Negative Interaction Effect Research Articles

Economic and social LMX and innovative work behaviour: the moderating effect of paradox mindset

PurposeIn this study the authors investigate the relationship of both social (SLMX) and economic (ELMX) leader–member exchange with innovative work behaviour (IWB) and the potential moderating effect of having a paradox mindset. A paradox mindset facilitates the recognition of tensions and the integration of competing demands and goals, which may fuel IWB.Design/methodology/approachAt two points in time the authors gathered survey data from employees working in the mid and back office of a Dutch bank.FindingsSLMX associates with innovative behaviour, whilst ELMX does not. However, when paradox mindset is included as a moderator, the authors find negative interaction effects of paradox mindset with both ELMX and SLMX.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that management should be aware of the impact that having a paradox mindset has on the innovative work behaviour of employees. Managers are well advised to assess the extent to which an employee entertains a paradox mindset and adjust the type of leadership appropriate to the situation, and in particular adjust the intensity of their exchange relationship with these employees.Originality/valueParadox mindset acts as a substitute for an employee's social relationship with the leader, as paradox mindset captures most of the variation in IWB, thereby drawing influence away from SLMX. This finding complements studies showing that a person's mindset can greatly influence innovative work behaviour.

Does it pay off to communicate like your online community? Evaluating the effect of content and linguistic style similarity on B2B brand engagement

Business-to-business (B2B) social media efforts have largely focused on creating brand engagement through online content. We propose to analyse company social media texts (tweets) according to its two main dimensions, content and linguistic style, and to evaluate these in comparison to the overall content and style of the company's community of Twitter followers. We combine 15 million tweets originating from 254,884 followers of ten company profiles and link these to 10,589 B2B company tweets. Using advanced text analytics, we show that content similarity has positive effects on all engagement metrics, while linguistic style similarity mainly affects likes. Readability acts as a moderator for these effects. We also find a negative interaction effect between the similarity metrics, such that style similarity is most useful if content similarity is low. This research is the first to integrate content and linguistic style similarity and contributes to the brand engagement literature by providing practical message composition guidelines, informed by the social media community.

Digital presence in service recovery: The interactive effect of customer salutations and employee photographs in email signatures

AbstractService firms can manage failure apology emails depending on how much digital presence or lack thereof they wish to maintain toward aggrieved customers. While nascent research indicates positive effects of higher levels of digital presence, the efficacy of this strategy in service recovery settings remains unclear. Drawing on the concept of digital presence and the unified theory of social relations, the authors investigate the potential detrimental effects of combining certain salutation forms with digital presence in the form of employee photographs in these emails. The data were gathered using one survey among service employees (Prestudy, N = 202), and two scenario‐based experiments (Study 1,N = 418; Study 2,N = 449). Study 1 assesses customer reactions to different apology emails and shows that personalized salutations (i.e., addressing customers by first name) and digital presence in the form of employee photographs can negatively interact to affect recovery satisfaction and repatronage intentions, with customers' perceived rapport mediating these relationships. Moreover, the results of a second experiment (Study 2) show that compensation after a service failure can mitigate the negative interactive effects. This study thus suggests using digital presence (in the form of employee photographs) in conversations with aggrieved customers only when customer salutation personalization is absent.

