Negative Family Research Articles

Adolescent Depression: Impact of Family Relations

Depression is a major mental disorder that affects numerous people and causes them to experience depressive episodes. The root of depression usually appears in people’s teenage years. Research have shown that family relations, in particular, has the largest impact on the development and manifestation of depressive symptoms in teenagers. After reviewing pertinent literature, the specific components in family relations that are risk factors and protective factors for depressive symptoms in adolescents are identified. The risk factors for depressive symptoms in teenagers are mostly correlated with negative family emotions and actions, which includes parental criticism and expressed emotions, parental depression, lack of family cohesion and adaptability, lack of parental care, negative family emotional climate, and lack of physical affection and verbal intimacy. The protective factors revolve around adolescents’ ability to recognize and manage negative emotions, which includes emotion regulation, positive family climate and social support, emotion coaching, emotion clarity, and cooperative communication. Four recommendations for parents are offered based on these observed risk factors and protective factors to hinder and prevent the development of depression adolescents. These recommendations are social support, positive family atmosphere, physical affection, and verbal affection. It is hoped that studies in the future can focus on investigating the effectiveness of these recommendations and provide a more detailed and reliable list of recommendations for parents to reduce the chances of depression development in their children.

A Moderated Mediation Model of Age-Related Decline in Selective Executive Functions and Quality of Life in Men with Substance Use Disorder.

It is known from earlier literature that substance use is associated with diminished executive functioning and decreased quality of life (QoL). The study extended this knowledge by assessing whether selective executive function components would mediate the association between age and QoL domains in young men with substance use disorder and whether family history of substance use would moderate these mediated associations. A sample of 212 young inpatient men with substance use disorder (105 positive family history and 107 negative family history of substance use disorder) was selected from drug units/wards of government sector hospitals. The participants with positive family history compared to those with negative family history scored significantly lower on all QoL domains except physical QoL. Mediation analyses revealed that only inhibition but not flexibility mediated the negative association of age with psychological, social, and environmental QoL. Furthermore, family history of substance use moderated all the significant mediated associations with stronger indirect negative associations in participants having a family history of substance use disorder compared to those with no such history. It is concluded that inhibitory control, which is vulnerable to aging, substance use, and family history of substance use, is an important factor related to QoL in young substance abuser men.

MSH3-related adenomatous polyposis in a patient with the negative family history of colorectal polyps

Recently, biallelic MSH3 germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants have been recognized as a rare cause of adenomatous polyposis. We present a 49-year-old woman who was admitted to our high-risk colorectal cancer clinic after incidental detection of a biallelic MSH3 (likely) pathogenic variant when tested for the germline (likely) pathogenic variants in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer related genes. The focus of this case report is to describe the genotype and phenotype of our patient with MSH3-related adenomatous polyposis. More than half of the polyps (13/19) were located in the right colon. In addition, benign and malignant extraintestinal lesions may be common as our patient had simple liver and kidney cysts and two basal cell skin carcinomas.

Awareness About Glaucoma and Associated Factors Among Glaucoma Patients Visiting Munawar Memorial Hospital Chakwal

Glaucoma is a significant public health problem worldwide blindness after cataract is attributed to this ophthalmic disease. The resultant blindness is mostly irreversible. Its earlier detection is imperative to prevent blindness. Objective: To ascertain the awareness about glaucoma and associated factors among glaucoma patients in association with family history. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive hospital base study was done among 21 glaucoma patients at Munawar Memorial Hospital Chakwal from October – December 2021. The patients were enrolled through consecutive sampling. Data were gathered from the patients through self-structured questionnaire pertaining to demographics, family history, association of glaucoma with blindness, reversibility of resultant blindness, treatment in addition to prevention and cure of blindness. Data were analysed by SPSS version 25.0. Apart from descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact test was also applied to measure the association of family history of glaucoma with other factors. p<0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Of the 21glaucoma patients, most (63%) were males and 11 patients had positive family history. Overall, 25% patients knew about the disease. Mean age of the respondents was 50.52 ± 22.5 years. Almost 72.2% of the patients with positive family history were aware about the prevention of blindness resulting from glaucoma (p<0.05). on the other hand, 81.8% of the patients with negative family knew about cure. 81.8% of the patients knew the purpose of treatment (p<0.05). Conclusions: There was scarcity of knowledge about glaucoma among patients. Despite the positive family history, knowledge of glaucoma patients about their disease was deficient.

