Negative Parental Attitudes Research Articles

Children's toothbrushing: a population survey on behaviours, attitudes, and knowledge in parents of Callao, Peru.

To determine the factors associated with behaviours, attitudes and knowledge of parents about children's toothbrushing (CTB). This is a cross-sectional analytical study of a calculated sample of 3,534 parents/guardians (92.6% female; 7.4% male; average age = 34 years [29-37]) of schoolchildren aged 3 to 8 years in 19 public schools in the province of Callao (Peru). A 31-item face-to-face/virtual questionnaire was divided into: 5 behavioural (18 (IQR)=3]; good 76%), 5 attitudes (13 [IQR=4]; negative 74.2%) and 10 knowledge (12 [IQR=4]; low 92.8%) (KMO≥0.537, Bartlett<0,001) and reliability (ω≥0.537) and 11 demographic domains. Bivariate and multivariate linear Poisson models were used with a P<0.05. Children of parents with a higher education showed good behaviours related to CTB. Negative parental attitudes and low knowledge about CTB were associated with a lower parental education and toothbrushing frequency.

Effect of parenting attitude on school life adjustment: mediating effect of self-esteem - Focusing on middle school students in N City

This study was conducted for the purpose of providing basic data for understanding emotional changes according to the development process of middle school students in counseling and education fields by verifying the mediating effect of self-esteem in the relationship between parenting attitudes and school life adjustment, focusing on middle school students. It has been done. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 389 middle school students located in N City, and descriptive statistics, correlations, and mediation effects were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and Model 4 of PRECESS Macro. The research results First, positive parenting attitude and school life adjustment showed a significant positive correlation, and negative parenting attitude and school life adjustment showed a significant negative correlation. Second, self-esteem showed a partial mediating effect in the effect of positive parenting attitude on school life adjustment. Third, self-esteem showed a partial mediating effect in the impact of negative parenting attitudes on school life adjustment, but caution is needed in interpretation due to low explanatory power, so groups according to self-esteem level (top 25%, middle 50%, bottom 25%), and as a result of additional analysis, it was confirmed that each group's negative parenting attitude may have different effects on school life adaptation depending on the individual's level of self-esteem. Based on the research results, limitations and suggestions for follow-up research were discussed.

대학생이 지각한 부모의 긍정적·부정적 양육태도가 학업적 자기효능감에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study aims to explore the role of grit and career decision self-efficacy as parallel multiple mediating effects in the relationship between college students' perceptions of their parents' positive and negative parenting attitudes and the students' own academic self-efficacy. Methods Data wear collected through online questionnaires administered to 409 college students at four-year universities across the nation, from October 15 to October 20, 2021. The data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and parallel multiple mediating effect models via the PROCESS macro, utilizing Bootstrap. Results The study subjects' academic self-efficacy was positively correlated with their parents' parenting attitudes (r=.256, p&lt;.001), grit (r=.537, p&lt;.001), and career decision self-efficacy (r=.567, p&lt;.001). Upon examining the parallel multiple mediating effects of the sub-factors of parenting attitudes, the study confirmed that grit and career decision self-efficacy have a full mediating effect on the relationship between positive parenting attitudes and academic self-efficacy, and a partial mediating effect on the relationship between negative parenting attitudes and academic self-efficacy. Conclusions To boost the academic self-efficacy of college students and elevate their parents' parenting attitudes, grit, and career decision self-efficacy, schools need to develop a diverse range of curricular and extracurricular programs. Additionally, ongoing coordinated management between families and schools is essential.

고등학생이 지각한 부모양육태도유형이 학교생활적응에 미치는 영향: 진로성숙도의 매개효과

This study explored whether career maturity has a mediating effect in the relationship between high school students' parenting attitude type and school life adaptation. To this end, data from 244 high school students located in N City were collected. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and mediating effects were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS Macro 3.5. The results of the study are as follows. First, positive parenting attitudes were positively correlated with school life adaptation and career maturity, and negative parenting attitudes were negatively correlated with school life adaptation and career maturity. Second, career maturity was found to have a partial mediating effect in the relationship between positive/negative parenting attitudes and adaptation to school life. Through this study, the necessity of intervention in variables related to career maturity was suggested for the intervention of high school students' adaptation to school life.