IMPACT OF FERTILISER APPLICATION ON BASAL STEM ROT AND LOWER FROND DESICCATION IN OIL PALMS ESTABLISHED IN PEAT SOIL

For oil palms established in deep peat soils in the Labuhan Batu district, North Sumatra, Ganoderma basal stem rot (BSR) and lower frond desiccation (LFD) are the two main maladies that have a serious impact on their long-term sustainability. Past experiences have shown that solitary control measures are unlikely to be successful in managing these two maladies and a number of integrated control strategies would be a prerequisite for their management. As nutrition is an important factor influencing fungal disease infection in many crops, nutrient manipulation can be considered as a vital component of any integrated disease management (IDM) system. This paper summarises the impact of fertiliser application on the level of BSR and LFD infection in five fertiliser trials, established in the affected areas from 1996-2021. In both trials established on first and second generation oil palms, application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) elicited a significant and linear increase in BSR infection levels, the higher the dosage, the higher the BSR incidence. In contrast, potassium (K) inputs had the reverse effect and significantly reduced BSR infection in the first trial but not in the second. A significant negative additive interaction between N x P and P x K was also observed in both trials. Increasing the rates of N together with P or P with K, increased BSR infection, with the highest infection levels being recorded at the highest N2P2 and P2K2 rates evaluated. Unlike macronutrients, application of boron (B), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) micronutrient fertilisers did not have any significant impact on BSR incidence. A similar trend was recorded on LFD incidence in both immature and mature second generation oil palms. Application of N and P also elicited a significant and linear increase in LFD and a strong negative and additive interaction effect between N x P and P x K was also observed. As for BSR, impact of K fertiliser was inconsistent, producing no positive or negative effects in immature palms and only significantly reducing LFD levels in two out of the 6 years of evaluation in mature oil palms. Likewise, application of B, Cu and Zn micronutrient fertilisers also had no impact on LFD incidence. Although peat is reported to be low in silica, application of silica fertilisers, even up to a dosage of 6 kg per palm per year produced no positive benefits. The relationship between nutrients and BSR/LFD infection and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved, remains unclear. However, it is interesting to note, that in all three NPK trials, the lowest infection rates were consistently recorded in the zero fertiliser plots. A possible hypothesis is that long-term application and concentration of N and P fertilisers in the weeded palm circles (WPC) could have had a negative impact on beneficial soil microbes inhabiting the root rhizosphere and associated with oil palm root protection or inducing systemic resistance in the oil palm. However, more detailed studies are required to ascertain the complex relationship between nutrients, soil microbes and disease infection. Keywords: Basal stem rot, fertilisers, lower frond desiccation, oil palm, peat.

Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics Attenuated Association of Age at Menarche With Type 2 Diabetes in Rural China

Objective: It is not clear whether ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) metrics have an impact on the association between age at menarche and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in rural postmenopausal Chinese women. Methods: In all, 15,450 postmenopausal women were enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort study. Logistic regression models and interaction plots were used to analyze associations between age at menarche, ICH metrics and T2DM and interactive effects. Results: Age at menarche was inversely associated with risk of T2DM, with adjusted OR of 1.224, 1.116, 1.00 and 0.971, 0.850 for those with age at menarche ≤13, 14, 15–16 (reference), 17, and ≥18 years, respectively, and each year of delay in menarche age correlated with a 5.1% lower risk of T2DM. Negative interaction effects of age at menarche and number of ICH metrics on the risk of T2DM was observed. Conclusion: Meeting more ICH metrics might attenuate the association between early menstrual age and increased risk of T2DM, implying that meeting a higher number of ICH metrics may be an effective way to prevent T2DM for women of early menarche age.

Labor investment efficiency and cash flow volatility

We investigate the association between cash flow volatility and labor investment efficiency using a sample of US-listed firms from 2000 to 2021. We document a positive association between cash flow volatility and labor investment efficiency. We also document that dividend-paying firms are associated with higher labor investment efficiency; however, we estimated a negative interaction effect between cash flow risk and dividend-payout on labor investment efficiency. Our evidence suggests that in a competitive product market, volatile cash flow leads to increased labor investment efficiency. These findings enrich our understanding of how firms judiciously use their resources in times of uncertainty.

The Effects of Ownership Structure and CEO Dualityon Family Firm CSR Performance

In our study, we investigate specific issues related to how family firms engage in corporate social responsibility activities. In addition, we make predictions about how family firm corporate social responsibility activity engagement is moderated by CEO duality and professional manager equity ownership. We find that a higher divergence between control and cash flow rights will attract family firms to engage in more corporate social responsibility activities. Moreover, two contingency variables, CEO duality and professional manager equity ownership, are found to have negative interaction effects on the relationship between the divergence between control and cash flow rights and corporate social responsibility activities. A longitudinal data set from 2008 to 2019 prove our predictions.