Why Do Students Drop Out of High School?: The Case Study of Kasi District in Lao PDR

Purpose: This study explored why high school students decided to drop out in rural area of Lao PDR and further aimed to propose possible prevention to improve the drop out situation of the countries.
 Originality: Previous research that primarily focused on specific factors and dropout rate cannot explained why students decided to leave high school in early grade. Therefore, using comprehensive framework including individual and institutional factors, this study examined the dropout factors from individual perspective in qualitative way.
 Methodology: The study uses an explanatory sequential mixed method approach that employs both a questionnaire and interviews. Total 30 participants engaged in interviews including students and their parents, teachers and governmental officials. A thematic analysis was utilized for data analysis.
 Result: The results highlight that at the individual level, such as lack of motivation, peer pressure, early marriage, and cultural norms, pose barriers to high school attendance. Low household income and negative family dynamics also contribute significantly to dropout rates, with agricultural demands and family particular situations. Insufficient school resources, including materials and extracurricular activities, along with a shortage of qualified teachers, affect student engagement. Additionally, the community's low human and social capital increase dropout rates by limiting employment opportunities.
 Conclusions and Implication: The results indicated that both individual and institutional factors played a role in the dropout decision-making process. Furthermore, they suggested essential considerations such as examining job prospects for high school graduates in the local community, and evaluating the availability of resources within the school and community to assist students at risk of dropping out.

Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Right Ventricular Infarction in Patients with Acute Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Objectives: Coronary artery disease remains a prominent global cause of illness and mortality. A significant proportion of individuals experiencing acute inferior myocardial infarction (IWMI) develop right ventricular infarction (RVI), contributing substantially to clinical and hemodynamic instability. This study aims to assess the prevalence of RV infarction in patients presenting with IWMI. Methodology: Consecutive IWMI patients visiting the Department of Cardiology at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases between February 2021 and August 2021, of any gender and aged between 18 and 80 years, were recruited. Patients underwent a comprehensive assessment, including history, clinical examination, routine investigations, and electrocardiogram (ECG). Right ventricular infarction was evaluated based on a right-sided ECG. Results: A total of 155 patients were included, with a mean age of 56.2±12.4 years; 40 (25.8%) were between 18 to 50 years old. In terms of gender distribution, 105 (67.7%) were male. Comorbid conditions included hypertension in 88 (56.8%) patients, diabetes mellitus in 58 (37.4%), 64 (41.3%) smokers, and 26 (16.8%) with a positive family history. RVI was observed in 41 (26.5%) patients. Notably, the prevalence of RVI differed significantly between diabetic and non-diabetic patients (13.8% vs. 34%, p=0.006) and between those with positive and negative family histories (7.7% vs. 30.2%, p=0.017), respectively. No significant impact of other parameters on RVI was observed. Conclusion: Right ventricular infarction was prevalent in more than a quarter of patients with IWMI. It exhibited a negative association with the presence of diabetes and a positive family history.

Deliberate self-harm among pediatric psychiatric inpatients in China: A single-center retrospective study.

