Negative Discrimination Research Articles

Double bus failure protection based on zero negative sequence power directional element discrimination

After the fault circuit breaker at the end of the long line of the large mode operation system fails, the composite voltage sensitivity of the 220 kV and above double bus connection failure protection is insufficient, and the line release complex voltage locking function needs to be switched on and off manually, which cannot be automatically adapted after the system mode changes. To solve this problem, the compound voltage locking logic is cancelled, and the zero negative sequence power direction discrimination is used to simplify the startup failure circuit, which improves the adaptability and reliability of line failure discrimination under various operating conditions.

An examination of manifestations of Ageism among the elderly populations in Kenya

This study examined the manifestations of ageism among the elderly populations in Kenya. Ageism is a form of discrimination that is based on age. It can manifest in many ways, including negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Ageism can have a significant impact on the lives of older people, leading to social isolation, decreased self-esteem, and poorer health outcomes. The study used a qualitative methodology, and it involved interviews with 30 elderly people from different parts of Kenya. The findings of the study suggest that ageism is a widespread problem in Kenya, and it manifests in a number of ways. Some of the manifestations of ageism that were identified in the study include: Negative stereotypes: Older people are often stereotyped as being frail, dependent, and a burden to society. Prejudice: Older people are often treated with prejudice, and they are often excluded from social and economic opportunities. Discrimination: Older people are often discriminated against in employment, housing, and healthcare. The findings of this study concludes that ageism is a serious problem in Kenya, and it has a significant impact on the lives of older people. The study recommends that there is a need for interventions to reduce ageism and to promote positive attitudes towards older people in Kenya.

Effect of Mass Media Exposure on HIV/AIDS Stigma Among Kenyan Women and Men

In Kenya, stigma directly or indirectly continues to play a major role in spreading HIV/AIDS. Negative attitudes, perceptions, and discrimination toward people who are HIV positive or have AIDS can adversely affect their willingness to be tested and adhere to antiretroviral therapy. This study examined the effect of mass media exposure on HIV/AIDS stigma among men and women in Kenya. It uses retrospective cross-sectional data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) 2008/09, adjusting for weights and strata to account for its complex design. The study sample comprised women aged 15-49 (n = 3,811) and men aged 15-54 (n = 3,095) who agreed to voluntary counselling and testing for HIV. Among them, 8.34% of the women and 4.98% of the men tested positive for HIV. Women who consumed all forms of media (newspapers, magazines, radio, and television) represented 23.05% of the sample, while those who consumed none comprised 6.89% (F[2.77, 1053.35] = 24.3; p < 0.001); the results for men were 22.06% vs 1.31% (F[2.89, 1098.72]) = 17.84; p < 0.001). Women and men who consumed all media almost every day were 11% (AOR = 0.89; p < 0.05) and 25% (AOR = 0.75; p < 0.01), respectively, less likely to impute HIV/AIDS stigma than those who never consumed all forms of media. Those who consumed all media forms less than once a week were 48% (AOR = 0.52; p < 0.05), and those who consumed them almost every day were 21% (AOR = 0.79), p < 0.001) less likely to impute an HIV/AIDS stigma compared to those who never consumed any media sources. All media consumption, particularly reading newspapers/magazines, reduced HIV/AIDS stigma. The study concluded that all forms of media should build on and scale up such efforts to reduce the HIV/AIDS stigma that impedes Kenyans from protecting their health.

Serial feature positive and feature negative discrimination learning in a taste avoidance preparation: implications for interoceptive control of behavior.

