Negative Legacy Research Articles

Legacy and credit scores in South Africa

This paper assesses the impact of legacy and credit scores on access to bank credit in South Africa. Typically, credit data focuses on socio-economic information. However legacy variables, factors beyond the control of individuals, have not been well considered. We find that although credit scores clearly influence access to credit, legacy has a statistically significant impact on credit scores and on the amount of credit granted. While these results can be interpreted as bias against those with negative legacy, they can also be explained in terms of information asymmetry and the relative ability to enforce contracts with clients who have positive legacy.

The Jewish Origins of Cultural Pluralism: The Menorah Association and American Diversity (review)

Reviewed by: The Jewish Origins of Cultural Pluralism: The Menorah Association and American Diversity Noam Pianko (bio) The Jewish Origins of Cultural Pluralism: The Menorah Association and American Diversity. By Daniel Greene. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011. xi + 261. The search for an early essay by Mordecai Kaplan in graduate school led me to discover the Menorah Journal for the first time. When I finally [End Page 88] located the print volumes of the journal, I was shocked by the contributors listed in the table of contents of the magazine. In addition to regular articles by Kaplan, the list of contributors included many of the most influential American Jewish voices of early twentieth century, including Horace Kallen, Solomon Schechter, Israel Zangwill, and Louis Brandeis. In addition to figures familiar to me from Jewish history were important public intellectuals I did not expect to find in a journal of Jewish thought. For instance, the magazine featured pieces from thinkers ranging from the American philosopher John Dewey to the British internationalist Sir Alfred Zimmern. Interested in learning more about this hub for Jewish life and thought during a crucial period in the history of American Jewish life, I searched for a monograph about the Menorah Journal. Other than a few articles, no book-length study existed. Daniel Greene’s monograph The Jewish Origins of Cultural Pluralism: The Menorah Association and American Diversity addresses this absence in American Jewish historiography. Greene, the director of the Dr. William M. Scholl Center for American History and Culture at the Newberry Library, makes two important contributions in this book. First, the author traces the history of the Menorah Association from its origins as a student group at Harvard University in 1906 to the peak of the Menorah Association’s influence on campus life and communal conversations in the 1920s and 1930s. Greene’s well-researched account illuminates the experiences of several children of Eastern European immigrants trying to find their place at Harvard (as well as other leading universities) and their efforts to build an intellectual and organizational basis for a new generation of American Jews. Their vision of Jewish identity reminds readers that the identification of Judaism as an American religion was not an inevitable outcome of the American Jewish experience. The Menorah Journal writers sought concepts of collectivity and Jewish identity that highlighted attributes later eclipsed in American Jewish discourse, such as Hebrew culture, nationality, and even race. For these secular intellectuals, Jewish membership had more to do with descent and culture than religious belief or practice. As a result, their journal focused on art, culture, politics, and current events. Second, Greene identifies a shared agenda among many of the Menorah Journal contributors. The founders of the journal, especially Horace Kallen, attempted to define models of American pluralism that supported cultural and social diversity. This claim drastically expands the relevance of the Menorah phenomenon from an internal conversation about Jewish identity to a mainstream discussion of what it means to be American. The book thus contributes to an emerging approach to American Jewish history that David Hollinger describes as the shift [End Page 89] from communalist to dispersionist narratives. Kallen and many of his fellow Menorah Journal writers, Greene correctly argues, did not draw a distinction between their intellectual production as Jews and Americans. Scholars interested in figures such as Kallen tend to make a distinction between Jewish intellectuals as Jews and public thinkers who happen to be Jewish. This false dichotomy prevents a holistic appreciation for the rich relationship between Jewish and mainstream American concerns. Instead of portraying the Menorah Journal as a communal space for negotiating internal questions of Jewish identity, Greene demonstrates that the journal actively engaged American public culture and introduced cultural pluralism into the vocabulary of identity in the United States. The challenge with linking the origins of cultural pluralism to Jewish intellectuals, specifically Horace Kallen, is the negative legacy of this paradigm. The scholarly understanding of cultural pluralism rests heavily on the assessment of Kallen’s definition of membership as descent-based. Post-ethnic debates about diversity have shifted the basis of solidarity from descent to consent. Greene briefly acknowledges this in the book. However, a more direct...

