Negative Life Experiences Research Articles

Predictors of campus sexual violence perpetration: A systematic review of research, sampling, and study design

Abstract Understanding the research on predictors of campus sexual violence perpetration is critical for primary prevention efforts directed at preventing perpetrators from offending. This study systematically reviewed 28 research articles to understand common predictors of campus sexual violence perpetration as well as the research and study design of these articles. Personality factors, attitudes, and negative life experiences were the most investigated predictors of campus perpetration, while other factors, such as sexual behavior and past perpetration, received less empirical attention. Most of the studies in this review used cross-sectional, observational data with participants at large, public universities. The samples were largely White, undergraduate students. These findings indicate that more research is needed to understand predictors of campus sexual violence perpetration with increased attention to understudied risk factors. Future research should be conducted at more diverse institutions with more diverse samples.

Atypical Black Leader Emergence: South African Self-Perceptions.

The research aimed to gain understanding of the self-perceptions of black professionals in relation to business leadership, and how these self-perceptions influenced their behaviors, aspirations and self-perceived abilities in leadership positions. The study was specifically focused on black South African professionals. Black professionals were found to exhibit signs of deep-rooted pain, anger and general emotional fatigue stemming from workplace-, socio-economic- and political triggers that evoked generational trauma and overall negative black lived experiences. The negative lived experiences could have led to racial identity dissonance and, in extreme cases, complete racial identity disassociation. Moreover, black professionals were found to display symptoms of ‘survivor guilt,’ stemming from the shared history of oppression amongst black people in South Africa. The ‘survivor guilt’ contributed toward a profound sense of shared responsibility and purpose to change the circumstances, experiences and overall perceptions about the capabilities of black professionals. Results showed that upbringing, determination, resilience, black support networks, and black leadership representation within organizational structures were important ingredients that positively contributed to the leadership aspirations and success of black professionals. The research discovered that, in some cases, black professionals leveraged white relationships to propel their careers forward, however, this practice reportedly resulted in the black professionals experiencing feelings of self-doubt in their own abilities. Self-doubt, also found to be a result of historical oppression, could have and have been shown to eventually lead to self-deselection, negatively impacting the aspirations and career advancement prospects of black professionals in organizational leadership. Furthermore, the research found that black leaders believed that their blackness, specifically, its unique texture of experiences and history in South Africa, provided them with superior empathetic leadership abilities toward other black employees. Black leaders frequently highlighted the distinctive values of ubuntu as the cornerstone of their leadership approach. In addition, it was found that black professionals also considered their blackness, particularly the shade of their skin, to detract from their leadership opportunities, as it reduced the odds of being authorized as natural leaders, thus fortifying a skewed self-perception of their own leadership capabilities.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Well-Being in Chinese College Students: Mediation Effect of Mindfulness.

Literature on the antecedents of psychological well-being (PWB) has found that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mindfulness are associated with PWB; less is known, however, about the role of mindfulness, a type of emotional and self-regulation, in the pathway between ACEs and PWB. This study used data from 1871 college students across China to examine the relation between ACEs and PWB, and whether the relation was mediated by mindfulness. The findings from structural equation modelling indicate a statistically significant negative association between ACEs and PWB, while mindfulness was strongly and positively associated with PWB. The effect of ACEs on PWB was reduced once mindfulness was controlled for in the analysis. This provides evidence that mindfulness was able to partially mediate the effects of negative life experiences on psychological well-being. This calls for mindfulness interventions targeted toward students with a history of ACEs to buffer the effects of ACEs on PWB.

COVID-19 and Emotional Variables in a Sample of Chileans.

IntroductionDuring the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, a set of daily stressors are being experienced, all this affects people’s mental health, leading them to have a set of emotional disturbances. Little is known about how people’s age can influence their emotional well-being in the face of prolonged stress generate by the pandemic.ObjectiveTo clarify the presence of emotional aspects such as emotional expressiveness and the frequency of positive and negative affections in people with different age in times of crisis.MethodsThe final sample included 297 Chileans between 22 and 68 years old (M = 38.51, SD = 13.85), recruited through an online survey with the appropriate written informed consent. The study was carried out when the pandemic was spreading in Chile.ResultsThe findings revealed age differences in emotional expressivity and the type of affections experienced. The expression of emotions was more affected by negative affections, the age and the gender of the people. While the avoidance of this emotional expression, by age and affections both positive and negative. Age was a significant predictor of emotional expressiveness.DiscussionFindings suggests that the associations between both variables, varied according to the age group of the people. Furthermore, this finding proposes that although older people are facing the persistent and serious threat of COVID-19, they show better emotional functioning. Which would help to better understand the interaction of both positive and negative life experiences in times of crisis.

