Negative Training Effects Research Articles

Identifying Factors Influencing Employee Turnover Rate (A Case Study in Private Schools and Institutions, Alahsa)

Purpose: In the present organizational scenario, retaining talented employees becomes a significant motive for every organization. The present study explores the factors that affect employee turnover intention among employees of private schools in Al AHSA. Design/Methodology/ Approach: The researchers applied quantitative methods to assess the proposed aim of the study. Using cross-sectional data, the study concluded based on 322 samples. Findings: The study demonstrates a negative effect of training and development, job satisfaction and promotion on employees’ turnover intention. Moreover, the impact of job insecurity is positive on employees’ turnover intention. Research, practical and social implications: The study's findings support policymakers and planners in controlling turnover intention by providing practical financial benefits and developing their minds towards staying in the organizations through training and development, satisfaction and secure careers. Originality/ value: This study overcomes the gaps in the empirical investigation of the factors that affect turnover intention among the private schools of Al AHSA, Saudi Arabia.

Genetic dissection of innate immune memory in Drosophila melanogaster.

Current studies have demonstrated that innate immunity possesses memory characteristics. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying innate immune memory have been addressed by numerous studies, genetic variations in innate immune memory and the associated genes remain unclear. Here, we explored innate immune memory in 163 lines of Drosophila melanogaster from the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource. In our assay system, prior training with low pathogenic bacteria (Micrococcus luteus) increased the survival rate of flies after subsequent challenge with highly pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). This positive training effect was observed in most lines, but some lines exhibited negative training effects. Survival rates under training and control conditions were poorly correlated, suggesting that distinct genetic factors regulate training effects and normal immune responses. Subsequent quantitative trait loci analysis suggested that four loci containing 80 genes may be involved in regulating innate immune memory. Among them, Adgf-A, which encodes an extracellular adenosine deaminase-related growth factor, was shown to be associated with training effects. Our study findings help to elucidate the genetic architecture of innate immune memory in Drosophila and may provide insight for new therapeutic treatments aimed at boosting immunity.

Evaluating the effects of a simulator-based training on knowledge, attitudes and driving profiles of German ambulance drivers

IntroductionAccident risk is increased for emergency responders driving with warning lights and sirens compared to other road users’ driving. Currently no standards for education of ambulance drivers exist. Research shows that high order understanding trainings focusing on insight to avoid critical driving situations might be more helpful than trainings focusing on car handling. The present controlled intervention study evaluates a one-day simulator-based high order training program specifically designed for ambulance drivers. MethodsIn a longitudinal design with three measurement times multiple methods were used to evaluate the training holistically targeting the levels of reaction to training, learning, behavior and results of training. Questionnaire, knowledge test and driving profile data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance controlling for age and sex. Data of two intervention groups and one control-waiting group was collected between 2014 and 2017 in two German federal states. Results183 German paramedics (age: M = 33.1, SD = 9.4, 21.9 % female) participated in the study. 147 participants (80.3 %) completed post-training tests, and 30 participants (16.4 %) completed follow-up measurements six months after training. Participants’ reaction to training was positive directly after the training, and dropped slightly over time. Intervention group participants gained traffic-relevant knowledge compared to control group participants. Risk sensitivity of regular driving situations was the only attitude variable positively affected by training. This effect was not sustained six months after training. Training led to a decrease of average and maximum speed in short- as well as long-term measurements but did not affect drivers’ acceleration. Although speed was lower in post-tests, emergency response times did not differ. ConclusionThe simulator-based training for paramedics has small but notable effects on drivers’ knowledge, attitudes and real driving behavior. Although only very few measured variables showed positive training effects, no negative training effects were found. Speed was reduced in the long term which underlines the importance of such a training. More research is needed to determine effects on different types of participants and to elicit framework conditions for training integration in formal education.

VIBRATION TRAINING: OLD-NEW CHALLENGES AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION

The need to get 'fit' has resulted in a planetary fitness centre expansion, which has by the principle of cause and effect brought out a massive number of different fitness exercising programmes, methods, equipment and props, with an aim to achieve better and faster training results, i.e. the wanted transformational anthropological status. The new fitness programs are emerging almost every day, which in spite of a vast marketing support and a current publicity are forgotten very fast. Within those conditions, in order to achieve satisfaction and trust of your clients, the offered programmes need to produce wanted effects in regards to the transformation of targeted abilities or characteristics of those who perform exercises. This presents constant challenges to the fitness industry, along with the obligation to seek for optimum, scientifically accepted and proven exercising methods. It is because of those reasons that the professional fitness centres are interested in introducing and applying only proven training methods, using highly sophisticated and technologically advanced equipment. This paper deals with a detail analysis of vibration training methods as one of the three methods which have been developed through a research designed for the astronauts. It was released into public after the fall of the “Berlin Wall 1989” and opening the secret USSR and USA documents. The current research defines the related units starting from epistemology of the vibration training, its application as an alternative to developing conditional capacities (strength, muscle endurance, increasing mobility, elasticity, muscle coordination and the balance between reduced pain and muscle tone, increasing peripheral circulation, etc.) clinical use in physiotherapy and vibration training (in regards to strength increase, power, flexibility, mineral bone density, increased cardio-vascular functions as well as reducing pain) and vibration training as one of the means to athlete recovery (body's regeneration processes) so as to prevent negative training effects (the development of overtraining and chronic fatigue). Each of the units will contain information which is relevant to the theory and practice in sport, recreation and convalescence of athletes and patients. Article visualizations:

Does CVT of firms in Germany suffer from poaching?