Psychoactive drugs produce interoceptive stimuli that can guide appropriate behaviors by initiating or inhibiting responding. The current study investigated whether an interoceptive morphine state produces similar patterns of serial feature positive (FP) and feature negative (FN) discrimination learning under comparable conditions in a taste avoidance design. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained under 10 cycles of FP or FN discrimination. In the FP task, morphine (10 mg/kg, IP) signaled that a saccharin solution was followed by LiCl (1.2 mEq, IP), while the vehicle (saline) signaled that the LiCl was withheld. In the FN task, the contingency was reversed. The FP-trained rats acquired the discrimination after three training cycles, consuming significantly less saccharin on morphine, than on vehicle, sessions (P < 0.05). The FN-trained rats acquired the discrimination after six training cycles, consuming more on morphine than on vehicle sessions (P < 0.05). However, FN-trained rats never recovered saccharin consumption to baseline levels and 40% of the rats continued to avoid saccharin (consuming 0 ml) on morphine sessions. Control rats that never received LiCl consumed high levels of saccharin on morphine and vehicle sessions, indicating that morphine did not produce unconditioned suppression of saccharin consumption. The difficulty to acquire FN discrimination might reflect the limitations of learning about safety contingencies in the taste avoidance design. The rapidity of FP learning when a drug state signals an aversive contingency may have implications for the general role of interoceptive stimuli in the control of behavior.

A Scientific Review on Disabled-Friendly Educational Environment for Disabilities Student in Malaysia

The increasing number of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) in Malaysia,as registered with the Department of Social Welfare until the end of 2020, estimated at 570,000, requires attention. PWDs are part of Malaysian society and should be granted equal rights and opportunities to live their lives easily. However, achieving this equality is not an easy task today. PWDs face various factors and challenges due to negative attitudes and discrimination deeply ingrained in society. Therefore, this study aims to explore the facilities and inclusivity in higher education for PWDs. It presents an exploratory study based on selected previous research regarding higher education for students with special needs in Malaysia. The research utilized a selection approach of 10 chosen articles to explore issues, management, and implementation efforts to create a PWD-friendly environment. The study found that educational facilities at the higher education level have been established, such as specially constructed parking spaces for PWDs. The study suggests the need for further improvements in other infrastructural aspects, such as wheelchair-friendly pathways, special routes for the visually impaired, and so on. The success of inclusive higher education for PWDs should involve a proactive environment in combating the neglect of PWDs in national development. Hopefully, these ideas can contribute to the construction of an inclusive environment within educational institutions. The study also suggests future research on the moral aspects of society towards PWDs.

Teori Dramaturgi Dalam Komunikasi Guru Di Yayasan Penitipan Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus

This study aims to determine teacher communication at the day care foundation that occurs both in the front and back areas which is then analyzed using Erning Goffman's Dramaturgy Theory. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection techniques were carried out by interview and observation. Data analysis is done by classifying, creating categories and describing categories or themes from the findings. As we know, Children with Special Needs (ABK) are included in 15 groups of children who are vulnerable to violence. The forms of violence experienced are also very diverse, ranging from physical, psychological violence to social barriers such as negative labeling and discrimination

Interventions to reduce discrimination against the elderly for healthy ageing in Kenya

This article intended to capture interventions to reduce discrimination against the elderly for healthy ageing in Kenya. Ageism is a form of discrimination that is based on age. It can manifest in many ways, including negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Ageism can have a significant impact on the lives of older people, leading to social isolation, decreased self-esteem, and poorer health outcomes. There are a number of interventions that have been shown to be effective in reducing ageism. These interventions include: Educational interventions: These interventions aim to teach people about ageism and its negative effects. They can be delivered in a variety of settings, such as schools, workplaces, and community organizations. Intergenerational contact: This type of intervention brings together people of different ages to interact with each other. This can help to break down stereotypes and promote positive attitudes towards older people. Policy changes: These interventions can help to reduce ageism by changing the way that older people are treated in society. For example, laws that protect older people from discrimination can help to create a more age-friendly environment. The findings of this study suggest that interventions to reduce ageism can be effective in improving the lives of older people. These interventions can help to reduce negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, and they can promote positive attitudes towards older people. The study recommends that researchers must focus on capturing how ageism manifests in society and propose the best ways of curbing the problem so that older people in the society can experience healthy ageing.

