lexical forms to the particularly limited grammatical units used to express negation in French today.

Expressive Exclamation Constructions in the Position of an Online Newspaper Headline (on the Material of Russian, Chuvash and English Languages)

Ths article is aimed at identifying and comparing the syntactic models of expressive exclamation constructions in the headlines of the online versions of high-quality printed publications: the Vedomosti and the Izvestia (in Russian), the Khypar (in Chuvash), Th Times and Th Guardian (in English). Th research material is online newspaper headlines published in the period from 2017 to 2021. Th relevance of the work is explained by the fact that in the mass consumption of information on the Internet the title has the greatest potential for speech impact on the mass audience, realized by means of expressive syntax and punctuation. Th expressive exclamation structure of the online newspaper headline enhances its expressiveness, translates the author’s intentions, conveys the author’s emotions, forms opinions and encourages readers to act, etc. Depending on the type of speech inflence, the patterns of syntactic design of heading syntactic design in Russian, Chuvash and English are analyzed on the basis of speech influence (social, volitional, informational, explanatory, or emotional-evaluative). For instance, Russian headings of requests, orders and slogans are formed as an elliptical non-verbal construction, a sentence with a verb in the imperative mood and an appeal to a certain person, as well as a construction consisting of homogeneous predicates in the imperative mood. Chuvash headlines of requests, demands and slogans, and the titles that convey various emotions are represented by an exclamation construction with a verb in the imperative mood and a direct address, with a verb in the imperative mood and a negative particle, an indefiite personal sentence, elliptical and parcelled constructions. Expressive exclamation headings in English are based on two-part and segmented syntactic structures. Thse strategies for the design of expressive exclamation constructions in online newspaper headlines reflct the development of syntactic systems of the languages with diffrent structures and make a certain contribution to the development of theoretical foundations of comparative media stylistics.

On Negation in GESL

The presented paper describes the negation system in Georgian Sign Language (GESL) exposing the proper examples for each case. In GESL negation is conveyed by the following four types of lexical-grammatical forms: Negative particles; Negative grammatical elements; Negative modal verbs/words; Negative words (nothing, nobody. Never, etc)

A Zwitterionic Copolymer as Rheology Modifier and Fluid Loss Agents for Water-Based Drilling Fluids.

To overcome the negative impact on the rheological and filtration loss properties of drilling fluids caused by elevated temperature and salts contamination, which are common in ultradeep or geothermal drilling operations, it is imperative to develop highly efficient additives used in the water-based drilling fluid. In this study, a zwitterionic copolymer P (AM/DMC/AMPS/DMAM, ADAD) was synthesized by using acrylamide (AM), cationic monomer methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC), anionic monomer 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS), and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) through free radical copolymerization. The copolymer was characterized by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential. The rheological behavior, filtration properties, and the performance exposure to salt or calcium contamination in water-based drilling fluid were investigated. The bentonite/polymer suspension showed improved rheological and filtration properties even after aging at 160 °C or a high concentration of salt and calcium. The filtration loss can be greatly reduced by more than 50% (from 18 mL to 7 mL) by the inclusion of 2.0 wt% copolymer, while a slight increase in the filtrate loss was observed even when exposed to electrolyte contamination. Particle size distribution and zeta potential further validate the idea that zwitterionic copolymer can greatly improve the stability of base fluid suspension through positive group enhanced anchoring on the clay surface and repulsion force between negative particles. Moreover, this study can be directed towards the design and application of zwitterionic copolymer in a water-based drilling fluid.

Automated Conditional Statements Checking for Complete Natural Language Requirements Specification

Defects such as the duality and the incompleteness in natural language software requirements specification have a significant impact on the success of software projects. By now, many approaches have been proposed to assist requirements analysts to identify these defects. Different from these approaches, this paper focuses on the requirements incompleteness implied by the conditional statements, and proposes a sentence embedding- and antonym-based approach for detecting the requirements incompleteness. The basic idea is that when one condition is stated, its opposite condition should also be there. Otherwise, the requirements specification is incomplete. Based on the state-of-the-art machine learning and natural language processing techniques, the proposed approach first extracts the conditional sentences from the requirements specification, and elicits the conditional statements which contain one or more conditional expressions. Then, the conditional statements are clustered using the sentence embedding technique. The conditional statements in each cluster are further analyzed to detect the potential incompleteness by using negative particles and antonyms. A benchmark dataset from an aerospace requirements specification has been used to validate the proposed approach. The experimental results have shown that the recall of the proposed approach reaches 68.75%, and the F1-measure (F1) 52.38%.

Clause-final negative particles in varieties of Swedish

Abstract While the Swedish negator inte may be doubled in a final clause-external position, in both standard Swedish and dialects, many dialects also allow a final, clause-internal particle (e, i or ai) in negated clauses. FNPs occur in a coherent area around the Baltic Sea, and in contrast with doubling negation, they are possible both after both inte and aldrig ‘never’. FNPs are also used in questions and exclamations, contexts that disallow doubling negation. These particles may have developed from the former Swedish negator ej or from the common inte. An argument for the former alternative is that other dialectal phenomena that spread from central Sweden during the late Middle Ages have approximately the same geographic distribution. In the final section of the paper, some typological consequences and implications are discussed. Furthermore, it is argued that syntactic studies of non-standard varieties may reveal new insights of typological relevance.