Developing a framework for evaluating Olympic and Paralympic legacies

This paper seeks to add to the discourse surrounding Olympic and Paralympic legacies by proposing a flexible research framework that draws from previous research on legacies. It is noted that the bulk of the research has focussed on summer Olympics with little interest in Winter Olympics and virtually none for either the Summer or Winter Paralympics. Using the legacy radar framework, ‘profiles’ may be generated to aid in the comparison between diverse legacies that may occur in different fields, such as sport, infrastructure, social capital, the environment and economic impacts, over a range of dimensions including time, place and costs. It is suggested that this framework has the potential for further development to reflect the changing agendas of host communities and interest groups. The dimensions include positive and negative legacies and metrics that may be applied across events.

Illuminating the Lived Experiences of Research with Indigenous Communities

The historical exploitation experienced by indigenous people in the United States has left a number of negative legacies, including distrust toward research. This distrust poses a barrier to progress made through culturally sensitive research. Given the complex history of research with indigenous groups, the purpose of this descriptive phenomenological study was to illuminate the lived experiences of both indigenous and non-indigenous researchers conducting culturally competent research with indigenous people. Interviews from 13 social science research experts revealed 6 underlying themes about their research with indigenous people, including respect and commitment, mutual trust, affirmation, harmony among multiple worldviews, responsibility, and spiritual/personal growth.

Rural community perceptions of the 2010 FIFA World Cup: The Makhowe community in KwaZulu-Natal

More developing countries are now bidding for and hosting mega-events. However, it is unclear whether the legacies of a sport mega-event will benefit the host country's rural citizens. This is a particularly neglected area of research on mega-events. Rural communities in South Africa remain marginalised and often impoverished. This study assesses rural community members' perceptions of the costs and benefits of South Africa's hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It looks at the impacts they anticipated and how they would like to have participated in and benefited from the event. The responses of 100 households in Makhowe in rural KwaZulu-Natal show that this community generally supported South Africa's hosting of the event and expected direct benefits. Both negative and positive experiences and legacies were anticipated. It is recommended that partnerships be leveraged with game parks to enhance opportunities for rural communities and that further research should be conducted.

Challenges for environmentally sustainable development of natural resources in the Nam Ou karst, northern Laos

A very low level of social and economic development in the Nam Ou karst is in part the result of its remoteness and rugged terrain. The karst poses both opportunities and challenges for environmentally sustainable land use beneficial to the small communities scattered through the area. Negative legacies of past human activity include soil erosion and a reduction in primary forest cover due to a long history of swidden agriculture, and environmental damage generated during wartime. A variety of natural resource development projects are now planned or under way, but progress towards true sustainability is impeded by the very limited resources available to address environmental concerns, which poses particular hazard for karst conservation and management.

Biodiversity and Nuclear Power Stations on the Japanese Island Arc: Hope for the future and negative legacy

Biodiversity and Nuclear Power Stations on the Japanese Island Arc: Hope for the future and negative legacy

Managerial Leadership and Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper examines managerial leadership and its cultural and historical foundations in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The analysis is based on existing literature, a qualitative analysis of African media reports, and quantitative results from the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) project. The five SSA countries studied were Nigeria, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa (black sample). Results yielded several common themes that characterize SSA leadership patterns across the region. In particular, a common cultural characteristic, ubuntu, was reflected in high levels of group solidarity, paternalistic leadership, and Humane Oriented leadership. Although the negative legacy of colonial dominance has contributed to a culture of corruption, poverty, tribalism and violence, charismatic leaders frequently invoke indigenous cultural values and means to overcome these problems. Implications for further development of global leadership theories are discussed.