For children and adolescents, deliberate self-harm (DSH) is becoming a mental health problem of concern. Despite several studies on the prevalence and factors of DSH in the world, there is little information on DSH among children and adolescents in China. This study explores the prevalence, types, associated risk factors and tendency of DSH in pediatric psychiatric inpatients in China. To understand the situation of DSH among hospitalized children and adolescents and its related factors. In this study, we retrospectively studied 1414 hospitalized children and adolescents with mental illness at Xiamen Mental Health Center from 2014 to 2019, extracted the demographic and clinical data of all patients, and analyzed clinical risk factors of DSH. A total of 239 (16.90%) patients engaged in at least one type of DSH in our study. Cutting (n = 115, 48.12%) was the most common type of DSH. Females (n = 171, 71.55%) were more likely to engage in DSH than males (n = 68, 28.45%). DSH was positively associated with depressive disorders [OR = 3.845 (2.196-6.732); P < 0.01], female [OR = 2.536 (1.815-3.542); P < 0.01], parental marital status [OR = 5.387 (2.254-12.875); P < 0.01] and negative family history of psychiatric illness [OR = 7.767 (2.952-20.433); P < 0.01], but not with occupation, substance use and history of physical abuse. Our findings suggest that for patients with depression, females, an abnormal marriage of parents, and no history of mental illness, attention should be paid to the occurrence of DSH.

Gender Differences in Task Specific Dystonia: What Can we Learn from Musician's Dystonia?

Musician's Dystonia (MD) is a task specific, focal dystonia which usually occurs only at the instrument. The pathophysiology is not fully understood, but several risk factors like over-practice and genetic predisposition are known. Interestingly, 80% of those affected are men, which stands in contrast to the gender distribution in other focal dystonias, such as cervical dystonia. Our aim was to evaluate the difference in women and men with regard to risk factors leading to MD. We investigated known risk factors for MD in a large cohort of 364 MD patients by retrospectively collecting data on practice behavior and family history. In line with previous studies, we found a ratio of ~4:1 men to women. Age at onset of MD was significantly lower in women; however, subsequent analysis revealed that it was a positive family history (FH+) and not gender that was associated with a lower age at onset. Furthermore, we found that those with negative family history had accumulated more practice time until onset of MD. These results imply that the earlier age at onset in women did not depend on gender but was due to the higher proportion of a positive family history. In contrast, men were less likely to have a positive family history, suggesting that genetic factors may not be the primary reason for the higher prevalence of MD in men. Instead, differences in practice behaviors between men and women may contribute to this gender disparity.

Familial adversity: association with discontinuation of adjuvant hormone therapy and breast cancer prognosis.

Many studies have examined patient-related factors affecting adjuvant hormone therapy adherence in breast cancer patients. Our study aimed to examine associations of family-related factors with adjuvant hormone therapy discontinuation and breast cancer-specific mortality. By cross-linking seven Swedish health registers, we performed a cohort study including all breast cancer patients who initiated adjuvant hormone therapy during 2006-2019 in Sweden (N = 10,701). A group-based multi-trajectory model was used to identify familial adversity groups based on three dimensions: material deprivation, negative family dynamics, and loss or threat of loss. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate associations of familial adversity with hormone therapy discontinuation and breast cancer-specific mortality. We identified five distinctive familial adversity groups among the cohort participants. Compared to women with low familial adversity, higher risks to discontinue adjuvant hormone therapy were observed among women with material deprivation (hazard ratio (HR), 1.31; 95% CI, 1.20-1.43), negative family dynamics (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.28), loss or threat to loss (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00-1.32), or high familial adversity (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.40-1.68). Furthermore, women with material deprivation (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05-1.79), negative family dynamics (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01-1.97), or high adversity (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.26-2.23) were at higher risks of dying from breast cancer. Familial adversity is associated with a higher risk of adjuvant hormone therapy discontinuation and breast cancer-specific mortality. Family-related factors identified in our study may help identify high-risk patients for interventions to prevent treatment discontinuation and subsequently improve breast cancer outcomes.

Impact of social factors responsible for Juvenile delinquency - A literature review.

