Direct Negative Effect Research Articles

What predicts undergraduates’ student feedback literacy? Impacts of epistemic beliefs and mediation of critical thinking

ABSTRACT Student feedback literacy is emphasised in recent literature as a critical attribute of university graduates. Although the impacts of epistemic beliefs on specific dimensions of student feedback literacy have been discussed in the literature, there is still a lack of quantitative research to investigate the strength of such impacts. This study explores the impact of epistemic beliefs on student feedback literacy among 727 Cambodian undergraduate students, using structural equation modelling. Results reveal that the complexity dimension of epistemic beliefs positively influences student feedback literacy, both directly and indirectly through critical thinking. Meanwhile, the source dimension directly influences student feedback literacy positively, but indirectly negatively through critical thinking. The justification dimension indirectly benefits student feedback literacy through critical thinking, while the certainty dimension has a direct negative effect. The study concludes that nurturing dialectic epistemic beliefs and critical thinking is vital for developing feedback-literate students in higher education.

The role of resilience as mediator in the relationship between cyberbullying victimisation and depression among university students in Saudi Arabia

Background The evolution of technology has contributed to the way people communicate with each other; however, it exposes individuals to cyberbullying which has become widespread across many societies. Despite the increased attention given to this internet-related problem, little efforts have been made in non-Western societies like Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the direct impact of cyberbullying victimisation and resilience on depression among students and to explore the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between cyberbullying victimisation and depression. Methods A quantitative survey approach was employed to collect data from 353 undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of the Cyber-Victim dimension from the Cyberbullying Test, the Resilience Scale (RS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted using AMOS version 26 to test the hypotheses. Results The findings from the structural model showed that cyberbullying victimisation had a significant and negative direct effect on resilience. Cyberbullying victimisation also had a significant and positive direct effect on depression, while there was a significant and negative direct effect of resilience on depression. The study further found that resilience significantly mediated the relationship between cyberbullying victimisation and depression. Conclusions This study is significant as it is a pioneering work in Saudi Arabia that examines the relationship between cyberbullying victimisation, resilience, and depression among undergraduate students. The findings of this study can help tackle depression among students by increasing resilience when faced with cyberbullying victimisation.

Variations and controls of soil microbial necromass carbon in grasslands along aridity gradients

Microbial necromass is supposed to play fundamental role in contributing to soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization, while variations and controls of grassland soil microbial necromass carbon (MNC) accumulation along aridity gradients remains unclear. In this study, we obtained data for 201 MNC concentrations in grasslands, and divided them into four categories according to aridity for further synthesized data analysis, i.e., humid, dry sub-humid, semi-arid and arid zones. Results showed that soil MNC was an essential contributor to SOC in grasslands, accounting for 47% to 66% of the SOC contents with the highest proportion in dry sub-humid zones compared with humid, semi-arid and arid zones. Bacterial necromass carbon (BNC) contributed more to SOC than fungal necromass carbon (FNC) for semi-arid zones, while FNC was more important in other climate zones. As for contributions of necromass carbon to SOC, soil pH and textures played more important roles in semi-arid and arid zones than climate did, while climate mattered in humid and dry sub-humid zones. Structural equation modelling analysis indicated that soil pH not only had a direct negative effect on soil FNC but also indirectly affected soil BNC by altering SOC. Mean annual temperature and soil C:N could also significantly affect soil FNC, BNC and MNC by regulating SOC and pH. Our results highlighted that aridity shifts may cause divergent impacts on MNC and the proportion of necromass carbon to SOC in grasslands with varied soil environments.

Linkages of soil CO2 emission with plant functional traits in young subtropical plantations.

Soil respiration is a key process in forest biogeochemical cycling. Exploring the relationship between plant functional traits and soil respiration can help understand the effects of tree species conversion on soil carbon cycling. In this study, we selected 15 common subtropical tree species planted in the logging site of second-generation Chinese fir forest to measure soil CO2 emission fluxes, soil physicochemical properties, leaf and root functional traits of each species, and explored the effects of plant functional traits on soil respiration. The results showed that the annual flux of soil CO2 emissions varied from 7.93 to 22.52 Mg CO2·hm-2, with the highest value under Castanopsis carlesii (22.52 Mg CO2·hm-2) and the lowest value under Taxus wallichiana (7.93 Mg CO2·hm-2). Results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the annual flux of soil CO2 emission decreased with the increases of leaf nitrogen content and fine root diameter, and increased with increasing leaf non-structural carbohydrate. In the structural equation model, leaf non-structural carbohydrate had a direct and significant positive effect on soil CO2 emission fluxes, while leaf nitrogen content and fine root diameter had a direct negative effect by decreasing soil pH and soluble organic nitrogen content. Plantations of different tree species would affect soil CO2 emission directly by changing functional traits related to water and nutrient acquisition or indirectly through soil properties. When creating plantations, we should select tree species based on the relationship between plant functional traits and ecosystem functions, with a view to improving forest productivity and soil carbon sequestration potential.

