Negative Effects Of Media Research Articles

Education Policy Implications from the Expert Panel on Electronic Media and Youth Violence

The research from the Expert Panel on Electronic Media and Youth Violence makes a compelling case for why educators and education policymakers should care about the effects of media on youth behavior, and the growing phenomenon of Internet bullying and harassment. The ability of the U.S. education system to respond is limited not only by competing instructional priorities but also by the governance structure of the education system itself. The federal role is limited to a proportionally small amount of funding for states and schools, to raising public awareness, and to providing research and data. States can set priorities, make requirements, and direct funding. Districts and schools ultimately have the most control over prevention program selection and setting social and behavioral norms. Key implications of the panel’s research for educators and education policymakers include: • Internet bullying is correlated with school behavior problems. • Internet bullying behavior may peak in middle school. • Internet bullying shares common predictors with verbal and, to some extent, physical bullying. • Media literacy programs may mitigate the negative effects of electronic media on youth. Specific recommendations based on these conclusions are discussed, and research priorities for the prevention and education fields are identified.

Einflüsse von Computer- und Mediennutzung auf die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen

The psychosocial development of children and the youth today is embedded in a media society. Socialization is understood as an interaction between the individual and its environment. Media are used to accomplish developmental tasks and media literacy has become a developmental task in itself. The presence of media in all social subsystems of every day life alters the general socialization processes, like the integration into peergroups or the detaching from the parents. Media can play the role of resources or the role of risk factors for the development. Empirical research shows that children's access to media is more and more enhanced and an increasing amount of time is spent with screen media. Media socialization of the young people takes on the mode of self education, but children are dependent on adults to prevent negative media effects such as Internet addiction. If media usage is part of an environment which is adequat for children's wellbeeing, the psychosocial development will not be affected negatively by the media.

Media and Child Health: Pediatric Care and Anticipatory Guidance for the Information Age

1. Marie Evans Schmidt, PhD* 2. Michael Rich, MD, MPH* 1. *Center on Media and Child Health (CMCH), Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Discuss major health outcomes associated with media exposure. 2. Describe what media children and adolescents use and for how long each day. 3. Know key media history questions to be asked at health supervision visits. 4. List recommendations that can be made to parents to decrease negative media effects on their children’s health. 5. Know resources for parents and clinicians to deal with media-related health issues. Today, American children and adolescents spend nearly half of their waking days exposed to an environmental influence that research has associated with increased risk of obesity, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, eating disorders, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and violent behaviors. Pediatricians were among the first to observe and respond to exposure to television, movies, and music, and now video games and the Internet, as risks to the physical, mental, and social health of children. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has been active in addressing the effects of media on the health and well-being of children since the late 1970s, when they resolved, in the 1977 Resolution Concerning the Effects of Television Violence on Children , to “actively oppose television programs emphasizing high degrees of violence and anti-social behavior which detrimentally affect the attitudes and social behavior of children” and made an effort to ban advertising to children. Since that time, the AAP has issued policy statements recommending that AAP members consider and respond to media exposure and its effects in their medical management. These statements have addressed exposure to and interventions on media use in general, the influence of specific media on children and adolescents, research associating specific health outcomes with media use, and strategies for intervening. The AAP also sponsored “Media Matters,” a national initiative to build awareness of media effects on child health. The result is that …