Indirect effects of social support and hope on quality of life via emotional distress among stroke survivors: A three-wave structural equation model.

ObjectivesStroke survivors are prone to functional impairments and reduced quality of life (QoL). This study examined the mediating role of social support and hope in the relationships between functional impairment, emotional distress, and QoL.MethodsA total of 188 stroke survivors in Hong Kong completed assessments on functional impairment, social support, and hope at baseline, with follow-up measurements of emotional distress at 2 months and QoL at 8 months. Structural equation modeling with bootstrapping was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of functional impairment on emotional distress and QoL via the mediating factors of social support and hope.ResultsThe partial cascading model provided an adequate fit to the data. Functional impairment had significant negative direct effects on hope and physical QoL and social support had significant positive direct effects on hope and physical QoL. Social support had a significant positive indirect effect on physical QoL via hope and perceived stress and on psychosocial QoL via hope and depression. Functional impairment and hope had a significant negative interaction effect on perceived stress.ConclusionThe findings support a mediating role for hope in the relationship between social support and QoL in stroke survivors. The protective effect of hope on perceived stress was stronger among patients with greater functional impairment.

Examining the independent and interactive association of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with frailty in Chinese community-dwelling older adults

BackgroundWhile physical inactivity or prolonged sitting has been linked to an increased risk of frailty, the interaction between sitting time (ST), physical activity (PA) and frailty is not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the dose-response relationship between PA, ST and frailty and further to evaluate the interaction effect of PA and ST on frailty in the context of regular COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control in China.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was performed on 1458 participants (age ≥ 60) enrolled from a prospective cohort study of frailty in elderly people of Fujian Province. PA and ST levels were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. A 40-item frailty index (FI) quantified frailty. Multivariable logistic regression and linear regression models were applied to examine the dose-response relationship between PA or ST and frailty level. Interaction plots were used to visualise the interaction effects of PA and ST on frailty.ResultsCompared with light PA, the odds ratios (ORs) for frailty were significantly lower for moderate PA (OR, 0.609 [95% CI, 0.419, 0.885], P < .001) and vigorous PA (OR, 0.399 [95% CI, 0.236,0.673], P < .001). Comparing subjects with ST < 4 h/day, those with ST ≥ 8 h/day were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with frailty (OR, 3.140 [95% CI, 1.932, 5.106], P < .001), 6–8 h/day (OR, 1.289 [95% CI, 0.835, 1.989], P >0.05), and 4–6 h/day (OR, 1.400 [95% CI, 0.972, 2.018], P >0.05). Each one unit increase in metabolic equivalents (h/day) of PA was related to an average 0.928 (0.887, 0.971) decrease in prevalence of frailty, while each one unit increase in sitting time (h/day) was related to average 1.114 (1.046,1.185) increase in prevalence of frailty. Negative interactive effects of PA and ST on frailty were observed (P < 0.001).ConclusionThere are nonlinear and linear dose-response relationships between PA, SB and frailty respectively. In addition, excess ST may counteract the beneficial effects of PA on frailty. Interventions that focus on reducing excess ST may be effective strategies to reduce the risk of frailty and should be taken seriously by public health authorities, especially in the context of regular epidemic prevention and control in China.