Juvenile delinquency appears to be the most widespread social issue in comparison to other social issues. Social factors and conditions have a significant impact on the prevalence of delinquency. Individuals who engage in criminal behavior before reaching the age of 18 are commonly referred to as juvenile offenders. The aim of this study is to comprehensively elucidate the research and work carried out on juvenile offenders, with a specific focus on the critical role played by social factors in all facets of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, this research seeks to investigate the social roots and influences that contribute to the criminal behavior of young offenders. This article uses a literature review methodology to analyze research on social factors influencing juvenile delinquency. It synthesizes and evaluates prior findings to understand the complex interplay between social factors and young individuals' involvement in delinquent behaviors. The study analyzed 80 articles from reputable online databases, focusing on juvenile delinquency, offenders, crime, and social factors. Out of the 80 articles, 53 were cited, meeting inclusion criteria, including publication within 2000-2023, rigorous peer-review, and reputable database indexing. As per the findings of the research, it has been observed that children who grow up in households that exhibit affection, hospitality, and encouragement are comparatively less susceptible to the manifestation of societal maladies. Children who have experienced parental abandonment are at heightened risk of developing delinquent behaviors. The presence of negative family dynamics and associations with delinquent peers are widely recognized as significant contributors to the development of drug abuse behavior. It is imperative for policymakers and preventive initiatives to have a comprehensive understanding of this complex relationship. Therefore, this literature review presented a distinct overview of the influence of social factors on juvenile offenders in India.

Typical presentation of mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA: a case report

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IVA, or Morquio syndrome, is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by skeletal dysplasia. It is caused due to deficiency in the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS), which results from an autosomal recessive mutation in the GALNS gene. The frequency of this mutation is equivalent in men and women. Here in, we present the case of Morquio syndrome, in a male child of twin gestation with poor antenatal and natal history. The peculiar presentations are those of skeletal deformities, coarse facial features, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and a history of NICU admission for meconium aspiration syndrome. This case is unique because, despite a negative family and prenatal history, and one of the twins being unaffected which adds to its appeal. Later, on biochemical and radiological investigations, he was diagnosed with mucopolysaccharidoses IVA and ultimately managed him supportively.

The Effect of Family Communication on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Who Have Step-parents

The relationship between adolescents and their stepparents is a unique one because the relationship is established without blood ties. Family functioning is the ability of each member to interact and take roles in the family so that closeness is established with each family member. This research looks into how family functioning affects the depression symptoms of adolescents who have stepparents. The research used a quantitative approach with an incidental sampling technique. Research subjects were 100 15–19 years old adolescents with stepparents (Mean = 16.89, SD = 1,188). The research instruments used were McMaster Family Functioning Scale (short version) and Beck Depression Inventory. The statistical programs used were Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 and Past3. The result of a simple linear regression analysis tested showed a significantly negative effectof family functioning on the depression symptoms of adolescents who have stepparents (R = –0.92, R2 = 0.85, Pvalue = 0.00). That is, the presence of one of the new parents can predict if the teenager will develop depression in their life. The implications of this reseach are expected to provide understanding to parents of the importance of family communication and it is hoped that parents can provide understanding and reasons for remarriage to children so that children can be more accepting of their stepparents. On the other hand, adolescents who have stepparents are expected to always learn to open up, obey stepparents, and accept their existence as caregivers and educators in the family. The existence of a reciprocal relationship between parents and stepchildren is expected to establish good family relations between the two.&#x0D; Keywords: depression, family functioning, stepparent, teenagers

Adolescent Mental Health Before and During COVID-19: Longitudinal Evidence From the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort in Brazil

PurposeThere is great interest in examining the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health, but most studies were conducted in high-income countries. The identification of overall effects and protective factors is essential to understand the determinants of mental wellbeing in contexts of stress. We aimed to study changes in adolescent mental health during the pandemic and the risk and protective factors associated with these changes in a Brazilian birth cohort. MethodsOne thousand nine hundred forty nine adolescents from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort were assessed prepandemic (T1, November 2019 to March 2020, mean age 15.69 years) and mid-pandemic (T2, August to December 2021, mean age 17.41 years). Mental health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Prepandemic and pandemic-related predictors were examined as predictors of change in multivariate latent change scores models. ResultsThere was a mean increase in adolescent total mental health difficulties (M = 1.071, p < .001), hyperactivity/inattention (M = 0.208, p < .001), emotion symptoms (M = 0.409, p < .001), and peer problems (M = 0.434, p < .001) during the pandemic. This increase was associated with several negative family context variables, including harsh parenting and maternal depressive symptoms at T2. Higher emotion regulation levels protected against increases in adolescent mental health difficulties related to the COVID-19 pandemic. DiscussionFamily-context variables emerged as important risk factors for the deterioration of adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions promoting emotion regulation strategies are a promising approach to protecting adolescent wellbeing in periods of stress.