694-P: Differences in Diabetes-Related Stigma by Demographic Group and Intensity of Diabetes Management

The social stigma surrounding diabetes refers to the negative attitudes, discrimination, or prejudice someone may face due to their diabetes. For many people with diabetes (PWD), stigma is a major challenge and often results in significant negative consequences, such as poor psychological well-being and worse clinical outcomes. This study aimed to identify groups who may be at greater risk of experiencing stigma. From October-December 2022, 10,338 adults living with diabetes in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and United Kingdom took an online survey assessing stigma associated with diabetes. Stigma was measured using four items about concealing or difficulty disclosing one's diabetes as well as diabetes-related embarrassment and isolation. These four items were averaged to create a composite variable on degree of stigma experienced (α = 0.87, M = 1.82, SD = 0.89). Subsequent responses were analyzed by various demographic factors and diabetes management strategies using SPSS. Stigma levels differ by intensity of diabetes management; respondents with more demanding diabetes management regimens experience greater levels of stigma. CGM users (p&amp;lt;0.001) and insulin users (p&amp;lt;0.001) experience more stigma than non-users, and PWD taking multiple daily injections experience more stigma than pump users (p=0.027). Stigma also varies across several demographic factors. French respondents report the highest stigma score, while German respondents report the lowest. Further, people with T1D experience more stigma than those with T2D (p&amp;lt;0.001). This research reveals differences in diabetes-related stigma by country and diabetes type and suggests that stigma becomes more prevalent with more intensive diabetes management. Additional research is needed to further explore experiences of stigma and identify methods of support, especially for at-risk groups. Disclosure A.Zeng: Employee; dQ&amp;A. E.Lin: Employee; dQ&amp;A. E.Cox: Employee; dQ&amp;A. E.Xu: Employee; dQ&amp;A. T.Bell: Employee; dQ&amp;A. T.L.Bristow: Employee; dQ&amp;A.

Thinking Seriously: Discrimination in Papua Asymmetry Autonomy

The land of Papua is a gift. However, this gift belongs to the indigenous Papuan, so it is right when special autonomy interpreted the benefits of the original intent of the indigenous Papuan. This research is a doctrinal research with primary and secondary legal materials which are analyzed textually and contextually so that it finds the men behind the rule and the discourse of positive and negative discrimination that occurs. This discourse produces a particular light that special autonomy does not guarantee a solution to the Papuan conflict. Thinking Seriously about Special Autonomy Discrimination in Papuan results in a analysis that legal orientalism is influential in this matter. Referendum is a solution but does not solve the root of the problem. The Noken system will strengthen a patrimonial consolidated democracy. What the central government needs to do is resolve past human rights cases, accommodate people’s aspirations which have been manifested in various demonstrations and open space for dialogue between Papuan nationalists and other Indonesians. Special Autonomy is inherently regional within the federal state which is a middle way to overcome the power struggle over Papua.

Understanding and Addressing Mental Health Stigma Across Cultures for Improving Psychiatric Care: A Narrative Review.

Stigma, characterized by negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, is a significant impediment in psychiatric care, deterring the timely provision of this care and hindering optimal health outcomes. Pervasive in all aspects of psychiatric care, stigma leads to delayed treatment, increased morbidity, and diminished quality of life for those with poor mental health. Hence, better understanding the impact of stigma across different cultural contexts is critically essential, aiming to inform culturally nuanced strategies to minimize its consequences and contribute to a more equitable and effective psychiatric care system. The purpose of the present literature review is twofold (i) to examine the existing research on the stigma surrounding psychiatry across different cultural contexts and (ii) to identify the commonalities and differences in the nature, magnitude, and consequences of this stigma in different cultures in the psychiatry field. In addition, potential strategies for addressing stigma will be proposed. The review covers a range of countries and cultural settings, emphasizing the importance of understanding cultural nuances to combat stigma and promote mental health awareness globally.

The Weight Stigma Heat Map: A tool to identify weight stigma in public health and health promotion materials.