Parental Media Mediation Styles for Children Aged 2 to 11 Years

Studies indicate that children use media (television, video, and computer) more than the recommended limit of 2 h/d, but little is known about parents' role in mediating their children's media use. Office-based survey. Data were collected on demographics, reported media behaviors, parental awareness about media effects, television in the bedroom, and parental concern. We developed logistic regression models to examine factors associated with the following 3 mediation approaches: restrictive, instructive, and unlimited. Pediatric Research in Office Settings practices. Parents with children aged 2 to 11 years (n = 1831) presenting for a well-child visit. Almost half of parents reported a single mediation approach, including restrictive for 23%, instructive for 11%, and unlimited for 7%, with 59% reporting the use of multiple strategies. Restrictive (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; P<.001) and instructive (OR, 1.06; P = .02) approaches were associated with increased awareness about negative media effects, whereas a decreased awareness existed for those who used an unlimited approach (OR, 0.87; P<.001). A restrictive strategy also occurred with increased parental concern (OR, 1.77; P<.001) and 2 adults in the home (OR, 1.64; P<.01). The only strategy associated with the child's age was instructive mediation, noted more often with younger children (OR, 1.41; P<.001). Allowing unlimited media use occurred when parents permitted a television in the child's bedroom (OR, 2.13; P<.001) and were Latino (OR, 2.03; P<.01) or African American (OR, 2.20; P<.001). Mother as primary decision maker and maternal education were not statistically significant. Pediatric health care providers should identify parental practices and reinforce active media mediation strategies.

DyStar on the block

The positive and negative effects of social media in crises are currently receiving an increased amount of scholarly attention. This study focuses on Twitter users in the context of a crisis in the Netherlands on January 29, 2015. After having made a bomb threat, an armed man managed to get access to the national news broadcasting station around 8 pm, where he demanded airplay to share “an important message” with Dutch citizens. Three weeks after the terrorist attack on Charlie Hebdo in Paris, approximately 1.5 million viewers were anxious that a similar attack was taking place in the television studio. The crisis, also followed by social media users, reached a climax when armed policemen arrested the man, which was later shown on national TV. We analyzed 58,931 tweets, posted in the six hours after the incident. By examining shared facts and rumors during the gunman crisis, we identified an “echo-effect”: the dissemination of older tweets continued after the posting of new facts by the same source. Moreover, we found that two rumors were based on misinterpreted humor in Twitter messages. The study adds insight into the self-correcting mechanism of social media communities when verifying and dispelling online rumors during crises.

Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Ltd

The positive and negative effects of social media in crises are currently receiving an increased amount of scholarly attention. This study focuses on Twitter users in the context of a crisis in the Netherlands on January 29, 2015. After having made a bomb threat, an armed man managed to get access to the national news broadcasting station around 8 pm, where he demanded airplay to share “an important message” with Dutch citizens. Three weeks after the terrorist attack on Charlie Hebdo in Paris, approximately 1.5 million viewers were anxious that a similar attack was taking place in the television studio. The crisis, also followed by social media users, reached a climax when armed policemen arrested the man, which was later shown on national TV. We analyzed 58,931 tweets, posted in the six hours after the incident. By examining shared facts and rumors during the gunman crisis, we identified an “echo-effect”: the dissemination of older tweets continued after the posting of new facts by the same source. Moreover, we found that two rumors were based on misinterpreted humor in Twitter messages. The study adds insight into the self-correcting mechanism of social media communities when verifying and dispelling online rumors during crises.

Parents Versus Peers

Although research demonstrates that parents can protect their children from harmful media effects by engaging in parental mediation, parental influences may wane when children reach adolescence and face pressures from peers. The Sullivan-Piaget thesis suggests that peers become especially important and influential during adolescence. Surprisingly, very little mass communication research has considered the role of peers in shaping media effects on adolescents. This study took a first look at peer mediation of antisocial television and found that it occurs more frequently and is more potent than parental mediation. In addition, peer mediation promotes more positive orientations toward antisocial television, which in turn leads to greater aggression. Whereas parental mediation can inhibit negative media effects, peer mediation seems to facilitate harmful outcomes. It is suggested that future research follow up on this initial study of peer mediation so that this potentially important construct can be further developed and understood.