Prevalence and correlates of maternal early stimulation behaviors during pregnancy in northern Ghana: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundPer UNICEF’s Nurturing Care Framework, early childhood development (ECD) begins during pregnancy and many lower-resource settings need data to inform their programs for optimal child development. The maternal-fetal relationship can be partly examined via a series of bonding activities called early stimulation behaviors (ESB). This study describes early stimulation behaviors and the associated correlates among pregnant women in Ghana.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data from a cluster-randomized trial in two districts of Northern Ghana. A total of 374 pregnant women were enrolled at baseline and administered a pre-intervention survey. Communication-related early stimulation behaviors was the primary outcome which was evaluated using three maternal-fetal bonding activities; did the woman self-report touching and/or talking, singing, and/or talking about family to her belly. A generalized estimating equation modified Poisson model was used for the bivariate and multivariable analysis.ResultsAbout half of the participants reported performing communication-related ESB during pregnancy frequently or sometimes. Bivariate analysis revealed that negative life experiences including higher rates of emotional, physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and having moderate to severe depressive symptoms were associated with women performing early stimulation behaviors more often. In the multivariable model, physical intimate partner violence remained significantly associated with early stimulation behaviors.ConclusionResearch on early stimulation behaviors is still in a nascent phase. It is unclear why our results revealed an association between intimate partner violence and early stimulation behaviors; this could reflect a coping mechanism for the expectant mother. Further research is needed to better understand this association and explore potential long-term impacts of early stimulation behaviors during pregnancy on child development.Trial registrationClinical Trials # NCT03665246, August 29, 2018.

Christmas in Ushuaia

When you get rid of the worst moments of your life, do you also get rid of yourself? Are horrible life experiences simply required? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, Laz has gone to the ends of the earth, the southern tip of Argentina, to throw a diary containing all his life’s disappointments and misery into the ocean, so as to rid himself of these experiences. While dining he sits with an intriguing couple who hear the story of his life and put forth an alternative theory, that our negative experiences are necessary to form our personality. That without our negative experiences, we are left the shell of a person. Laz takes these words to heart, and decides to retain his negative life experiences.

Traumatic Developments and Psychopathic Personality: Example Through an Individual Case

In this work the authors want to offer a reading perspective that clarifies the dimensions underlying the development of a disturbed psychopathic personality. A relationship of dismissing/avoiding representation of attachment, together with emotional and physical abuse experiences and neglect, predispose to a dysfunctional answer to trauma and negative life experiences, reducing the individual resilience and encouraging the development of empathic inability and impulsivity. These aspects represent the expression of difficulty in modulating one's internal emotional states in a congruous manner to life contexts and social situations. Theorical constructs of reference used in this work are illustrated, regarding a psychopathy case, observed through the use of psychological tests. Through the TEC (Traumatic Experiences Checklist of Nijnhuis, Van der Hart and Vanderlinden) potentially traumatic events are investigated. Psychological functioning is observed through the PCL - R (Psychopathy Check List - Revised by Hare) interview, the outcome of which is compared to the scores of the MMPI - 2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) by Hathaway and McKinley and DES (Dissociative Experience Scale by Eve, Carlson & Putnam). The global assessment of the personality profile also takes into account the mental state with respect to attachment with AAI (Adult Attachment Interview by George, Kaplan & Main; Main, Goldwyn & Hesse, to qualitatively investigate early relationships with the primary caregivers.