Public health campaigns and health promotion endeavours have been criticised for perpetuating weight stigma by reinforcing misinformation and using deficits-based narratives about larger-bodied people. The aim of this project was to develop a 'heat map' tool to appraise existing health policy and resources for elements that promote weight stigma. Ten themes were identified from literature using inductive analytic review methodology including pictorial/photographic representation, weight-health beliefs, body weight modifiability and financial concerns. Each theme was divided into four appraisal categories: the demonstration of weight stigma (via negative stereotyping, prejudice or discrimination that limits access to opportunities or services), weight bias (via presenting smaller bodies as normal/natural/healthy/good/desirable), bias-neutral (via representation of people of all shapes and sizes and accurate and nuanced health information about larger-bodied and smaller-bodied people) and finally an anti-stigma approach (via use of strengths-based narratives and overtly positive representation of and leadership by larger-bodied people). A colour coding schema (the 'heat map') to visualise stigmatising elements across materials and a scoring system was devised for future quantitative evaluation. To demonstrate the use of the Weight Stigma Heat Map (WSHM), the Australian National Obesity Strategy 2022-2032 was appraised. It is likely that weight stigmatisation is an important but under-recognised factor influencing the effectiveness of campaigns and interventions promoting behaviour change. SO WHAT?: Public health and health promotion professionals should consider using the WSHM as a framework for the development of less stigmatising policies, campaigns and resources and to direct reviews of existing materials.

Qualitative exploration of undergraduate social work students’ perceptions of sexual minorities in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Nigeria has been observed as a country with cultures, religious beliefs and legislation that drive negative perceptions, discrimination and oppression of sexual minorities. This calls for the intervention of social workers with the mandate of ensuring social justice and the protection of minorities. We explored the perception of potential social workers in the penultimate and ultimate years about sexual minorities to highlight their preparedness for this undertaking. The data collected from 18 students using semi-structured interviews were coded with NVivo 12 and analyzed in themes. We found that 16 of the sampled 18 students had negative perceptions of sexual minorities, which resulted in the widespread endorsement of oppression and abuse of homosexuals. We also found that Nigeria’s social work education curriculum is limited in preparing students for practice with sexual minorities. We concluded by recommending a review of the social work education curriculum for more inclusive training.

Helping Those That Hide: Anticipated Stigmatization Drives Concealment and a Destructive Cycle of Debt

Debt accumulation has been linked to materialism, impulsivity, shortsightedness, self-control, and lifestyle preferences. However, applying stigma theory allows novel insights into debt accumulation for middle-class individuals who access a variety of credit-related products. The authors define anticipated stigmatization of debt as the negative judgment and discrimination an individual expects to experience because of their consumer indebtedness. Results from a series of studies demonstrate that although financial stress motivates behaviors designed to reduce debt, debtors who anticipate stigmatization perform a variety of concealment behaviors (secrecy, social spending, and help avoidance) that hinder debt reduction and have negative effects on well-being. To understand how to help these individuals, the authors collaborated with a financial education company, designing a field experiment to examine the efficacy of a behavior change course. Individuals who anticipated stigmatization and formed new social connections in a community-based condition reduced their consumer debt. Although the emotional effect of community-based support has been examined in other stigma contexts, this study is the first to investigate the effect on well-being in a debt context and link social benefits to actual behavior change in terms of debt reduction behaviors and debt repayment.

An Exploratory Study of Arab American Pharmacy Educators’ Work Experience with Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Objective. To explore the experience of members of Arab American Pharmacy Educators (AAPE) regarding diversity, equity, and inclusion in their workplace.Methods. A cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed electronically to 51 AAPE members. Eligible participants were those who identify with Arab heritage and have worked at US schools or colleges of pharmacy. Following the initial invitation, three reminders were sent to complete the questionnaire.Results. A total of 31 (61% response rate) AAPE members completed the questionnaire. The majority of participants reported an overall positive academic experience. However, some participants reported being subject to negative stereotypes and discrimination, which may have hindered their ability to teach, practice, conduct research, and fully engage in service to their schools or colleges, profession, and community.Conclusion. Some AAPE members reported negative stereotypes and discrimination at US schools or colleges of pharmacy. Findings from this study can have implications for faculty representing different minority groups, especially for those pharmacy educators who are not of Western European descent and anyone who is perceived as the "other."

Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Yaşlılara Yönelik Tutumları: Pozitif ve Negatif Yaşlı Ayrımcılığı

Bu araştırma, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşlılara ilişkin pozitif ve negatif tutumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla planlanmıştır. Araştırma tanımlayıcı tipte tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma, Türkiye’de bir devlet üniversitenin hemşirelik programına kayıtlı olan öğrenciler ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü olan ve formları eksiksiz şekilde dolduran öğrenciler (n=331) araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Veriler 2022-2023 eğitim-öğretim yılı güz yarıyılında toplanmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, “Tanıtıcı Özellikler Formu” ve “Pozitif ve Negatif Yaşlı Ayrımcılığı Ölçeği (PNYAÖ)” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaş ortalaması 20,34±1,45 (en az: 18, en fazla: 26) dir. Öğrencilerin %75,5’i klinik uygulamada yaşlı hastalara bakım verdiğini ve %40,8’i en sık yaptığı uygulama olarak yaşam bulgularını ölçtüğünü belirtmiştir. Öğrencilerin %51,7’si mezuniyet sonrası yaşlı bireylerle çalışmak istediğini belirtmiş ve %36,6’sı yaşlılığı bağımlı ve bakıma ihtiyaç duyan birey olarak tanımlamıştır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin PNYAÖ alt boyut puan ortalamaları incelendiğinde pozitif yaşlı ayrımcılığı alt boyutu için 45,99±5,72 ve negatif yaşlı ayrımcılığı alt boyutu için 38,64±5,81’dir. Çalışmamızda 4.sınıf öğrencilerinin pozitif yaşlı ayrımcılığı alt boyut puan ortalaması diğer sınıf düzeylerine göre anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Kız öğrencilerin erkek öğrencilere göre ve geniş aile yapısına sahip öğrencilerin çekirdek ailesi olanlara göre yaşlılar ile ilgili tutumlarının daha olumlu olduğu ve pozitif yaşlı ayrımcılığı alt boyut puan ortalamasının anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, öğrencilerin yaşlıya yönelik pozitif tutum içerisinde olduklarını göstermektedir. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşlılara yönelik pozitif tutumlarının artırılması için gerontoloji ve geriatri hemşireliği derslerinin lisans eğitimi boyunca verilmesine olanak sağlanmalıdır.

Hubungan stigma diri dengan kualitas hidup orang dengan HIV/AIDS di Yogyakarta

Background: Self-stigma is the acceptance of negative behavioural psychic process applied in self-concept which results in loss of self-confidence and self-efficacy. The negative label and discrimination received by PLWHA have an impact on the loss of their rights as social beings, which creates a fear of being stigmatized and hiding their health status. Objective: The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between self-stigma and the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS in the Gedongtengen Community Health Center Yogyakarta. Methods: This research was used the quantitative which is using the Cross-Sectional Approach. The total respondent are 77 peoples. Analysis in this study used Somers’d. Results: Obtained p value = 0,033 (p&lt;0,05). means there are relationship between self-stigma and quality of life of PLWHA (p-value 0.033) with a weak correlation coefficient (r = -0.317). Conclusion: There is a relationship between self-stigma and the quality of life of PLWHA in the Gedongtengen Community Health Center Yogyakarta.

Societal impact on older persons’ chronic pain: Roles of age stereotypes, age attribution, and age discrimination

RationaleIn view of the severity and prevalence of chronic pain, combined with the limited success of long-term treatments, there is the need for a more expansive understanding of its etiology. We therefore investigated over time three societal-based potential determinants of chronic pain that were previously unexamined in this connection: negative age stereotypes, age attribution, and age discrimination. MethodsThe cohort consisted of 1373 Americans aged 55 and older, who participated in four waves of the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, spanning seven years. ResultsConsistent with the hypotheses, negative age stereotypes as well as age discrimination predicted chronic pain, and age attribution acted as a mediator between the negative age stereotypes and chronic pain. In a subset of participants who were free of chronic pain at baseline, those who had assimilated negative age stereotypes were 32% more likely to develop chronic pain in the next seven years than those who had assimilated positive age stereotypes. ConclusionOur finding that the three societal-based and modifiable predictors contributed to chronic pain refutes the widely held belief that chronic pain experienced in later life is entirely and inevitably a consequence of aging.