Social Comparisons, Reflected Appraisals, and Mass Media: The Impact of Pervasive Beauty Images on Black and White Girls' Self-Concepts

Content analyses and experimental studies often indicate strong, usually negative effects of media on the self In contrast, qualitative work suggests that individuals may exercise considerable influence in selecting, interpreting and criticizing media content. This literature, however, does not adequately consider or specify how interpreted media content still might affect self-concept negatively. Incorporating social comparison and reflected appraisal processes, this study shows how media affect self-esteem indirectly, despite criticism, through beliefs about how others use and are affected by media. In-depth interviews with 60 and minority girls, complemented by quantitative measures from a larger study, help to clarify how girls are affected by prominent images of females pervasive in media. Most girls see the images as unrealistic; many prefer to see real girls. White girls, despite their criticism, are still harmed by the images because they believe that others find the images important and that others in the local culture, especially boys, evaluate them on the basis of these images. Minority girls do not identify with white media images, nor believe that significant others are affected by them; thus their critical interpretations succeed in thwarting negative feelings. The study increases our understanding of media effects on the selfconcept and suggests that researchers consider how media images may be part of social comparison and reflected appraisal processes.

Effects of contrast media on calcium transients and motion in cultured ventricular cells.

To investigate the mechanisms of the negative inotropic effects of contrast media, we superfused spontaneously contracting cultured chick embryo ventricular cells with Renografin-76 and iohexol (12% solutions), and hypertonic sucrose during simultaneous measurement of [Ca2+]i transients (indo-1) and motion (video-motion detector system). Exposure to contrast agents caused a significant reduction of contractility, with Renografin-76 having a much greater effect on amplitude of motion than iohexol. Renografin-76 significantly depressed [Ca2+]i transient amplitude, whereas iohexol had no effect. Addition of Ca2+ to correct for calcium binding by Renografin-76 completely reversed its depression of [Ca2+]i transients but only partially reversed the negative inotropic effects. Hypertonic sucrose caused a significant decrease in contraction amplitude, with no significant effects on [Ca2+]i transient amplitude. We conclude that the marked negative inotropic effect of Renografin-76 is caused by both calcium binding and hypertonicity. The less marked depression of contractility produced by iohexol likely is a result of hypertonicity and not caused by alteration of [Ca2+]i.

Effects of Contrast Media on Cultured Myocardial Cells

To quantify and characterize mechanisms of negative inotropic effects of ionic and nonionic angiographic contrast media, spontaneously contracting monolayers of cultured chick ventricular cells were studied using the Renografin-76 and iohexol as characteristic ionic and nonionic contrast agents. Utilizing microscopic video-motion detector techniques the effect of each contrast agent on contraction amplitude was measured. Also, the effect of changes in the ionized calcium concentration and osmolality induced by the contrast agents was evaluated. The study demonstrated a linear depression of contractility by increasing contrast concentrations. The negative inotropic effect of Renografin-76 was significantly greater than that of iohexol. Renografin-76 demonstrated significant calcium binding, whereas iohexol had none. Correction for calcium binding by Renografin-76 partially reversed the negative inotropic effect of this agent. Hypertonic sugar solutions of equivalent osmolality to the contrast agents demonstrated dose-related negative inotropic effects such that, in this preparation, calcium binding by Renografin-76 and its high osmolality accounted for all its negative inotropic effect. In contrast, iohexol demonstrated an intrinsic negative inotropic effect not completely explained by its osmolality.

Possibilities of Shaping Health-Seeking Behaviours Among Children and Teenagers of the “Digital Natives” Generation

Regardless of how the contemporary young generation is described, there is no doubt that their permanent connection to the Internet and an incredible expertise in using information and communication technologies are one of the features that define those who grow up at the present time. Such strong involvement in digital media entails a number of health and development consequences for children and teenagers. In order to minimize the potential risks and negative effects of new media, it is essential to take action aimed at increasing awareness in terms of positive and negative aspects of using digital devices as well as at gaining abilities to use them in a way that is the most optimal and favourable for health. Currently, this issue constitutes a great challenge for teachers, parents, and carers for whom implementing health-seeking attitudes and behaviours of the young generation may be, taking into consideration the attractiveness of electronic media and virtual world, an enormously difficult task.