Developmental cascades from early childhood attachment security to adolescent level of personality functioning among high-risk youth.

This study examines associations between early childhood attachment security and adolescent personality functioning in a high-risk sample within a developmental psychopathology framework. Data from 2,268 children (1165 male; 1103 female) and caregivers participating in Future of Families and Child Well-Being Study (FFCWS) were used to examine (1) effects of genetic polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) genes and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on attachment security and emotional and behavioral dysregulation in early childhood and (2) longitudinal associations and transactional relationships among attachment security, dysregulation, negative parenting attitudes and behaviors, social competence, and adolescent personality functioning. Results revealed that ACEs predicted attachment security over and above sex or the genetic risk, and gene × environment interactions did not increment prediction. Results of cascade models showed that greater early childhood attachment security predicted higher adolescent level of personality functioning via pathways through intermediary variables. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ve Ebeveyn Tutumlarının Yetişkin Bireylerdeki Kriminal Düşünceler İle İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship of childhood traumas and parental attitudes with criminal thinking in adult individuals. The study group of the research consists of a total of 386 participants, 196 women and 190 men, who reside within the borders of TRNC and the Republic of Türkiye, are 18 years of age and over, and whose parents were alive until adulthood. In the study, the correlation method was used to examine the relationship between variables. In the research, a sample was selected from the population using the convenience sampling method. Sociodemographic Information Form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), s-EMBU-C and Criminal Thinking Scales (CTS) were used as data collection tools in the study. Data was collected online via Google Forms. In this study, where the relationship between childhood traumas, parental attitudes, sociodemographic characteristics and criminal thinking was evaluated, significant relationships were found between childhood traumas and criminal thinking scales, and between perceived parental attitudes and criminal thinking scales. Additionally, in the analysis comparing the three scales, it was seen that parental attitudes did not predict criminal thinking, while childhood traumas predicted criminal thinking and engaged a full mediator role in the relationship between perceived parental attitudes and criminal thinking. In line with these results, it would be beneficial for public health to conduct studies on children exposed to trauma and/or growing up with negative parental attitudes. Keywords: childhood traumas, parental attitudes, criminal thinking

부모의 양육태도와 유아 문제행동의 메타분석: 메타구조방정식 모형의 적용

This study aims to apply a meta-structural equation modeling to analyze the relationship between parents’ parenting attitudes and young children’s problem behavior and what kind of causal relationship exists between parents’ parenting attitudes and young children’s problem behavior. To achieve research questions, the researchers searched for various databases and analyzed 42 theses and 33 journals from 2000 to June 2023. When examining the intercorrelations between variables, positive parenting attitude and intrinsic problem behavior, positive parenting attitude and external problem behavior showed medium levels of negative effect sizes, negative parenting attitude and intrinsic problem behavior, and negative parenting attitude and external problem behavior showed medium levels of positive effect sizes. Positive and negative parenting attitudes showed large negative effect sizes, and intrinsic and external problem behaviors showed large positive effect sizes. When examining the meta-structural relationship, parents’ positive parenting attitudes showed small negative effect sizes on young children’s intrinsic and external problem behaviors, and parents’ negative parenting attitudes showed medium levels of positive effect sizes on young children’s intrinsic and external problem behaviors. This study is meaningful in that it sought ways to lower the problem behavior of young children by examining the relationship between parents’ parenting attitudes and young children’s problem behavior.

중학생이 지각한 부모의 부정적 양육태도가 우울에 미치는 영향: 사회적 위축, 친구 관계, 교사 관계의 다중매개효과

This study examines the impact of middle school students' perceived negative parenting attitudes on depression and the mediating variables of social withdrawal, peer relationships, and teacher relationships to gain an understanding of adolescent depression. Structural equation modeling was employed for analysis using data from the 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS 2018) with 2,590 first-year middle school students. The results indicate that the mediating effect of social withdrawal in the relationship between middle school students' perceived negative parenting attitudes and depression was significant. Moreover, multiple mediating effects of social withdrawal, peer relationships, and teacher relationships were also significant in the relationship between middle school students' perceived negative parenting attitudes and depression. Based on these findings, discussions on preventive measures and interventions for adolescent depression in educational and counseling settings and local communities are provided, along with suggestions and implications for the limitations of this study and future research.