‘Non-excludability’ of skills is suspected to give rise to poaching externalities and cause under-investment in training. To substantiate this hypothesis, the paper at hand investigates the relationship between labor turnover and firms’ dedication to continuing vocational training (CVT) exploiting novel survey data on firms in Germany (BIBB-FluCT data, N = 1.238). Regression analyses of these data point at a negative correlation between turnover and CVT incidence in firms with presumably low skill needs (i.e. firms employing workers with no formal vocational education). However, the scope of the relationship is of limited economic relevance. Merely a minority of firms states to actually forego CVT because of high turnover. Also, the direction of the relationship remains debatable; a reversed negative effect of training on turnover seems unlikely, but not impossible. Eventually, when exclusively focusing on firms providing some CVT (80.6% of the sampled firms), no negative and significant relationship between turnover and CVT spending emerges in the analyses; this is regardless of whether training is rather specific, or rather general. Overall, these findings do not serve to reinforce the notion of a generally detrimental effect of turnover on CVT. Note however, that a poaching problem may not necessarily become manifest in the relationship between turnover and training. For instance, employers explicitly stating to pay attention to potential training externalities provide CVT with a slightly lower probability than other employers. They might fear a free-rider problem regardless of the actual dimension of turnover. Notwithstanding, even this effect is limited in scope suggesting that only few firms actually withdraw from CVT because of a perceived free-rider problem. Altogether, the evidence available to substantiate the hypothesis of prevalent under-investment in CVT is not very compelling. In fact, payback clauses may help employers turn ‘non-excludable’ skills into part-time private goods and mitigate potential poaching risks. The analyses indicate that payback clauses go along with considerably higher employer-spending on CVT.JEL codesI22; J24; D61

Role of Intensive Training in the Growth and Maturation of Artistic Gymnasts

Short stature and later maturation of youth artistic gymnasts are often attributed to the effects of intensive training from a young age. Given limitations of available data, inadequate specification of training, failure to consider other factors affecting growth and maturation, and failure to address epidemiological criteria for causality, it has not been possible thus far to establish cause–effect relationships between training and the growth and maturation of young artistic gymnasts. In response to this ongoing debate, the Scientific Commission of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) convened a committee to review the current literature and address four questions: (1) Is there a negative effect of training on attained adult stature? (2) Is there a negative effect of training on growth of body segments? (3) Does training attenuate pubertal growth and maturation, specifically, the rate of growth and/or the timing and tempo of maturation? (4) Does training negatively influence the endocrine system, specifically hormones related to growth and pubertal maturation? The basic information for the review was derived from the active involvement of committee members in research on normal variation and clinical aspects of growth and maturation, and on the growth and maturation of artistic gymnasts and other youth athletes. The committee was thus thoroughly familiar with the literature on growth and maturation in general and of gymnasts and young athletes. Relevant data were more available for females than males. Youth who persisted in the sport were a highly select sample, who tended to be shorter for chronological age but who had appropriate weight-for-height. Data for secondary sex characteristics, skeletal age and age at peak height velocity indicated later maturation, but the maturity status of gymnasts overlapped the normal range of variability observed in the general population. Gymnasts as a group demonstrated a pattern of growth and maturation similar to that observed among short-, normal-, late-maturing individuals who were not athletes. Evidence for endocrine changes in gymnasts was inadequate for inferences relative to potential training effects. Allowing for noted limitations, the following conclusions were deemed acceptable: (1) Adult height or near adult height of female and male artistic gymnasts is not compromised by intensive gymnastics training. (2) Gymnastics training does not appear to attenuate growth of upper (sitting height) or lower (legs) body segment lengths. (3) Gymnastics training does not appear to attenuate pubertal growth and maturation, neither rate of growth nor the timing and tempo of the growth spurt. (4) Available data are inadequate to address the issue of intensive gymnastics training and alterations within the endocrine system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0058-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A review of the effectiveness of game-based training for dismounted soldiers

Computer games are increasingly being used by armed forces to supplement conventional training methods. However, despite considerable anecdotal claims about their training effectiveness, empirical evidence is lacking. This paper critically reviews major studies conducted in the past decade that have examined game-based training with dismounted soldiers. The findings indicate that these studies are characterized by methodological limitations and that the evidence regarding the effectiveness of game-based training for this military population is not compelling. Furthermore, due to methodological limitations with the studies, the possibility of negative training effects cannot be discounted. The paper concludes with implications for the scientific and military communities, as well as recommendations for the conduct of future studies in this area.

Clarifying work–family intervention processes: The roles of work–family conflict and family-supportive supervisor behaviors.