OTPORNOST KAO PREDIKTOR DRUŠTVENO NEPRIHVATLJIVOG PONAŠANJA

The research problem has been conceptualized as an examination of the possibility to predict socially unacceptable behaviour by using resilience as a predictor. In this context, self-reported socially unacceptable behaviour has been examined, while the resilience has been analysed with regard to two aspects in which it can be conceptualized. The first one is Ego-resiliency which is defined as a personality trait, and it is related to adaption during the inhibition or expression of emotions, in an interdependent relation to the environment in which the person is. The second aspect is resilience defined through intrapersonal and interpersonal capacities of person which affect adaptation and tolerance to stress and negative life experiences. The research has been conducted by using convenience sample of 384 respondents of high school final-year students, from Republika Srpska (BiH). The hierarchical regression analysis has been used, while the applied measurement instruments were the following: RSA - Resilience Scale for Adults, Ego-resiliency scale, the scale of anti-social behaviour, as well as scales that measure dimensions of Aggressiveness and Conscientiousness from the Big five +2 instrument. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed resilience as a statistically significant predictor of socially unacceptable behaviour (R = .40, R2 = .160, F(4,318) = 15.09, p = .000). When it comes to individual predictors, Conscientiousness (β = -.24, p = .000) and Aggressiveness (β = .19, p = .000) are still dominant (after the two measures of resilience are added to the model in the second step), which is followed by the resilience (RSA; β = -.16, p = .012). It is important to note that Ego-resiliency has not been identified as a statistically significant predictor of socially unacceptable behavior (β = .06, p = .342). The results contribute to the understanding of antisocial behavior causes and consequently contribute to its prevention.

Overcoming Ethical Challenges in Conducting Research Among Persons With Dementia

By 2060, the number of older adults with Alzhemier’s Disease or related dementias (ADRD) is expected to encompass approximately 13.9 million Americans. Recognizing this, the federal government has prioritized research on ADRD and their effect on the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of persons with dementia (PWD). Such research is complicated by disease-associated decline in cognitive and functional capacity among PWDs which can impair participant ability to process and communicate information, potentially increasing their exposure to negative research-related experiences and compromising the accuracy and reliability of provided data. Nevertheless, as a key stakeholder group, PWD should have the right to participate in research on ADRD. This session will present a case study of ethical issues that emerged in an NIH-funded study utilizing mixed-methods to examine caregiving and care dyad relationships between PWD and their care partners over an 18-month follow-up period. Ethical issues examined will include: (1) PWD capacity to consent to research at baseline and (2) during follow-up visits, (3) Obtaining accurate and reliable data from persons with mild to moderate dementia, (4) Assessing PWD distress while engaging in data collection processes, and (5) Reporting of negative caregiving and life experiences, such as elder mistreatment. The discussion of these topics and presentation of lessons learned holds promise for improving research methodology in studies involving PWD and enabling researchers to increase the involvement of persons with mild to moderate dementia in research on ADRD.

The Relationship Between Mothers' Mental Health and Violence Against Their Children

Background: The negative life experiences and mental state of the mothers cause them to be inadequate to meet the needs of their children and to show negligent-abusive behavior towards their children. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mothers' mental health status and neglect/emotional-physical violence behavior towards their children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional quantitative study. The population of the study consists of women who had children aged 0-11 years who applied to a public hospital in Istanbul in the first quarter of 2016. In the study, Self-Reporting Questionnaire-SRQ was used to measure the mental health of mothers, and violence questionnaire was used to measure the violent behaviors of mothers towards their children. SPSS 20.0 program was used for statistical analysis. Results: It was found that almost half of the mothers had high psychological / psychiatric problems (above the threshold). It was found that the rates of high level of emotional violence, low and high level of physical violence against the children of mothers with a Self-Reporting Questionnaire-SRQ above the threshold were higher. In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between traumatic life experiences and mothers' neglect behavior towards the child and this difference was not found in the abuse types. Conclusions: In families with traumatic events, negligent behaviors of mothers towards their children are observed more frequently. In families with high traumatic life experiences, negligent behaviors of mothers towards their children are seen at a higher rate than families with low traumatic life experiences.

Exploring Patterns of Service Utilization Within Children’s Mental Health Agencies

The natural history of psychopathology indicates that many children will re-experience mental health problems. However, little is known about service use over extended time periods. We explored service use of a 5-year time period, and expected to find that some children received mental health services for many months, and some received services in episodes. Administrative visit data from 6 child and youth mental health service agencies and over 7000 children, 4 to 11 years old at their first visit in 2000–2003, were analyzed. Episodes of care were coded based on having a minimum of three visits with 180-day free period between episodes. Chart reviews were conducted for a stratified random sample of 319 cases to obtain clinical and demographic sample characteristics not available in the administrative data. Five patterns of service use were identified in 5 years of visit data using latent class cluster analyses. Close to a third of children were involved for longer than a year, and 19% received two or more episodes of care within the 5-year study period. Children who had patterns of service use with long durations of involvement tended to have a higher percentage of cases with child welfare involvement, and children had fewer strengths in terms of relationships with peers and adults, and abilities to manage negative life experiences. Best methods of caring for children with ongoing or episodic problems need to be developed, and we need to improve methods for identifying those children who might benefit from alternative models of care.