Isabel la Católica en la producción teatral española del siglo XVII (review)

Reviewed by: Isabel la Católica en la producción teatral española del siglo XVII Susan M. Smith Caba, María Y. Isabel la Católica en la producción teatral española del siglo XVII. London: Tamesis, 2008. 199 pp. Isabel I of Castile has been a fascinating figure through five centuries of Spanish history and still captivates the imagination of Spain and the world. Thousands of books and articles have studied her impact on political and religious history, and a number of scholars has analyzed her portrayal in literary works. In Isabel la Católica en la producción teatral española del siglo XVII, María Y. Caba offers a welcome new study of Isabel as literary figure in eight plays selected from works by Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, and Luis Vélez de Guevara. These three dramatists paint varied images of Queen Isabel, which reflect their own time and circumstances. In the introduction to this monograph, Caba outlines the underpinnings of her analysis of Isabel's characterization by drawing on political, historical, cultural, and religious sources. The Catholic Queen was a complex and contradictory figure—a female exercising powers of the male domain and builder of an empire while oppressing and finally expelling some of its citizens. Caba also notes that the early image of Isabel is shaped by male authors, both in historical chronicles and in fiction. The difference in sexual gender between created subject and the creators of her image is a fact that must be considered in any analysis. The first chapter is devoted to Lope de Vega and two of his plays, El mejor mozo de España and El niño inocente de la guardia, plays in which Isabel has a major role. Lope's depiction of the Queen is ambivalent, although heavily weighted toward the image of feminine and religious virtue and Isabel as a model of domesticity. Although she is also a strong defender of the Church, she is less powerful than normally depicted in historical records and other works of fiction. The traditional traits aligned with sexual gender are underscored by Lope as the prominent characteristics guiding Isabel's actions—modesty, religious devotion, and submissiveness to her husband. The rough edges of her role in the Inquisition and in the expulsion of the Jews are softened and justified. In chapter 2, Caba studies three plays by Tirso de Molina: Antona García, El amor médico, and Doña Beatriz de Silva. Unlike Lope, the Mercedarian monk focuses on Isabel's strength, leadership, and political acumen. She restores the [End Page 141] authority of the monarchy while she and the other female characters rule the action of the plot. At the same time the male characters are depicted as weak or absent. This world-upside-down approach reveals Tirso's intent to expose the problems of the court of Felipe IV and his own displeasure with the heirs of Queen Isabel. Chapter 3 focuses on Luis Vélez de Guevara and three plays in which Isabel has a prominent role: La luna de la sierra, La serrana de la Vera, and La corte del demonio. These plays create distinct images of Isabel over the lifetime of the playwright. Caba astutely observes that Vélez de Guevara occupied a space in the court but in the end realized that as a converso he was always of second rank. The image of Isabel is more openly negative as Vélez de Guevara ages. The first of the plays begins with the portrayal of Isabel as an exemplary monarch, but ends with her inability to control her son and other men of the court due to the "natural" limitations of a woman. The second depicts Isabel as a feminine paradigm to emulate as she and Fernando, ironically, end the play by punishing the women who have dared to act independently and in a manly way. The third play is the most openly political, harshly criticizing the decadence and injustice of the Hapsburg court, especially as concerns the unfair treatment of the Jews. La corte del demonio clearly is intended to reflect the negative legacy of Isabel's intolerant...

Family legacies

The current study focused on discovering the ways in which the intergenerational transmission of family legacy stories both enables and constrains individual family members’ sense of their own identities. Using semi-structured interviews, 17 third generation family members identified a multitude of both positive and negative family legacies. Both positive and negative legacies were influenced by the storytelling context. Positive legacies portrayed families as hardworking, caring, and cohesive while negative legacies were more idiosyncratic. Individual family members typically responded to their family legacies by embracing the positive and rejecting the negative. However, individuals’ responses also pointed to additional complexities in accepting or rejecting family legacies. Specifically, some individuals embraced negative family legacies and rejected positive ones; others only accepted portions of the legacies; and some reported their legacies as unembraceable.

Global AIDS Policy in the Age of Obama

In 2006, then-U.S. Senator Barack Obama and his wife Michelle traveled to Kenya, Obama’s father’s homeland, where many of the senator’s extended family still lived. The Obamas publicly took an HIV test during their trip, an important moment as sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected by the HIV=AIDS crisis, with more than two-thirds of the world’s infections. For every outspoken leader on HIV=AIDS like Uganda’s Yoweri Museveni, there have been as many or more AIDS denialists like South Africa’s former president Thabo Mbeki and his shamefully ignorant health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang who at one time suggested that beetroot and garlic were effective treatments for HIV. Given the new U.S. president’s Kenyan heritage, Barack Obama may be uniquely placed to speak to the African people about the dangers of HIV and steps they can take to protect themselves. While Obama may have this special connection, larger currents will constrain his ability to advance the fight against HIV, a product of both the positive and negative legacies of the George W. Bush administration.

