Negative Effects Of Congestion Research Articles

Rush hour-and-a-half: Traffic is spreading out post-lockdown.

Traffic congestion is ubiquitous in major cities around the world. Congestion is associated with a slew of negative effects, including delays and local air pollution. Because of the negative effects of congestion, governments invest billions of dollars into the highway system to try to reduce congestion and accommodate peak-hour automobile travel demand. The COVID-19 pandemic presented a significant disruption to transportation systems globally. One impact was a drastic reduction in travel, leading to free-flowing traffic conditions in many previously-congested cities. As lockdowns eased, traffic volumes returned to near-normal levels. However, the temporal pattern of demand may differ, due to increased remote work or other factors. In this article, we examine the temporal distribution of highway demand in California, using data from over 3,500 traffic sensors. We find that peak-hour automobile travel is spreading in the post-lockdown period. In addition to decreased traffic congestion, this finding also has implications for infrastructure investment. Roadways are generally sized based on peak-hour demand. As the peaks spread, some highway construction project may prove unnecessary. It may be possible to reallocate road space to other uses with fewer tradeoffs in terms of traffic congestion.

Solving the problem of congestion in city centers by applying Congestion Pricing - simulation in Belgrade

The problem of traffic congestion is one of the most significant global problems in the world. Numerous negative effects of congestion affect both the users themselves and people who are not direct participants in the traffic. The most significant negative effects caused by traffic congestion are greater time losses, increased emission of harmful gases, greater number of traffic accidents, noise, etc. Congestion charging is one of the measures that affects the reduction of traffic congestion by influencing the transport requirements of users. So far, congestion charging has been implemented in several cities around the world. Although it has proven to be very effective in solving congestion problems, it has not been widely used due to its poor acceptability. Within this paper, the concept of congestion charging is presented, an overview of experiences from cities where it is applied, and the results of simulation of congestion charging in Belgrade are presented.

Architecting a congestion pre-avoidance and load-balanced wireless network-on-chip

The communication performance over conventional long-distant routers cannot satisfy the requirements of future multi-core systems. Wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) architecture with CMOS compatible transceivers is utilized to obtain significant improvement in on-chip data transfer for multi-core systems. The wireless routers (WRs) in WiNoC architecture provide wireless shortcuts to alleviate the latency of multi-hop communications. Despite the additional bandwidth of wireless shortcuts, the WRs are prone to congestion due to the limited number of wireless channels and the shared use of these channels under unbalanced load. On the other hand, network performance will be severely degraded when the presence of head-of-line (HOL) blocking. In this paper, we establish a congestion pre-avoidance and load-balanced wireless network-on-chip architecture. To implement such architecture in our network, firstly, we propose an dynamic XY-YX routing algorithm detour WR to pre-avoid the additional traffic flow of the wireless router; Secondly, the virtual output queue scheme is adopted to handle HOL blocking, and on this basis we design a wireless router micro-architecture; Finally, a threshold-based load-balanced mechanism is designed, which uses the number of buffered flit as a guideline to avoid unbalance load. Through system-level simulations, the results demonstrate that the proposed WiNoC architecture can mitigate negative effect of congestion in WR. And with appropriate hardware overhead, network transmission latency and network throughput are significantly improved.

Perceived Negative Effects of Congestion and Their Relationship with Life Satisfaction Among Faculty Members

The current research aims to measure the negative effects of congestion and life satisfaction among faculty members and compare them with their gender variable (male - female). And find the correlation between the perceived negative effects of congestion and life satisfaction in faculty members. The sample of the research consisted of (50) males and (50) females from Baghdad University’s faculty members, representing both the scientific and the humanities. The results of the research showed that university teachers have a high level of perceived negative effects of crowding and have a life satisfaction. There were also no significant differences between males and females in the perceived negative effects of congestion and in life satisfaction. The results also showed a significant negative relationship between the perceived negative effects of congestion and life satisfaction with the sample. The research reached a set of recommendations and proposals based on its results.

Influence of traffic congestion on driver behavior in post-congestion driving

Traffic congestion is more likely to lead to aggressive driving behavior that is associated with increased crash risks. Previous studies mainly focus on driving behavior during congestion when studying congestion effects. However, the negative effects of congestion on driving behavior may also affect drivers’ post-congestion driving. To fill this research gap, this study examined the influence of traffic congestion on driver behavior on the post-congestion roads (i.e., the roads travelled right after congestion). Twenty-five subjects participated in a driving simulation study. They were asked to complete two trials corresponding to post-congestion and non-congestion conditions, respectively. Driver behavior quantified by driving performance measures, eye movement measures, and electroencephalogram (EEG) measures was compared between the two conditions. Ten features were selected from the measures with statistical significance. The selected features were integrated to characterize drivers’ response patterns using a hierarchical clustering method. The results showed that driver behavior in post-congestion situations became more aggressive, more focused in the forward area but less focused in the dashboard area, and was associated with lower power of the β-band in the temporal brain region. The clustering results showed more aggressive and lack-of-aware response patterns while driving in post-congestion situations. This study revealed that traffic congestion negatively affected driver behavior on the post-congestion roads. Practical implications for driving safety education was discussed based on the findings from the present study.