Analysis of the longitudinal effects of parents’ negative parenting attitude and adolescents’ social intelligence on problematic smartphone game use

Analysis of the longitudinal effects of parents’ negative parenting attitude and adolescents’ social intelligence on problematic smartphone game use

Depressive symptoms, parenting attitude, and violent discipline among caregivers of left-behind children in rural China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe situation of mental health and discipline behaviors of left-behind children’s caregivers were not optimistic in rural China. Caregivers’ depression might increase the risk of using violent discipline. However, the specific ways in which depressive symptoms impact violent discipline have rarely been explored in rural areas. This study aims to assess the prevalence of violent discipline among left-behind children under 6 years of age in rural China and explore the potential mechanisms of how caregivers’ depressive symptoms affect violent discipline.MethodsWe enrolled a total of 396 pairs of left-behind children and their caregivers in our study, which was conducted in 5 counties of Hebei, Henan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces in China. The depressive symptoms of caregivers were measured by using Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) and violent discipline was assessed by the Child Discipline Module of Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). A self-designed questionnaire was utilized to measure caregiver’s parenting attitude. Based on the cross-sectional data, controlling for potential confounders, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of the mediation models by applying the weighted least squares with mean and variance adjusted (WLSMV) estimate.ResultsThe prevalence of violent discipline, psychological aggression, and physical punishment was 72.7%, 59.3%, and 60.4% respectively of left-behind children under 6 years of age. According to the results of SEM, parenting attitude acted as a suppressor, suppressing the association between caregivers’ depressive symptoms and physical punishment/psychological aggression/violent discipline. The caregivers’ depressive symptoms positively influenced all the outcome variables by affecting parenting attitudes (p = 0.002, p = 0.013, p = 0.002).ConclusionsThe presence of depressive symptoms in caregivers increases the use of violent discipline through negative parenting attitudes. The mental health status of primary caregivers of left-behind children in rural China needed emphasis and improvement.

Influence of Parental Religious and Socio–Economic Status on the Wholistic Development of Adolescents in Oyo Town Context

This study titled “Influence of Parental Religious and Socio–Economic Status on the Wholistic Development of Adolescents in Oyo Town” was aimed at investigating the Parental influences in view of their religion and socio-economic status on the wholistic Development of Adolescents in Oyo Town. Some parents, because of their over religiosity in the church have neglected their wards. Also, the negative attitudes of parents in terms of their social interactions and economic dispositions towards the wellbeing of their Adolescents have also exposed their Adolescents to series of maladaptive behaviors. Therefore, the specific objective of this study is to harmonize the variables (Religion and Socio-Economic status) and examine the influence each of these variables has on the wholistic Development of Adolescents through variables such as intellectual, moral, physical, social, emotional and spiritual in Oyo Town. A descriptive research method was applied in conducting this research. The population of the study was the entire Christian parents and Adolescents in Oyo town. The sample of the study consisted of one hundred and twenty-nine (129) parents as well as one hundred and twenty-nine (129) Adolescents across different churches (denominations) in Oyo town. Five (5) research questions were raised to guide the study. A researcher designed questionnaire was used. The statistical package for the Social Science (SPSS) was used for the ANOVA and simple percentages. The instrument used was a reliable and validated questionnaire that was designed as data gathering instrument. The correlation coefficient ‘r’ of the instrument’s reliability test showed positive score of 0.907. The theoretical frame work used was anchored on Social Cognitive Theory propounded by Albert Bandura. The findings of study revealed that parents went to church with their Adolescents and their religious commitment was very high. The findings on economic status revealed that majority of the parents were civil servants and they sent their Adolescents to the best schools within the town. The sociological findings revealed that the parents were: Sociable, well-informed, cultured, responsible, morally-sound, Godly and contented. Furthermore, at the level of wholistic Development of Adolescents such as intellectual, moral, physical, social, emotional and spiritual in Oyo town, it was established that the Adolescents’ physical development was highly significant. Similarly, the level of intellectual development was very high. The level of moral development was of great importance, while the level of emotional development was not as high as the rest. The level of social development was high while that of spiritual development was highly significant. The last finding revealed that there was a strong positive influence of parental Religio and Socio-economic status on the wholistic Development of Adolescents in Oyo town. As a result of the findings recommendations were made, and some which were: parents should balance spirituality commitment to church activities and other areas of their Adolescents’ lives for holistic Development. They should also create conducive environment for social interactions with their young ones.