Drawing on a conceptual model integrating research on training, work–family interventions, and social support, we conducted a quasi-experimental field study to assess the impact of a supervisor training and self-monitoring intervention designed to increase supervisors' use of family-supportive supervisor behaviors. Pre- and postintervention surveys were completed, 9 months apart, by 239 employees at 6 intervention (N = 117) and 6 control (N = 122) grocery store sites. Thirty-nine supervisors in the 6 intervention sites received the training consisting of 1 hr of self-paced computer-based training, 1 hr of face-to-face group training, followed by instructions for behavioral self-monitoring (recording the frequency of supportive behaviors) to facilitate on-the-job transfer. Results demonstrated a disordinal interaction for the effect of training and family-to-work conflict on employee job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and physical health. In particular, for these outcomes, positive training effects were observed for employees with high family-to-work conflict, whereas negative training effects were observed for employees with low family-to-work conflict. These moderation effects were mediated by the interactive effect of training and family-to-work conflict on employee perceptions of family-supportive supervisor behaviors. Implications of our findings for future work–family intervention development and evaluation are discussed.

Influence of Towing Force Magnitude on the Kinematics of Supramaximal Sprinting

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of towing force magnitude on the kinematics of supramaximal sprinting. Ten high school and college-age track and field athletes (6 men, 4 women) ran 60-m maximal sprints under 5 different conditions: Nontowed, Tow A (2.0% body weight [BW]), Tow B (2.8% BW), Tow C (3.8% BW), and Tow D (4.7% BW). Three-dimensional kinematics of a 4-segment model of the right side of the body were collected starting at the 35-m point of the trial using high-speed (250 Hz) optical cameras. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in stride length and horizontal velocity of the center of mass during Tow C and Tow D. For Tow D, a significant increase (p = 0.046) in the distance from the center of mass to the foot at touchdown was also observed. Contact time decreased significantly in all towing conditions (p < 0.01), whereas stride rate increased only slightly (<2.0%) under towed conditions. There were no significant changes in joint or segment angles at touchdown, with the exception of a significant decrease (p = 0.044) in the flexion/extension angle at the hip during the Tow D condition. We conclude that towing force magnitude does influence the kinematics of supramaximal running and that potentially negative training effects may arise from towing individuals with a force in excess of 3.8% BW. Therefore, we suggest that coaches and practitioners adjust towing force magnitude for each individual and avoid using towing forces in excess of 3.8% of the athlete's BW.

Efecto de la formación en el trabajo sobre la movilidad laboral

In this paper we analyse empirically the relation between employer-provided training and the probability of subsequent job exit. The main contribution to the literature is the estimation approach used. In particular, we propose an empirical model which takes into account for the possible endogeneity between training and mobility labour variables. With this model it's possible to obtain an estimation of the true causal effect of employer-provided training on the probability of subsequent job exit. Using Spanish data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) it's shown that the negative effect of training on job mobility, usually found in this area, disappears once the endogeneity problem discussed above is accounted for.

Effects on the foetus of exercise in pregnancy.

Maternal training during pregnancy has been the subject for numerous investigations lately, which are presented in this survey. No studies in human beings have shown any negative effect of training on the embryogenesis. During physical training a small rise in foetal heart rate of 5-25 bpm is a common finding. This could be due to a reduction in oxygen delivery or more likely stimulation from maternal vasoactive hormones or training-induced uterine contractions. Foetal growth seems to be influenced by maternal activity, as some investigations have found significantly bigger babies born by moderately trained females compared to non-trained or heavily trained women. In the latter group the reduction could be explained by a reduced neonatal fat mass. Increased maternal temperature during training has not been found to lead to any foetal abnormalities. The results indicate that moderate training during pregnancy can be recommended with observance of simple directives.

Hormonal adaptations and modelled responses in elite weightlifters during 6 weeks of training.

The concentrations of serum testosterone, sex-hormone-binding-globulin (SHBG) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were examined throughout 1-year of training in six elite weightlifters. A systems model, providing an estimation of fatigue and fitness, was applied to records of training volume and performance levels in clean and jerk. The analysis focused on a 6-week training period during which blood samples were taken at 2-week intervals. A 4-week period of intensive training (period I) could be distinguished from the following 2-week period of reduced training (period II). During period I, decreases in serum testosterone (P less than 0.05) and increases in serum LH concentrations (P less than 0.01) were observed; a significant correlation (r = 0.90, P less than 0.05) was also observed between the changes in serum LH concentration and in estimated fitness. The magnitude of LH response was not related to the change in serum androgens. On the other hand, the change in testosterone:SHBG ratio during period II was significantly correlated (r = 0.97, P less than 0.01) to the LH variations during period I. These finding suggested that the LH response indicated that the decrease in testosterone concentration was not primarily due to a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system control, and that the fatigue/fitness status of an athlete could have influenced the LH response to the decreased testosterone concentration. The negative effect of training on hormonal balance could have been amplified by its influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. A decrease in physiological stress would thus have been necessary for the completion of the effect of LH release on androgenic activity.