Improving Community Behaviour Towards Sustainable Mobility for Liveable Neighbourhoods

Major challenges of sustainable environment are identifying the community and predicting the behaviour of each community in neighbourhoods. Many local authorities are eager to overcome these issues to improve their sustainability. The research focuses on the behaviour of community in neighbourhoods. The study is conducted with 135 samples. The main factors that contribute in successful relationship between the community behaviour factors towards sustainable mobility. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient level showed all the factors exceeding 0.80 and all dimensions have a good reliability value. A contributing factor of community behaviour has been discovered to reduce the negative effects of congestion, crime and vandalism.

OnTraJaCS: Ontology based Traffic Jam Control System

Traffic jams and congestions have bad effects on drivers and the whole community. Most – if not all – route planning systems focus on finding the optimal/fastest route for its users. Users might be advised to pass through a congested road section if it will take less time to traverse than its alternatives. This approach ignores the negative effects of congestion on both of the individual and the whole community. Instead of focusing on giving each user the fastest route to his destination, this papers aims to develop a model that would be optimal to the whole community. The ultimate objective of the OnTraJaCS is to give all registered vehicles route recommendations that would minimize congestions when they are executed simultaneously. This is achieved by minimizing congestion over the whole map even if some trips will take longer path in order to avoid congestion formation. OnTraJaCS uses Web Ontology to detect and predict congestion and it uses Java to simulate and evaluate possible plans. Simulation results proved that the OnTraJaCS is able to find optimal plans in accordance with the desired criteria and hence fulfilling its objective, with a slight increase in average trip time.

Development of Science and Technology Parks in China, 1988–2008

Abstract In order to investigate the effectiveness of science and technology industrial parks (STIPs), this study examines data on high-tech firms within and outside the STIPs in China, while paying special attention to the issues related to agglomeration and congestion. The main finding is that the negative effect of congestion on productivity is highly likely to outweigh the positive productivity effect of agglomeration economies within the STIPs but not among hightech firms outside the STIPs. The paper also finds that the productivity of high-tech firms, whether within or outside the STIPs, are positively associated with foreign direct investment and the academic activities of local universities in the same city.

An Inquiry into the Development of Science and Technology Parks in China

In order to investigate the effectiveness of science and technology industrial parks (STIPs), this study examines data on high-tech firms within and outside the STIPs in China, while paying special attention to the issues related to agglomeration and congestion. The main finding is that the negative effect of congestion on productivity is highly likely to outweigh the positive productivity effect of agglomeration economies within the STIPs but not among high-tech firms outside the STIPs. The paper also finds that the productivity of high-tech firms, whether within or outside the STIPs, are positively associated with foreign direct investment and the academic activities of local universities in the same city.

Net neutrality regulation of the internet?

Strict net neutrality means that any data packet of any service should be treated strictly equal, independent of origin, destination and type of service, no matter what the economic value of congestion-free conveyance actually is. There is a broad consensus that any blocking or retardation of data packets for reasons of censorship or restraining substitutive services should be prohibited. The problem then focuses on dealing with temporary internet overload. It will be argued that the negative effect of congestion on quality varies strongly among services. If user flat rates and net neutrality come together, some quality-sensitive high value services might be crowded out by quality-insensitive low value services, which is inefficient. The optimal solution is the application of priority pricing, where higher prices are paid for higher priorities in case of overload. It will be concluded that the European approach, which relies on trusting in market forces combined with the soft regulation of adequate transparency rules and a sufficient degree of competition, will lead to an efficient outcome.

Weighted congestion games with separable preferences

Players in a congestion game may differ from one another in their intrinsic preferences (e.g., the benefit they get from using a specific resource), their contribution to congestion, or both. In many cases of interest, intrinsic preferences and the negative effect of congestion are (additively or multiplicatively) separable. This paper considers the implications of separability for the existence of pure-strategy Nash equilibrium and the prospects of spontaneous convergence to equilibrium. It is shown that these properties may or may not be guaranteed, depending on the exact nature of player heterogeneity.

Costs of travel time uncertainty and benefits of travel time information: Conceptual model and numerical examples

A negative effect of congestion that tends to be overlooked is travel time uncertainty. Travel time uncertainty causes scheduling costs due to early or late arrival. The negative effects of travel time uncertainty can be reduced by providing travellers with travel time information, which improves their estimate of the expected travel time, thereby reducing scheduling costs. In order to assess the negative effects of uncertainty and the benefits of travel time information, this paper proposes a conceptual model of departure time choice under travel time uncertainty and information. The model is based on expected utility theory, and includes the variation in travel time, the quality of travel time information and travellers’ perception of the travel time. The model is illustrated by an application to the case of the A2 motorway between Beesd and Utrecht in the Netherlands.

Congestion Models of Competition

A model of habitat use, or more generally of resource use in a coarse-grained environment, is presented. Competitors are assumed to respond to the combined competitive pressure of conspecifics and heterospecifics by an ideal distribution among (micro-)habitats-ideal in the sense that individuals are choosing only habitats where the negative effects of congestion are minimal and free in the sense that no direct interference and no travel costs are involved. It is shown that an ideal habitat distribution generically has the following graph-theoretic property: when competitors and habitats are represented by vertices and each competitor is connected with each of the habitats in which it occurs, the resulting (undirected) graph contains no cycles. This property has many implications. The fraction of (micro-)habitats occupied by an average competitor should vary inversely with the number of competing species. Pairwise overlap between competitors should be limited to a maximum of one habitat. Idea...