Impact of Spiritual Leadership on Stress Among University Teachers Through Organizational Trust

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between spiritual leadership, trust, and stress in two private-sector universities located in Lahore, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 375 participants. Data was collected through surveys, and the analysis was conducted using the Heys process macro in SPSS. The findings of the study revealed several important insights. Firstly, the study found a significant positive direct effect of spiritual leadership on trust, indicating that higher levels of spiritual leadership were associated with increased levels of trust among individuals within the universities. Furthermore, a significant negative direct effect of trust on stress was observed, suggesting that higher levels of trust were linked to lower levels of stress among participants. Additionally, the study identified trust as a mediator in the relationship between spiritual leadership and stress. The mediation analysis highlighted that part of the influence of spiritual leadership on stress was transmitted through its impact on trust. Trust was found to play a significant role in mediating the relationship between spiritual leadership and stress levels in the context of these private-sector universities. Based on these findings, the study concludes that spiritual leadership plays a crucial role in fostering trust in the investigated universities. Moreover, trust serves as a protective factor against stress, indicating that individuals who perceive higher levels of trust experience reduced levels of stress. These results have implications for leadership practices within educational institutions, particularly in the private sector in Lahore, Pakistan. Fostering spiritual leadership qualities and building trust among faculty members and administrators may contribute to reducing stress levels and promoting a healthier work environment. However, it is important to note that these conclusions are based on the specific context and sample of this study.

269 Bioenergetic Consequences of Pre- and Post-Natal Heat Stress on Swine Productivity

Abstract Heat stress decreases the sustainability and profitability of global swine production and the reductive effects of pre- and post-natal heat stress on pig productivity have been well described. Decreased growth performance and sow milk production during heat stress exposure is generally attributed to reduced energy consumption and a corresponding catabolic state. Moreover, an assumed increase in maintenance costs due to energetic requirements for thermoregulation and greater chemical reaction rates is proposed to reduce energy available for growth and lactogenesis leading to decreased efficiency and productivity. Despite this, recent research has determined that postnatal heat stress can directly impact nutrient partitioning priorities and growth rate independent of energy intake, maintenance costs may be reduced in heat stressed pigs relative to thermoneutral controls, and that heat stress may have a direct negative effect on sow milk production and litter growth performance independent of sow energy intake. In addition to the postnatal consequences of heat stress, prenatal heat stress reduces postnatal growth rate and feed efficiency in pigs independent of the postnatal environment, increases fasting heat production during the growing phase, and alters nutrient partitioning priorities during the finishing phase leading to an increase in adipose tissue accretion at the expense of lean accretion. Furthermore, meat quality and quantity may be negatively impacted by prenatal heat stress exposure. In summary, both pre- and postnatal heat stress exposure elicit bioenergetic changes in pigs that influence postnatal productivity, and mitigating heat stress is and will likely continue to be a priority for the swine industry.

Controlling for the effects of environmental availability when testing how the environment determines community compositional uniqueness

Abstract Identifying the drivers that promote unique species compositions (i.e. ecological uniqueness) is crucial to understanding the mechanisms underpinning diversity patterns and for effective conservation planning. Environmental conditions are often sampled differentially in datasets, which can lead to rarer environments having unique species compositions, provided that environmental differences increase compositional differences. This effect, however, will be undesirable when a study aims to test the direct impact of environments rather than their availability. We developed an approach to reduce the effects of environmental availability in ecological uniqueness analyses through calculating expected pairwise compositional dissimilarities for each unique environmental condition. We further used simulations to assess the performance of our methods by randomly generating communities from two hypothetical environments with non‐overlapping species pools. Additionally, we used a dataset of 50 tree communities to demonstrate how environmental availability could impact relationships between environmental conditions and ecological uniqueness in empirical studies. Our simulations revealed that uniqueness metrics based on observed values are sensitive to environmental availability, while our approach correctly concluded that there were no differences among environments under the unbalanced design. Our analysis of tree communities produced divergent conclusions between the two approaches, as increasing slope reduced ecological uniqueness after controlling for their low availability in the dataset only. This suggests that low environmental availability inflated the ecological uniqueness of sites with high slope, which opposed its direct negative effects on ecological uniqueness, leading to a weak relationship based on observed values. To achieve a more mechanistic understanding of ecological uniqueness patterns, the effects of environmental availability must be considered. We recommend that studies use both uncorrected and corrected analyses to identify not only the direct effects of environmental conditions but also the degree to which their availability influences the observed relationships between ecological uniqueness and environment conditions. Our approach should be most necessary and applicable in unbalanced designs, which is a common characteristic in empirical studies.

Substitution of organic and bio-organic fertilizers for mineral fertilizers to suppress nitrous oxide emissions from intensive vegetable fields

To gain insight into the microbial mechanisms associated with the replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic or bio-organic fertilizers to mitigate soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we measured N2O emissions from greenhouse vegetable soils through field observations and pot experiments. Results showed that organic substitution suppressed N2O emissions by reducing soil mineral N content and stimulating the abundance of the nosZII gene. The trade-off effect of bio-organic substitution on N2O emissions may be due to the stimulated activity of the AOA-amoA gene, resulting in unfavorable conditions for N2O production and thus reduced N2O loss. We also linked the inhibitory effect of organic and bio-organic substitution on N2O emissions to the increased abundance of key species in bacterial co-occurrence networks represented by Patescibacteria as they were significantly and negatively correlated with N2O emissions. However, the mitigation effect of bio-organic substitution on N2O emissions was conteracted by an increase in Bacillus abundance due to the direct negative effect of Bacillus on the nosZII gene abundance. These findings suggest that conventional or bio-organic substitution is a promising strategy for alleviating the environmental costs of crop production.