Learning Outcomes of Educational Usage of Social Media: The Moderating Roles of Task–Technology Fit and Perceived Risk

This study aims to explore the moderating roles of task–technology fit (TTF) and perceived risk (PR) in the relationships between the educational usage of social media (SM) platforms and its use outcomes. This is to better understand the potential benefits of using SM for educational purposes and to provide thorough insights on how SM usage would influence students’ use outcomes. We conceptualize the potential use outcomes through three-dimensional factors: perceived satisfaction, perceived academic performance, and perceived impact on learning. We further hypothesize that TTF and PR have negative moderation effects on the relationships between SM usage and the variables of use outcomes. In addition, we examine gender differences using multi-group analysis. Data were collected from a state college in Palestine using a self-administered survey, and Smart-PLS was used for data analysis and model testing using partial least square–structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that TTF has significant negative effects on the relationships between SM usage and its outcomes, whereas PR has insignificant negative moderation effects. Despite the significant negative interaction effects of TTF, the educational usage of SM has a positive impact on use outcomes. Furthermore, the findings only indicate significant gender differences in three variables: information sharing, TTF, and PR.

Intrinsic motivation for reducing single-use plastics: The compensation effects of basic psychological needs

Increasing single-use plastic consumption has caused tremendous consequences for the ecosystem; therefore, consumers are being encouraged to reduce this. Despite numerous research about single-use plastics, we still have little understanding into how individuals’ intrinsic motivation for less single-use plastics can be developed. This study extends the self-determination theory about human motivation and the functioning of basic psychological needs which are essential for behavior change to study how three basic psychological needs can influence intrinsic motivation for reducing single-use plastics. Also, the negative interaction effects of each pair of basic psychological needs on intrinsic motivation were examined in this study. A sample of 468 responses collected in a stated preference survey was used to test the theoretical framework. Findings reveal that intrinsic motivation for reducing single-use plastics can be influenced by the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Interestingly, the research has extended the self-determination theory by highlighting compensation effects among the fulfillment of basic psychological needs on intrinsic motivation for reducing single-use plastics.

Energy (in)efficient comfort practices: How building retrofits influence energy behaviours in multi-apartment buildings

One of the main strategies employed to increase the energy efficiency of buildings is the insulation and sealing of building envelopes. This has led to considerable reductions in energy consumption in recent decades. However, with the increasing efficiency of the building envelope, a contrary effect is also evident: energy performance gaps (EPGs), the phenomenon where actual consumption exceeds calculated demand. While EPGs have often been associated with rebound effects, socio-technical studies argue that it is the interactions between occupants and buildings (or building technologies), which have negative, often unintended, consequences for energy consumption. To analyse these interactions and their contribution to EPGs, we conducted a survey of 34 households in two moderately insulated multi-apartment buildings and calculated EPGs at the apartment level. Based on the results, we argue that increasing the building insulation can lead to negative interaction effects because occupants adapt to the changes in building behaviour, producing a shift in energy consumption for the whole building. Building inertia and reduced feedback are likely accompanied by higher indoor temperatures and increased ventilation. We suggest that a better understanding of these mechanisms is necessary to evaluate the real savings of different efficiency measures, and discuss various implications for policy and research.

Effects of conflicting prescription drug information from direct-to-consumer advertising and drug injury advertising on patients' beliefs and medication adherence.

Patients are often exposed to contradictory information about pharmaceutical products from various types of advertising. For example, direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) tend to emphasize a drug's benefits, while drug injury advertising emphasizes the worst side effects. Regarding DTCA as a drug information source, many researchers in pharmacy field focus on investigating the misinformation in DTCA and corrective advertising. However, no prior research has examined the effects of such contradictory advertising messages on patients' prescription medicine-related beliefs and medication adherence. This is a significant gap in the research literature on pharmaceutical advertising effects and medication adherence. This is aimed to examine how exposure to DTCA and drug injury advertising would influence patients' chronic accessibility of drug-related beliefs and their medication adherence behavior. An online survey was conducted with a sample of 213 patients taking prescription blood thinners. The findings from this study did not support the predicted relationship between exposure to DTCA and consumers' drug-related belief accessibility or their medication adherence. However, this study found a significant interaction effect of exposure to DTCA and exposure to drug injury ads on patients' medication adherence. The analysis results demonstrate that, for those who were exposed to drug injury ads, a significant negative relationship emerged between DTCA exposure and medication adherence. This study provides important empirical evidence of a negative interaction effect of exposure to DTCA and drug injury ads on patients' medication adherence, which demonstrates that the influence of DTCA and drug injury ad exposures on patients' medication adherence is not independent, separate process but an interactive process. A communication campaign with corrective advertising could alleviate the negative interaction effect of exposure to contradictory information from different types of pharmaceutical ads on patients' medication adherence.