중학생이 지각한 부모의 양육태도와 삶의 만족도 간의 관계

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal mediating effect of teacher relationship perceptions on the relationship between middle school students' perceived parenting attitudes and life satisfaction, i.e., to determine how parenting attitudes affect adolescents' life satisfaction over time through teacher relationship perceptions. This study provides a basis for developing programs for adolescent mental health and highlights the importance of the role of teachers in guiding adolescents' lives.&#x0D; Methods The study utilized three years of data from 2019(middle 1) to 2021(middle 3) from the middle 1 panel of the Korea Child and Youth Panel Survey(KCYPS 2018). The total number of subjects was 2,325, and the data was analyzed using an autoregressive cross-lagged model. This model has the advantage of being able to consider temporal antecedence, which is difficult to reflect in conventional cross-sectional models, verify the size of the auto-regressive coefficient, and estimate the effect after controlling the prior state of the mediator and the dependent variable when estimating the mediating effect.&#x0D; Results Positive parenting attitudes at the earlier time point were found to have a positive effect on teacher relationship perceptions at the later time point, while negative parenting attitudes at the earlier time point had a negative effect on teacher relationship perceptions at the later time point. This suggests that adolescents' perceived parenting attitudes may closely influence the formation of relationships with teachers. In addition, we found that teacher relationship perceptions at the earlier time point influenced life satisfaction at the later time point. This means that the extent to which adolescents perceive their relationships with teachers to be positive affects their subsequent life satisfaction. In other words, teacher relationship perceptions have a longitudinal mediating effect on the relationship between parenting attitudes and life satisfaction.&#x0D; Conclusions These results suggest that the parents’ parenting attitudes at prior time points are influencing middle school students’ life satisfaction at later time points. We can also predict that adolescents' life satisfaction may vary depending on whether they perceive their teacher relationships as positive or negative in this pathway.&#x0D;

Domestic violence of representatives of the LGBT and queer communities

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of domestic violence in the lives of persons with a special sexual identity. The article is based on the study of expert and analytical reports, international monitoring and positions of foreign scientists of various socio-humanitarian and legal schools.&#x0D; It is indicated that violence against LGBT people can be considered as a hidden disharmony in societal relations, where the discovery of sexual orientation or gender identity causes a negative resonance, the problem encapsulates a deeper feeling of non­recognition and attacks the basic principles of humanism and equality. Violence directed against LGBT individuals can serve as an indicator of systemic inequality and a crisis of values in society, LGBT violence is a form of assassination of the very essence of dignity and freedom inherent in every person. It becomes a sign of internal dissonance, where the conflict between the individual and society merges into a painful existential drama.&#x0D; It is motivated that adult children are less likely to be subjected to domestic violence than LGBT representatives, which is special in the context of socio-cultural, religious and stereotypical ideas that exist in some societies. Parents and relatives often pressure their children about their sexual or gender identity, which can lead to a variety of negative consequences, including emotional and physical abuse. The fear of discovering one's sexual orientation or gender identity becomes a source of conflicts in the family. Parents can react to this with pressure, contempt or refusal to accept, as stereotypes and prejudices can also provoke the formation of a negative attitude of parents from others and the community.&#x0D; The peculiarities of the manifestation of domestic violence among representatives of the LGBT and queer communities are determined, in particular, the phenomenon is more widespread compared to people who have a classic sexual identity; issues of domestic violence from parents and family due to sexual identity, often involving coercion into marriage, procreation and confidential therapy; exposed to additional forms of violence (threat of publicizing identity features, homophobia, unprotected relationships).

Modeling perceived parental attitudes and mental well-being in Chinese young LGBTQ+ individuals: Investigation of weekly diary data using dynamic network analysis.