The Correlation Function of Communication in an Emotional Domain Observed in the Effect of Media on Embitterment

ABSTRACT The media correlation function has mainly been evaluated in cognitive domains from theoretical perspectives, such as agenda-setting, framing, or priming. Here we examined the correlation function in an emotional domain by investigating the association between media use and the degree of embitterment, which is a psychological symptom that originates from the accumulation of negative life experiences. A survey of 1,720 South Koreans revealed that those who had higher frequencies of media use felt a greater degree of embitterment. When different media types were examined, frequent use of print newspapers was associated with a level of embitterment from personal experiences, whereas heavy consumption of the internet and TV news was associated with embitterment from mediated reality. The implications of these findings are addressed in the context of both communication function and social epidemiology.

Using Q-methodology to explore mental health nurses' knowledge and skills to use recovery-focused care to reduce aggression in acute mental health settings.

When nurses practise recovery-focused care, they contribute positively to the consumer's mental health recovery journey and empower the person to be actively engaged in the management of their illness. While using recovery-focused care is endorsed in mental health policy, many health professionals remain uncertain about its application with consumers who have a risk for aggression during their admission to an acute mental health inpatient setting. This paper reports on Australian research using Q-methodology that examined the knowledge and skill components of recovery-focused care that nurses use to reduce the risk for aggression. The data from forty mental health nurses revealed five factors that when implemented as part of routine practice improved the recovery outcomes for consumers with risk of aggression in the acute mental health settings. These factors were as follows: (I) acknowledge the consumers' experience of hospitalization; (II) reassure consumers who are going through a difficult time; (III) interact to explore the impact of the consumer's negative lived experiences; (IV) support co-production to reduce triggers for aggression; and (V) encourage and support consumers to take ownership of their recovery journey. These findings provide nurses with a pragmatic approach to use recovery-focused care for consumers with risk for aggression and contribute positively to the consumers' personal recovery.

Introducing the Study of Life and Death Education to Support the Importance of Positive Psychology: An Integrated Model of Philosophical Beliefs, Religious Faith, and Spirituality.

Life education, also known as life and death education, is an important subject in Taiwan with institutions (e.g., high school) offering degree programs and courses that focus on quality learning and implementation of life education. What is interesting from the perspective of Taiwanese education is that the teaching of life education also incorporates a number of Eastern-derived and conceptualized tenets, for example, Buddhist teaching and the importance of spiritual wisdom. This premise contends then that life education in Taiwan, in general, is concerned with the promotion, fulfillment, and cherishing of quality life experiences (e.g., personal contentment, happiness). One example of life education, which resonates with other spiritual beliefs and religious faiths (e.g., Hinduism), is related to spiritual cultivation and the enlightenment of life wisdom. Our own teaching of the subject, likewise, places emphasis on the goal of teaching students to seek meaningful understanding of and appreciation for three major, interrelated components of life education: life wisdom, life practice, and life care. It has been acknowledged, to a certain degree, that life education has made meaningful contributions, such as the creation and facilitation of a civil, vibrant society, and that many Taiwanese individuals show dignity, respect for elders, and reverence for spiritual and religious faiths. For example, aside from high-quality hospice care, many Taiwanese engage in different types of benevolent acts (e.g., providing spiritual advice to someone who is dying), where possible. Life education is a beneficial subject for teaching and learning as its theoretical understanding may help individuals cope with pathologies and negative conditions and life experiences. One negative life experience, in this case, is the ultimate fate of humankind: death. Approaching death and/or the onset of grief is something that we all have to experience. How does one approach death? It is not easy feat, and of course, grief for a loved one is personal, and some of us struggle with this. We contend that spiritual cultivation and enlightenment, arising from life education, may assist us with the topic of death (e.g., the possibility of transcendence beyond the realm of life). More importantly however, from our own teaching experiences and research development, we strongly believe and rationalize that the subject of life education could, indeed, coincide with and support the paradigm of positive psychology (Seligman, 1999, 2010; Seligman and Csíkszentmihályi, 2000). Forming the premise of the present conceptual analysis article, we propose that a person’s “spiritual and enlightened self,” reflecting the convergence of three major aspects of life education (i.e., philosophical reflection, enrichment of personal well-being, and spiritual cultivation), would result in the initiation and creation of a number of virtues and positive characteristics, for example, having a positive outlook in life, having a perceived sense of spirituality, showing compassion, forgiveness, etc. These virtues and quality characteristics, from our philosophical reasoning, are equivalent to those qualities that the paradigm of positive psychology advocates for. In summary, we conceptualize that the subject of life education, from the perspective of Taiwanese education, may intertwine with the paradigm of positive psychology. A person’s spiritual and enlightened self, or his/her “holistic self,” from our rationalization, is the ultimate optimal life experience that he/she may have, enabling him/her to address the gamut of life conditions and experiences. The distinctive nature of life education in this case, as a point of summary, is that it incorporates spiritual beliefs and religious faiths (e.g., Buddhist faith), encouraging a person to seek nature and divine–human relationships, as well as to contemplate and to explore the complex nature of his/her inner self. The notion of Buddhist samsâra, for example, as “evidence” of spirituality, entailing the endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, may provide a person with hope into the afterlife. Such esoteric discourse, we contend, is positive and optimistic, allowing individuals to discard the dividing line between life and death.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19: The lived experience and perceptions of patients in isolation and care in an Australian healthcare setting