Atypical child-parent neural synchrony is linked to negative family emotional climate and children's psychopathological symptoms.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 79(2) of American Psychologist (see record 2024-62662-005). In the article "Atypical Child-Parent Neural Synchrony Is Linked to Negative Family Emotional Climate and Children's Psychopathological Symptoms," by Haowen Su, Christina B. Young, Zhuo Rachel Han, Jianjie Xu, Bingsen Xiong, Zisen Zhou, Jingyi Wang, Lei Hao, Zhi Yang, Gang Chen, and Shaozheng Qin (American Psychologist, 2024, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 210-224, https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001173), Figure 2 and its caption were corrected to fix a mismatch between the r coefficients and scatterplots. The caption was changed from "(c) Child-parent hippocampal activity concordance was significantly higher for boundary than nonboundary event time series (Z = 2.30, p = .01). (d) Child-parent vmPFC activity concordance was marginally significantly higher for boundary than nonboundary time series (Z = -1.39, p = .08)" to "(c) Child-parent vmPFC activity concordance was marginally significantly lower for boundary than nonboundary time series (Z = -1.39, p = .08). (d) Child- parent hippocampal activity concordance was significantly higher for boundary than nonboundary event time series (Z = 2.30, p = .01)." In addition, in the second sentence of the second paragraph of the "Reduced Child-Parent vmPFC Connectivity With the Hippocampus Links to Negative Family Emotional Climate and Children's Internalizing Symptoms" section, "anxious/depressed" and "internalizing" were switched. All versions of this article have been corrected.] Family emotional climate is fundamental to children's well-being and mental health. Family environments filled with negative emotions may lead to increased psychopathological symptoms in the child through dysfunctional child-parent interactions. Single-brain paradigms have uncovered changes in brain systems and networks related to negative family environments, but how the neurobiological reciprocity between child and parent brains is associated with children's psychopathological symptoms remains unknown. Here, we first investigated the relation between family emotional climate and children's psychopathological symptoms in 395 child-parent dyads. Using a naturalistic movie-watching functional magnetic resonance imaging technique in a subsample of 50 child-parent dyads, we further investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of how family emotional climates are associated with children's psychopathological symptoms through child-parent neural synchrony. Children from negative family emotional climate experienced significantly more severe psychopathological symptoms. In comparison to child-stranger dyads, child-parent dyads exhibited higher intersubject correlations in the dorsal and ventral portions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and greater concordance of activity with widespread regions critical for socioemotional skills. Critically, negative family emotional climate was associated with decreased intersubject functional correlation between the ventral-mPFC and the hippocampus during movie watching in child-parent dyads, which further accounted for higher children's internalizing symptoms. Together, our findings provide insights into the neurobiological mechanisms that negative family environments can cause and maintain psychopathological symptoms in children through atypical child-parent neural synchrony. This has important implications for a better understanding of how child-parent connections may mediate the relation between environmental risks and developmental outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Folliculin gene-negative Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome: a case report