New therapeutic approaches to hepatitis C virus

Year 201X will see a huge battle against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV, a leading cause of end stage diseases and hepatocellular malignancies, is a negative legacy of the past in many regions worldwide, and has long been refractory to conventional treatments. The most effective peginterferons and ribavirin-based antiviral therapies can eliminate the virus in only half of patients treated, and the treatments are often poorly tolerated. Recently, the development of an HCV cell culture system has become a turning point of basic research. At present, novel therapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action are under development or on clinical trials. Some of these drugs have been proven to be effective when used with the conventional treatments, and may constitute antiviral therapies without being used in combination with interferons. This article reviews the current status of preclinical drug development, ongoing clinical trials, and near future perspectives in the field of HCV therapeutics.

2318 多空間デザインモデルに基づくデザイン推論の枠組み(OS2-2 設計理論・方法論II,OS2 設計理論・方法論)

While the design by the 20th century lived people's life rich, it also produced many negative legacies. In order to solve these problems produced by subdivision of a design, the new theory for the integration of each subdivided design is required. In the present study, based on the Multispace Design Model as one of design theory, a framework of design reasoning that describes three design acts of analysis, generation, and evaluation as induction, abduction, and deduction is proposed. Moreover, it is pointed out the importance of generation or evaluation based on analysis.

Our Day in Their Shadow: Critical Remembrance, Feminist Science and the Women of the Manhattan Project

Inspired by the publication of a book celebrating the role of the women in the Manhattan Project, this paper seeks to demonstrate that such an effort – to the extent it accepts and endorses the historical, political and scientific legitimacy of the Project – is both misguided and dangerous. An alternative feminist critique is presented: one respecting the views of those scientists (men and women) who refused to participate or who have sought to challenge the reductionist Western scientific paradigm from which the Bomb emerged. Illumination of the repressive and hierarchal structures requisite for the “birth” of the nuclear age is undertaken and views excised by the official narrative – the voices of wives, daughters and victims – are recalled. In constructing this “counter-narrative”, critical stress is laid on the multiple negative legacies of the Project and the positive requirement for humane, sustainable alternatives to the poisonous technologies often spawned by current forms of scientific inquiry.

Africa: signs of hope?

The dawning of the 21st century generally brought new hope to African leaders and countless thousands of ordinary citizens of many countries on the continent. The first signs of a new turn of events shone through by the end of the last decade of the previous century. This was manifested by economic growth rates that started to pick up in a number of African states, by pro-democracy movements which in country after country succeeded in replacing authoritarian regimes, and by the winding down and termination of some of Africa’s most devastating wars. The results of this analysis confirm the above-mentioned positive political, economic and conflict trends in Africa. It is clearly a significant turn of events given the well-known political and economic predicament with which Africa is struggling. When this negative legacy and Cold War background of Africa is considered, the importance of present developments is clear to see. The identified heightened sense of purpose among the leaders and peoples of Africa and the changed mood and need among Africans to take charge of their own future that found expression in the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) are indeed significant and bode well for the future of the continent. A word of warning here is, however, necessary. Our conduct with Africa must be very cautious and we must guard against over-optimism and the exaggerated belief that Africa is now on a trajectory of sustained development and peace. We cannot generalise about Africa – for that the continent is just too big and diverse from a geographical, cultural, economic and political point of view.