Existing literature has reported negative parental attitudes toward LGBTQ+ individuals associated with their LGBTQ+ identity concealment and mental well-being. However, limited research has explored the dynamic network changes using intensive, repeated weekly diary data. This study aimed to model the associations between perceived parental attitude, anxiety, depression, and LGBTQ+ individuals' identity concealment within dynamic network analysis (DNA); 103 LGBTQ+ youth participated in the study. Participants' perceived parental attitudes toward LGBTQ+ identity and LGBTQ+ identity concealment, depression (by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire), and anxiety (by the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire) were measured. Each was assessed four times at 1-week intervals for four consecutive weeks. The graphical vector autoregression explored the DNA of the internal relationships among perceived parental attitudes, identity concealment, depression, and anxiety. Findings in the between-subjects network revealed that poor perceived parental attitudes toward sexual and gender minorities were positively associated with depression, anxiety, and identity concealment. The contemporaneous network showed that the "expression" (one's identity concealment) was the direct trigger of "suicide" (one's depressive symptom), indicating depression was initiated earlier and subsequently exacerbated a sequence of other psychiatric reactions. The temporal network indicated that only parents' "general attitude" reduced participants' concealment ("self-disclosure"), which simultaneously stimulated mental benefits.

지각된 부정적 양육태도와 청소년 삶의 만족도 간의 관계

Objectives This study aimed to examine whether depression mediates and emotion recognition ability moderates the relationship between adolescents' perceived negative parenting attitude and life satisfaction.&#x0D; Methods Data of middle school freshmen from the ‘2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey’ were used for the analysis. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and reliability analysis were conducted through SPSS. The mediating effect of depression on the relationship between perceived negative parenting attitude and life sat-isfaction, the moderating effect of emotional recognition ability on the relationship between perceived negative parenting attitude and depression, and the moderated mediating effect of the combination of those two models were analyzed.&#x0D; Results First, perceived negative parenting attitude showed a negative correlation with life satisfaction and emo-tion recognition ability and a positive correlation with depression. Second, depression was found to have a partial mediating effect on the relationship between perceived negative parenting attitude and life satisfaction. Third, emotion recognition ability was found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between perceived negative parenting attitude and depression. Fourth, depression and emotion recognition ability had a moderated mediating effect on the relationship between perceived negative parenting attitude and life satisfaction.&#x0D; Conclusions This study provided an empirical understanding of how perceived negative parenting attitudes ef-fects adolescents' life satisfaction and the possibility of introducing counseling intervention using emotion recog-nition capabilities for depressed adolescents. The significance and implications of the study were suggested, and the limitations and future research diresctions were discussed based on the findings.

Creating allies: qualitative exploration of young women’s preferences for PrEP methods and parents’ role in PrEP uptake and user support in urban and rural Zambia

BackgroundZambian adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) have high HIV incidence and face barriers to the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Parental support improves PrEP use and adherence in some settings, but negative parental attitudes toward HIV prevention may inhibit engagement with AGYW. We explored perceptions of future PrEP methods among AGYW and parents and parent-youth engagement on HIV prevention and PrEP use.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative descriptive study among AGYW and parents of AGYW in five provinces in Zambia in September–October 2021. We conducted 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) and four in-depth interviews (IDIs) with AGYW participants (n = 87) and seven FGDs and four IDIs among parents of AGYW (n = 62). All FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed to identify qualitative themes.ResultsMost AGYW participants preferred the discreet nature and longer duration of injectable PrEP compared to the PrEP ring and oral PrEP. Many AGYWs reported inability to disclose PrEP use to their parents due to lack of parental support based on cultural taboos against premarital sex. Nevertheless, AGYW participants said they would like to talk to their parents about PrEP so their parents could support their use. Many parents also described difficulties discussing PrEP with their daughters because of cultural and religious beliefs about abstinence from sex before marriage. However, parents acknowledged that the threat of HIV is real and said they need PrEP knowledge and guidance on speaking with their children about HIV prevention and PrEP.ConclusionsAlthough many parents are currently not playing a role in daughters’ decisions about PrEP use, both parents and AGYW are willing to engage with each other on HIV prevention issues. To foster parent-child engagement, HIV prevention programs should not only provide information about PrEP but also address social norms that impede discussion of HIV prevention and equip both parents and AGYW with skills and support for such conversations. Community sensitization is also needed as new PrEP products are introduced, to create an enabling environment for parent-child engagement by increasing awareness, countering misconceptions, and reducing stigma.

Challenges experienced by nurses in implementing Adolescent and Youth Friendly Services in clinics of the Limpopo province.