Introduction and importance: Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) is a rare genetic disorder that results from a mutation in the folliculin (FLCN) gene. Manifestations include pulmonary cysts, fibrofolliculomas, renal tumors, and pneumothoraces. Genetic testing can be used to confirm the diagnosis when suspected. BHD syndrome is diagnosed in patients with negative FLCN gene results using diagnostic criteria. Case presentation: A male in his 20s presented with recurrent pneumothoraces. A physical examination revealed bumps on his face and upper body. A chest computed tomography scan revealed cystic lesions. Blood tests, ESR, and CRP levels were unremarkable. Punch skin biopsy revealed fibrofolliculomas. Genetic testing for the FLCN mutation returned negative. His history, physical exam, imaging, and histopathology suggested BHD syndrome despite having a negative family history and genetic analysis. Eventually, the patient was diagnosed with FLCN gene-negative BHD syndrome. Clinical discussion: More than a hundred families have been identified to have BHD worldwide. There are a few cases in the literature describing patients phenotypically presenting with BHD despite having a negative genetic analysis. One study in Japan found 16 out of 157 individuals having a clinical presentation of BHD with no mutations. Also, decreased expression of the FLCN mRNA may lead to BHD. Conclusion: BHD syndrome can present with a negative FLCN gene mutation; however, patients must meet the known diagnostic criteria such as criteria made by Menko et al., Gupta et al., and Schmidt et al. in order to have a diagnosis of BHD syndrome. Also, a qualitative decrease of FLCN with the absence of mutations may also lead to BHD.

Psychosocial characteristics of potential and actual living kidney donors

The psychosocial assessment is an essential component of the living kidney donor (LKD) evaluation. However, it remains uncertain how specific psychosocial factors impact LKD eligibility. We performed a retrospective chart review of LKD candidates who initiated the evaluation process and who had completed a required, in-person licensed social work (LSW) visit. LSW notes were reviewed for frequency of psychosocial factors that may impact the success of LKD candidate approval by the selection committee. 325 LKD candidates were included in the study: 104 not-approved and 221 approved. Not-approved LKD candidates were more likely to receive a negative family reaction to wanting to donate than approved LKD candidates (8.7% vs 1.4%, p < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, Black race, history of psychiatric illness, highest level of education being high school, and high psychosocial risk score assignment were all associated with a lower odds ratio of being approved. The majority of not-approved LKD candidates were disqualified for medical reasons (N = 76, 73.1%). In conclusion, psychosocial factors impact donation even after LKD candidates make it to an in-person evaluation.

Frequency of high myopia among students of University of Lahore

The Propose of the study is to investigate the frequency of high myopia in students at the University of Lahore. The total sample size consisted of 1004 participants, including 404 emmetropic individuals, 540 myopic individuals, and 60 individuals with high myopia. The percentages of emmetropia, myopia and high myopia were found to be 40.2%, 53.8%, and 6.0%, respectively. Out of the total participants, 522 were female and 482 were male.&#x0D; Regarding close-up work time, 25 students (2.5%) reported spending 1-2 hours, 239 students (23.8%) reported spending 3-4 hours, 201 students (20%) reported spending 5-6 hours, and 539 students (53.7%) reported spending more than 6 hours on close-up work. In terms of outdoor activities per week, 291 students (29%) engaged in activities 1-2 times a week, 119 students (11.9%) engaged 3-4 times a week, 495 students (49.3%) engaged less than once a week, and 99 students (9.9%) engaged more than 4 times a week.&#x0D; Regarding the time spent outdoors, 210 students (20.9%) spent 1-2 hours, 238 students (23.7%) spent 3-4 hours, 358 students (35.7%) spent more than 4 hours, and 198 students (19.7%) spent less than an hour outdoors.&#x0D; The mean or average age of students was 20.97 years, minimum age of 18 years and maximum of 28 years. Among the 540 myopic students, 306 were female and 234 were male. Furthermore, 54.1% (294 out of 540) of myopic students had family history of high myopia and myopia. The average or mean age of myopic students was 20.84 years, with mean refractive power of -2.0995D in OD and -2.0829D in OS.&#x0D; Among the 60 high myopic students, 32 were female and 28 were male. Approximately 70% of students had family history of myopia and high myopia, while 30% had negative family history. The mean age of high myopic students was 21.12 years, with a mean refractive power of -7.8542D in OD and -8.0625D in OS. Close-up work was the primary activity for approximately 66.7% (40 out of 60) of high myopic students.

Patterns of executive functions and theory of mind in adults with a family history of alcohol use disorder: Combined group and single-case analyses.