Negative spillover of moral irresponsibility into anti-brand behaviors: the role of moral emotion and disengagement in ethical and social transgressions

PurposeAs one of the largest industries in the global economy, the fashion industry has emphasized the symbolic and aspirational features of its products while maximizing the efficiency of its manufacturing processes. However, the labor-intensive and competitive nature of the industry has meant that brand moral transgressions often occur. This study aims to understand the role of moral emotions and concerns (i.e. perceived spillover) caused by different moral transgressions and explain consumer anti-brand behaviors (i.e. negative word of mouth [WOM] and patronage cessation).Design/methodology/approachStructural equation modeling was conducted to examine group differences (ethical vs social transgressions) in Study 1 (n = 584). Also, the moderation effect of moral disengagement was examined in Study 2 (n = 324).FindingsThe results indicate that, for ethical transgressions, both moral emotions and perceived spillovers explain negative behaviors while moral emotions alone explain negative WOM on social media for social transgressions. Additionally, for social transgressions, the results of Study 2 indicate a negative interaction effect of moral emotions and moral disengagement on anti-brand behavior of patronage cessation.Originality/valueBased on the literature’s theoretical approach to moral crises, this paper examines the emotional and cognitive reactions of consumers to the fashion industry’s moral transgressions.

Price sensitivity, government green interventions, and green product availability triggers intention toward buying green products

AbstractIn the 21st century, environmental problems are wreaking havoc, and sustainability is now of primary importance. Several external factors like population growth, industrialization, development, and overexploitation of natural resources play a crucial role in environmental degradation. Thus, the present study endeavors to explore the impact of price sensitivity, governments green interventions and green product availability on green buying intention through the lenses of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of consumption values. It also intends to examine the moderating effect of demographic factors on green buying intention. A cross‐sectional study was carried out. Responses were gathered through a self‐administered questionnaire‐based survey. The final data set of 708 respondents were subjected to structural equation modeling for hypothesis testing. Price sensitivity, government green interventions, and green product availability show negative and significant interaction effects. Perceived behavioral control shows a relatively more substantial impact on green buying intention. Indian consumers from the age group of 41–50 years relatively have higher intention toward green buying. Overall, gender does not reveal any different approaches to environmentally friendly products. Green marketers must focus on communicating the availability of green products to reduce perceived difficulty.

CRIME AND SPORT PARTICIPATION: AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL WITH SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS APPROACH

Sport in all societies’ leads to a return on social capital. Many politicians use sports-based programs to reduce crime in society because sport plays an important role in the social development of societies. On the other hand, crime causes insecurity in the neighborhood, and when people realize their fear of crime, they reduce their social activities, such as sports participation. Therefore, this study determines the interaction effect between crime and sport participation and we test an econometric model with simultaneous equations approach using the two-stage least squares method (2SLS). We used panel data of all provinces of Iran from 2004 – 2017. The results showed that a significant and negative interaction effect exists between crime and sport participation. Also, the number of coaches, sport facilities, and, sport budget have a significant and positive effect on sport participation. Per capita GDP has a significant and negative effect on crime and per capita GDP”×”sport participation has a significant and positive effect on crime. Finally, drugs have a significant and positive effect on crime.