BackgroundIsolation and quarantine are key measures in outbreak management and disease control. They are, however, associated with negative patient experiences and outcomes, including an adverse impact on mental health and lower quality of care due to limited interaction with healthcare workers. In this study, we explore the lived experience and perceptions of patients in isolation with COVID-19 in an Australian healthcare setting.MethodsUsing a phenomenological approach from a Heideggerian hermeneutical perspective, we conducted individual semistructured interviews with the first 11 COVID-19 patients admitted to a designated COVID-19 facility in Australia. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, and imported into NVivo 12 for coding and analysis.ResultsParticipants’ lived experience and perceptions of COVID-19 were represented by 5 themes: “Knowing about COVID-19,” “Planning for, and responding to, COVID-19,” “Being infected,” “Life in isolation and the room,” and “Post-discharge life.” Within these, participants conveyed both positive and negative lived experiences of infection, isolation, and illness. The contextual aspects of their social and physical environment together with their individual resources contributed to the framing of their planning for, and response to, the outbreak, and were important mediators in their experience.ConclusionsFindings from this study provide a valuable insight into the lived experiences of patients with COVID-19, which reflect those of patients with other infectious diseases who require isolation.

Lifetime Experiences Scale (LIFES): Development and validation in community samples

This paper describes the development, validation, and reliability of a new measure to assess life experiences reported by adults, the Lifetime Experiences Scale (LIFES). This scale is important because no available measure focuses on both positive and negative life experiences and covers childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. LIFES is a self-report measure consisting of two sections: 75 items (organized into eight domains: school, work, health, leisure, life conditions, adverse experiences, achievements, and people and relationships) regarding lived experiences and blank spaces for non-lived (but desired) experiences. The procedures involved in the development of LIFES are described in detail (e.g., construct, generation of items and questions). Moreover, evidence based on test content, response processes, relations to other variables, and different classes of reliability for community samples are presented. Overall, the results suggest that LIFES presented good evidence of validity and reliability and can be a valuable tool for research and clinical purposes.

Can autobiographical memory coherence buffer the impact of negative life experiences? A prospective study

Abstract The cognitive-emotional processing of negative life events predicts their subsequent psychological impact. Individual differences in the ability to construct coherent autobiographical memories, which can be considered a way of cognitive-emotional processing, are thought to moderate the association between negative life experiences and their psychological impact. As personal narratives are a central focus of cognitive-behavioral interventions, understanding such associations could prove clinically valuable. To test this hypothesis, a prospective study was conducted in which the impact of an academic failure was investigated in function of students’ memory coherence before the failure occurred. Results showed an indirect effect between memory coherence at baseline and the psychological impact immediately following the academic failure through rumination and meaning making, with students high in memory coherence at baseline reporting less distress compared to students low in memory coherence. However, this effect of memory coherence did not persist to the three-month follow-up. So, memory coherence may function as a buffer against the impact of negative life experiences through rumination and meaning making. Implications for the conceptualization of memory coherence and its potential value for cognitive-behavioral therapy are discussed.