Legacy Effects in Radical Innovation: A Study of European Internet Banking

How do firms cope with the challenges of disruptive change in their industry? Numerous studies have highlighted that success with any prior technology creates a negative legacy effect for the next radical technological shift. We question the overly pessimistic view of such legacy effects and ask how quickly firms embrace technological breakthroughs by radically innovating and who wins in the longer term? In this paper, we argue that legacy is a multi-faceted construct whose diverse aspects could simultaneously have different effects on innovation speed and market performance. We identify three main types of legacy related to technology, organizational, and country-level influences. Previous research tends to focus on technological or market effects in isolation, whereas we seek to study the effects of both firm and country legacy simultaneously on speed to radical innovation and market performance over time. Based on a conceptual framework we develop six hypotheses concerning the legacy effects on initial speed radical innovation and subsequent market performance. We chose the European retail banking industry and the focal innovation of transactional Internet banking as a suitable empirical context to employ quantitative hypothesis testing. Detailed and longitudinal (1996-2001) data were collected for a sample of 123 banks from six European countries: United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. We specified a model and used threestage least squares (3SLS) as a method to estimate simultaneous regression equations due to endogeneity of a key variable. We show that the prevailing negative view of legacies is likely to be overstated.

Middle Easternization of Turkey’s Foreign Policy: Does Turkey Dissociate from the West?

This essay argues that Turkey’s foreign policy has been Middle Easternized. This has mainly been informed by the growing negative impact of political developments in the Middle East—particularly Iraq—on Turkey’s feeling of security at home and abroad. Rather than culminating in a breakup with the West, this Middle Easternization process has resulted in the adoption of a more pragmatic/rational than an emotional/romantic approach towards the European Union and the United States. That objections to Turkey’s accession to the EU have recently increased despite the start of the accession talks appears to have led Turkish policymakers to adopt a more pragmatic approach towards EU membership. Though the accession talks with the EU have formally started, the end result of Turkey’s Europeanization process continues to remain more ambiguous than ever. Though the negative legacy of the March 2003 crisis in US–Turkey relations has been partially repaired, it seems that Turkey and the United States will likely experience growing disagreements over Iraq, the Kurds, Syria, democratization in the Middle East, and Iran in the years to come. The nature of Turkey’s future relations with the West will increasingly be determined by what transpires to Turkey’s south and east rather than west.

Civil Society and the Legacies of Dictatorship

The literature on civil society in postcommunist regimes highlights its weakness as compared with civil society in other democracies. In this article the authors make a general argument on how different patterns of antecedent dictatorship affect the development of civil society across a range of democracies. They examine the slow emergence of two behaviors associated with a robust civil society—participation in organizational life and in protest—and explain variation across countries as a function of regime history. They draw their individual-level data from the World Values Survey and analyze the behavior of over forty-one thousand citizens from forty-two democracies. Using methods of hierarchical linear modeling to control for both national-level and individual-level factors, the authors find that different types of dictatorship and variation in their duration produce different negative legacies for the development of civil society.

History, Chinese Nationalism and the Emerging Sino–Japanese Conflict

Anti-Japanese popular nationalism is rising high in China today. Little evidence to date proves that it is officially orchestrated. Nonetheless, Chinese popular nationalism still has deep roots in the state's history propaganda which has implanted pernicious myths in the national collective memory. Fueling mistrust and exacerbating a mutual threat perception, popular nationalism could be a catalyst for future Sino–Japanese conflict over the Taiwan problem, island disputes, and maritime resource competition. The increasingly liberalized but often biased Chinese media, the role of nationalist sub-elites, and the government's accommodation have all contributed to the strength of anti-Japanese nationalism, which cannot be mitigated by bilateral economic interdependence. To rid bilateral relations of the negative historical legacy, the two countries need the vision and determination to remove nationalistic myths and promote a shared history through mutual critique and self-reflection in transnational historians' dialogues.

DISCUSSION OF RIVER AREA AND CITY REHABIRITATION SCENARIO FOR SYMBIOSIS WITH NATURE

Rapid population gains, surging economies and urbanization have placed a considerable burden on the environments of river basins and cities around the globe, and have brought sweeping change to the forms of water and material circulation, ecosystems and landscapes worldwide. To eliminate the negative legacy that has resulted and ensure rehabilitation to achieve a sound society, economy and nature environment, the authors analyzed, typified and modeled cases of practical initiative undertaken for river basin areas around the world. The authors then use the results to design and present a scenario for rehabilitation of river basin areas and cities that aims at achieving a symbiosis with nature in urban and local areas.