Effective implementation of Adolescent and Youth Friendly Services (AYFS) that are accessible, acceptable and effective for diverse youth population groups is significant to enhancing youth health. Because of various factors, improving youth health is a challenge in clinics in rural areas. This study aims to explore and understand the challenges nurses experience while implementing AYFS programmes in Kganya local area clinics of the Capricorn district, Limpopo province, South Africa. The study was conducted in the clinics of Kganya local area of Capricorn district, Limpopo province, South Africa. A qualitative, phenomenological, exploratory, descriptive design is employed in this study. Twelve nurses were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with an interview guide. Notably, data were analysed using Tesch's open coding method. Two themes emerge from this study: 'Challenges experienced related to the implementation of Adolescent and Youth Friendly Services' and 'Suggestions to improve Adolescent and Youth Friendly Services'. The results of this study confirm that nurses experience diverse challenges while implementing AYFS. Challenges include a lack of trained staff and material resources and the negative attitudes of adolescents, parents and community members. This study's findings might help identify the gaps in implementing the AYFS programmes. The findings may assist policymakers and the National Department of Health (NDoH) to monitor and review the effectiveness of the AYFS programme standards.

부모의 부정적 양육태도가 청소년의 학업무기력, 스마트폰 과의존에 미치는 영향에 대한 우울의 매개효과

This study sought to investigate the mediating effect of depression on the impact of parents' negative parenting attitudes on adolescents' academic lethargy and smartphone overdependence. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 340 first and second grade middle school students located in the Gyeongnam region, and the collected data were analyzed through correlation analysis and regression analysis using the SPSS statistical program. As a result of the analysis, first, it was found that there was a positive correlation between parents' negative parenting attitude, academic lethargy, smartphone overdependence, and&#x0D; depression perceived by adolescents. Second, depression was found to have a mediating effect on the impact of negative parenting attitudes perceived by adolescents on adolescents' academic lethargy and smartphone overdependence. Therefore, this suggests that it may be important to develop various programs to reduce depression as a way to help teenagers who have difficulty with academic lethargy or overdependence on smartphones.

청소년이 지각한 우울과 부정적 양육태도가 신체증상에 미치는 영향

This study attempted to examine the effect of depression and negative parenting attitudes perceived by adolescents on somatic symptoms using data from the 4th year(2021) of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. The data for the fourth year of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey correspond to the first year of high school, and the results of statistical analysis of a total of 2,265 students are as follows.&#x0D; First, as a result of the correlation analysis between depression perceived by adolescents, negative parenting attitudes, and physical symptoms, there was a positive(+) correlation between depression and physical symptoms. There was also a positive(+) correlation with parental rejection, coercion, and inconsistency parenting attitudes and physical symptoms. Second, depression perceived by adolescents was found to be a factor affecting physical symptoms, and the higher the level of depression among adolescents, the higher the level of physical symptoms. Third, it was found that the negative parenting attitude of parents perceived by adolescents had a significant effect on physical symptoms. It was found that the higher the perception of parents' rejection, coercion, and inconsistent negative parenting attitudes, the higher the perception of physical symptoms. As a way to reduce the physical symptoms of adolescents, it is necessary to make an approach that considers the level of depression perceived by adolescents and the parenting attitude of parents, and to seek practical program development.

중학생이 지각한 부모양육태도유형과 학교생활적응의 관계: 심리적 고통의 매개효과

This study was conducted for the purpose of preparing basic data for counseling interventions for middle school students by verifying the mediating effect of psychological pain in the relationship between the parenting attitude type perceived by middle school students and school adjustment. To this end, 389 students enrolled in middle schools located in N city were surveyed, and descriptive statistics, correlations, t-test, and mediating effects were analyzed using SPSS 23 and PROCESS Macro's Model 4. The results of the study are as follows. First, it was found that there was a significant positive correlation between positive parental attitude and school adjustment, and a significant negative correlation with negative parental attitude. Second, it was found that female students perceived psychological pain more than male students. Third, it was found that psychological pain had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between the positive parenting attitude perceived by middle school students and school adjustment. Fourth, psychological pain was found to have a partial mediating effect in the relationship between the negative parenting attitude perceived by middle school students and school adjustment. Based on the results of this study, limitations and suggestions for subsequent studies were discussed.