Does the owner’s caste affect access to credit for enterprises in India’s unorganized sector?

ABSTRACT Using a large publicly available dataset, we examine the extent of difficulty faced by marginalized caste entrepreneurs from the unorganized sector in India when trying to access formal credit for their small businesses. Contrary to the expectation that a perceived social vulnerability would translate to more difficult credit access, we find that entrepreneurs from marginalized castes are in fact more likely to obtain credit from the formal financial system. This result on the extensive margin of credit could be interpreted as the formal financial system’s positive bias towards the marginalized castes. However, when we focus on the actual loan amounts received, we find that all else being equal, entrepreneurs from marginalized castes receive significantly lower loan amounts. This result on intensive margin of credit could potentially be interpreted as evidence of negative discrimination by the formal financial system. Therefore, determining whether financial inclusion policies for marginalized caste entrepreneurs have been successful yields answers both ways, depending on whether we look at extensive or intensive margin of credit. This finding has serious implications for a good design, monitoring and evaluation of financial inclusion policies (such as mandatory lending within affirmative action programmes or priority sector lending) for borrowers from marginalized communities.

Find the Mistake!

Abstract: Reasoning ability has commonly been regarded as the best predictor of academic and occupational success. Due to concerns about the validity of multiple-choice (MC) formats, test security breaches, and the fact that the difficulty levels of most existing reasoning assessments target the population mean, there is a constant need for new reliable and valid test instruments that can be applied to assess fluid intelligence in advanced cognitive performance areas. We developed a novel computerized figural matrices test to assess nonverbal reasoning for university student aptitude assessment. In two studies, we generated, revised, and empirically validated the Isometric Matrices Test (IMT). Our results show that the IMT is less prone to test-wiseness strategies than existing reasoning tests. In a third study, we created and evaluated an innovative Find the Mistake (FtM) response format as an alternative to classical multiple-choice formats. Overall, both response formats revealed satisfactory psychometric quality in terms of item difficulties and discrimination, test-retest reliability, construct and criterion validity, and Rasch or two-parameter logistic (2PL) model fit, but in one MC version, the internal consistency was low due to negative discrimination indices. The MC response format turned out to be easier than the FtM format, with men slightly outperforming women in both response modes. We propose the IMT as a useful tool for assessing nonverbal reasoning ability in above-average performance areas and discuss the automatic generation of larger IMT item pools for adaptive testing in order to increase test security and reliability.

Comparison of the Diagnostic Performance of Deep Learning Algorithms for Reducing the Time Required for COVID-19 RT-PCR Testing.

(1) Background: Rapid and accurate negative discrimination enables efficient management of scarce isolated bed resources and adequate patient accommodation in the majority of areas experiencing an explosion of confirmed cases due to Omicron mutations. Until now, methods for artificial intelligence or deep learning to replace time-consuming RT-PCR have relied on CXR, chest CT, blood test results, or clinical information. (2) Methods: We proposed and compared five different types of deep learning algorithms (RNN, LSTM, Bi-LSTM, GRU, and transformer) for reducing the time required for RT-PCR diagnosis by learning the change in fluorescence value derived over time during the RT-PCR process. (3) Results: Among the five deep learning algorithms capable of training time series data, Bi-LSTM and GRU were shown to be able to decrease the time required for RT-PCR diagnosis by half or by 25% without significantly impairing the diagnostic performance of the COVID-19 RT-PCR test. (4) Conclusions: The diagnostic performance of the model developed in this study when 40 cycles of RT-PCR are used for diagnosis shows the possibility of nearly halving the time required for RT-PCR diagnosis.