Factors Synergy, Network Structure and Innovation Capability in the Yangtze River Economic Zone

The allocation of innovation factors inside and outside the city directly affects the city’s innovation capability. Based on the panel data of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Zone from 2009 to 2018, the revised gravity model is used to measure the synergy of factors between cities, construct a coordinated spatial connection network of oriented factors, use SNA to describe the network structure, and combine the spatial error model to study the synergy of factors, The relationship between network structure and innovation capability shows that: (1)The coordinated development of factors within cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a “core-periphery” structure with municipalities and provincial capitals as the core. This synergy of factors is positively promoting the improvement of urban innovation capabilities; (2) The synergy of factors among cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is gradually increasing. This kind of synergy is conducive to the spatial spillover of knowledge, and has an “inverted U-shaped” relationship with the city’s innovation capabilities; (3)The synergy of factors has a greater polarization effect The cities in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main sources of innovation factors, and the middle-stream cities play more role as channels; (4)The improvement of the status of the city network structure promotes the improvement of its own innovation ability, but the network structure and the synergy of factors have an impact on the innovation ability has a negative interaction effect.

External Debt Accumulation and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Sub-Saharan Africa: Analysing the Interaction Effects of Selected Macroeconomic Factors

By pooling a sample of 25 countries spanning from 1990–2017, this study analyzed the relationship between external debt accumulation and foreign direct investment inflows in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study employed Panel fixed effects and the Generalized Method of Moments estimation technique in order to address the potential issue of endogeneity. The results of the fixed effects and GMM analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between external debt accumulation and FDI inflows in SSA region. However, when external debt was interacted with macroeconomic variables such as corporate tax, infrastructure development, economic growth and military expenditure, the result shows a positive interaction effect between external debt and infrastructure development on FDI suggesting that external debt can positively influence FDI if channeled into the provision of critical infrastructures. On the other hand, the interaction effect of corporate tax showed a negative relationship between external debt and FDI and provided strong support for the debt overhang theory by Krugman which holds true in SSA region. Finally, economic growth and military expenditure also showed a negative interaction effect.

Certification paradox: Reverse response on the non-hygiene restaurant certification

Prior research investigated the effect of restaurant hygiene certification and discovered that restaurateurs make greater efforts to maintain hygiene quality, effectively resolving the information asymmetry. With the proliferation of non-hygiene certificates, little effort has been made to research the impacts of non-hygiene certifications. In addition, the influence of brand has not been adequately examined in earlier certificate studies. For the purpose of this study, a scenario-based questionnaire was randomly distributed in a big retail complex in Seoul, Korea. Consistent with prior studies, we found in general positive influence of non-hygiene certificate and high brand equity in customer trust and behavior intention. Based on 737 useable responses, however, this study revealed that the once-beneficial impact of non-hygiene certification on high-end restaurants has unexpectedly reversed, resulting in the certification paradox. This paradox has also been discovered in customer trust by a strong negative three-way interaction effect of cognition at a high-end restaurant with a non-hygiene certificate. This is the inverse of what was expected. Customers may be dubious of a high-end restaurant that displays a non-hygiene certification, resulting in a reduced level of trust when combined with consumer cognition. It implies that the government's simple accumulation of multiple certificates may have unintended repercussions. To put it another way, supplying a lot more information through certificates damages consumer trust and behavior intention. Finally, this study confirmed that customer trust appears to be a pure mediator between certification, brand equity, and behavior intention.

Chronic Road Salt Exposure Across Life Stages and The Interactive Effects of Warming and Salinity in a Semiaquatic Insect.

The salinization of freshwater habitats from winter road salt application is a growing concern. Understanding how taxa exposed to road salt run-off respond to this salinity exposure across life history transitions will be important for predicting the impacts of increasing salinity. We show that Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae) dragonflies are robust to environmentally relevant levels of salt pollution across intrinsically stressful life history transitions (hatching, growth, and metamorphosis). Additionally, we observed no carry-over effects into adult dragonfly morphology. However, in a multiple-stressor setting, we see negative interactive effects of warming and salinity on activity, and we found that chronically warmed dragonfly larvae consumed fewer mosquitoes. Despite showing relatively high tolerance to salinity individually, we expect that decreased dragonfly performance in multiple-stressor environments could limit dragonflies' contribution to ecosystem services such as mosquito pest control in urban freshwater environments.