Influence of Negative Life Events on Depression Among In-School Adolescents In Southwest Nigeria

This study investigated the influence of various negative life events on adolescent depression among in-school adolescents in Southwest Nigeria and whether there is gender difference in the association. The descriptive research of the survey type was adopted for the study. The population of the study was all the adolescents, both male and female, in all secondary schools in the southwest of Nigeria. A total of 1650 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 years were selected using multistage sampling technique. A self designed questionnaire titled “Assessment of Negative Life Events and Depression Scale” (ANLEDS) was used to elicit information from respondents. The instrument was validated and the reliability was ensured using test re-test method. The reliability co-efficient was 0.75 at 0.05 level of significance. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive analysis for the general question raised while hypotheses 1 was tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and hypotheses 2 was tested using student’s t-test at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that negative life experiences are significantly related to the development of depressive symptoms among adolescents and the association is influenced by gender difference. Based on the findings, it was recommended that school counsellors should organize programmes to create more awareness and encourage adolescents to discuss their challenges with a view to reducing adolescent depression in Southwest Nigeria.

Decision-making in major depressive disorder: Subjective complaint, objective performance, and discrepancy between both.

BackgroundStudies comparing objective and subjective cognition in major depressive disorder (MDD) are scarce, and available data concern different cognitive functions but not decision-making specifically. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore objective (O-DMI) and subjective decision-making impairment (S-DMI) as well as the discrepancy between both in people with MDD. Secondly, we assessed the association between S-DMI and O-DMI. Finally, we explored sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors related to decision-making impairment status. MethodOne hundred and nine people with MDD were assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task to identify “O-DMI”. The item 9 of the Beck Depression Inventory was used to compose the variable “S-DMI”. Psychiatric history, medication adherence, childhood trauma, physical and psychological pain, and negative life experiences were also collected. ResultsForty-six percent of participants have O-DMI and 65.1% S-DMI. From 49.5% showing a discrepancy between both, 68,6% have positive discrepancy and 31,4% negative (i.e. under and overestimation respectively). O-DMI and S-DMI were not associated. Binary logistic regressions showed that the number of negative life events in the past 6 months was predictor of O-DMI, while depression severity and medication adherence predicted S-DMI. Finally, medication adherence and depression severity predicted the type of discrepancy. LimitationsThe variable S-DMI was obtained through a single item. ConclusionThese results confirm the lack of association between objective and subjective measures of cognition in MDD, and for the first-time concerning decision-making. This suggest that both assessments should be done in order to have a deeper knowledge of the cognitive functioning of each patient.

Traumatic loss and psychosis – reconceptualising the role of trauma in psychosis

ABSTRACT Literature suggests that the occurrence of psychological trauma (PT) from various negative life experiences beyond events mentioned in the DSM-criterion A, receives little to no attention when comorbid with psychosis. In fact, despite research indicating the intricate interplay between PT and psychosis, and the need for trauma-focused interventions (TFI), there continue to be mixed views on whether treating PT would worsen psychosis, with many practitioners hesitating to initiate treatment for this reason. This study, therefore, aimed to understand patient perspectives on the role of PT in psychosis and related treatment options. A qualitative exploratory approach was adopted using in-depth interviews with individuals experiencing psychosis. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale was administered on a predetermined maximum variation sample resulting in two groups of participants- those with moderate-mild disability (GAF 54–80; n = 10) and those experiencing moderate-severe disability (GAF 41–57; n = 10). With the former group, a semi-structured interview schedule was used, while with the latter, owing to multiple symptoms and difficulty in cognitive processing, a structured interview schedule was used. Results from interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) indicated that traumatic loss was central to experienced PT, but received no attention; this often contributed to the psychotic experience and/or depression, through maintenance factors such as cognitive distortions and attenuated affective responses. Further, the experience of loss seems to be more consequential to trauma-related symptoms than the event itself. Participants opined strongly the need for TFI and the role of it in promoting recovery from psychosis.