Impairments in executive function and social cognition are highly prevalent in individuals with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Some studies show that similar difficulties are displayed by individuals with a positive family history of AUD (FH+) compared with individuals with a negative family history (FH-). Yet, no studies have jointly investigated cognitive and affective theory of mind at the behavioral level. Moreover, some studies show preserved executive and socioemotional functioning in FH+ participants. One possible explanation for these divergent results is that FH+ individuals are cognitively heterogeneous. In this study, we examined the frequency and co-occurrence of difficulties in executive function and social cognition among FH+ individuals at the individual level. Sixty FH+ and 60 FH- participants matched on age, sex, and education level were included. They completed tasks assessing executive functions (Stroop, Trail Making Test) and affective and cognitive theory of mind (Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition). They also completed self-report questionnaires measuring impulsivity, alexithymia, and empathy. Single-case analyses assessed the proportion of FH+ participants with difficulties in executive function and/or theory of mind. FH+ individuals exhibited difficulties in response inhibition and made more errors during theory of mind processing, indicating an absence of mental state representation, compared with FH- individuals. In the FH+ sample, 53.33% had executive function and/or theory of mind difficulties. Those with lower theory of mind scores reported higher alexithymia and lower empathy on self-report measures. FH+ individuals display heterogeneous executive function and theory of mind abilities. Given that they mostly occur independently of one another, executive function and theory of mind difficulties may be distinct vulnerability markers in AUD.

A qualitative study on the challenges of Afghan child labourers in Tehran.

Afghan refugees child labourers face many challenges as they are labelled as refugees. In an attempt to explore these challenges, the present study was conducted in Tehran with a qualitative approach. The present qualitative research was conducted using a conventional content analysis approach with 25 Afghan child labourers in 2022 in Tehran. Child labourers were selected through purposive and snowball sampling and interviewed in a semi-in-depth interview. The data were analysed based on Granheim and Lundman's criteria, as well as those of Guba and Lincoln, to further enrich the findings. A total of 3 categories, 13 sub-categories, and 183 initial codes were extracted from the data analysis, including: "psychological challenges" (history of harassment and abuse, negative effects, high-risk behaviours, and family detachment); "health challenges" (physical problems, inappropriate accommodation, medical/therapeutic problems, and health threats); and "social challenges" (neglected childhood, dual identity, educational limitations, inadequate social support, social isolation, and social humiliation). At the individual level, it is possible to meet the child labourers' health needs and make them aware of the hazards of working in the streets through physical examination at certain intervals and holding training workshops on harassment prevention, anger control, prevention of high-risk behaviours, prevention of infectious diseases such as hepatitis, and strengthening self-confidence to improve health. Also, the Afghan child labourers' work could be intervened at the social and familial level by providing accommodation in more suitable neighbourhoods, providing health insurance for child labourers, creating the chances of studying in schools, preventing dropouts, and strengthening social relations in order to improve children's health.

Family Experiences in Caring for People with Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that leads to significant suffering and the inability to maintain relationships with family members. Families have had meaningful experiences during their care, as this mental disorder requires long-term care and increases the burden on the family. This family's role is crucial to the healing process for people with schizophrenia. The purpose of this study is to describe family experiences with schizophrenia treatment. Methods: This study is qualitative descriptive research. Participants were divided into three family groups, each consisting of 4 to 8 people, with a total of 16 families participating. The participant-taking technique used is purposive sampling. Researchers collect data through focus group discussions (FGD). Researchers employ framework analysis as a data analysis technique. Results: The research found five themes: negative emotions, positive emotions, family burdens, stigma, and coping strategies. Families can experience negative emotions of anger, frustration, and fear when treating people with schizophrenia. The family also feels positive emotions of hope, patience, and gratitude. Long-term care and high dependence increase the burden on the family. There's still family stigma and public stigma. As time passed, the family developed a coping strategy to adapt to the existing stressors. Conclusion: The family has valuable experience in providing care to people with schizophrenia. Nurses need to provide family intervention to deal with the stress and stigma perceived by the family.