Tobacco cessation attempts among Turkish adolescents: a structural equation model analysis

Abstract Background The Turkish Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2017 revealed that 17.9% of students aged 13-15 used tobacco products and 7.7% smoked cigarettes. Given the prevalence of smoking, it is important to evaluate the factors associated with quit attempts among adolescents. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with Turkish adolescents’ attempts to quit smoking. Methods This study utilized the data from GYTS 2017, which is a cross-sectional, nationally representative, school-based study carried out among adolescents. The study population (n = 18,985) consisted of students who had smoked cigarettes within the past year. After excluding inconsistent responses, 9,735 students remained for analysis. The outcome was an attempt to quit smoking within the past year. Structional Equation Model was used for analysis. The model included dependence level, sociodemographic factors, exposure to second-hand smoking, promoting factors for tobacco use (exposure to advertising in stores, at events, or on the internet), and anti-tobacco policies (sale restrictions, exposure to anti-tobacco media messages, TV spots) as latent factors. (The model fit; CFI=0.917, TLI=0.900, RMSEA=0.032). Results Students were 11-17 years and 66.4% were male. In the past 12 months, 56.3% (95%CI:55.3%-57.3%) of smokers attempted to quit. Dependency (ß=0.037, p = 0,008) and exposure to anti-tobacco policies (ß=0.114, p < 0.001) had positive direct effects, whereas sociodemographic factors (ß=-0.086, p < 0.001) and exposure to second-hand smoke (ß=-0.051, p < 0.001) had negative direct effects on quit attempts. Promoting factors weren't significant (p = 0.14). Conclusions More than half of smokers attempted to quit, and nicotine dependence predicted quit attempts. Exposure to second-hand smoke decreased cessation attempts. Anti-tobacco policies as sale restrictions and warnings of the dangers of tobacco should be enforced fully since they are the strongest predictors of quit attempts. Key messages • Quit attempts are prevalent, highlighting the need for cessation programs for adolescents in Turkey. • Anti-tobacco policies are the most accurate predictor of quit attempts and should be fully enforced.

Role of grandparents in risky health behavior transmission: A study on smoking behavior in Norway

Exploring the role of grandparents in the intergenerational transmission of risky health behaviors, specifically smoking, this study aims to examine the differential influence of maternal and paternal grandparents on their grandchildren's smoking behavior in adulthood. Utilizing the Tromsø Study's unique three-generational dataset from Tromsø, Norway, we employ a control function approach. The findings show a matrilateral bias, revealing that maternal grandparents' smoking behavior has a notable negative direct effect on the probability of their grandchildren's smoking. No such influence is observed in the case of paternal grandparents. Moreover, an indirect transmission of grandparental smoking behavior from grandparents to grandchildren through parents is identified, increasing on grandchildren's smoking probability. These results underscore the necessity of incorporating the influential role of grandparents, in crafting public health policies and family-centered interventions for tobacco use.

Central Kalimantan Province's District and City Macroeconomics, Community Savings, and Economic Development

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Percapita Income, Inflation, Interest Rates and the Dependency Ratio on Total Public Savings and Economic Growth in Districts/Cities of Central Kalimantan Province. The method used in this study is path analysis with the help of the IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 program. Path analysis is a method used to determine the direct and indirect relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable in the presence of a connecting variable. The data used in this study is a type of secondary data. Where these data are obtained from publications by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI). The results of this analysis show that percapita income directly has a positive and significant effect on the amount of people's savings. Inflation directly has a negative and insignificant effect on the amount of public savings. Interest rates directly have a positive and insignificant effect on the amount of people's savings. The dependency ratio has a direct and significant negative effect on the amount of people's savings. Percapita income directly has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth. Inflation has a direct and significant negative effect on economic growth. Interest rates have a direct and significant negative effect on economic growth. The dependency ratio directly has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth. The amount of public savings has a direct and significant negative effect on economic growth. Per capita income does not directly affect economic growth through the amount of public savings. Inflation does not directly affect economic growth through the amount of public savings. Interest rates indirectly do not affect economic growth through the amount of public savings. The dependency ratio does not directly affect economic growth through the amount of public savings.

Kalimantan Region Economic Growth and Poverty as Analyzed by Capital Expenditures, Human Development Index, and Inflation

This study aims to analyze the effect of Capital Expenditure, Human Development Index and Inflation on Economic Growth and Poverty in the Kalimantan Region. The data used in this study is a type of secondary data. These data are obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) publications. The method used in this research is Path Analysis. The results of this study indicate that capital expenditure has a direct and insignificant positive effect on economic growth, the human development index has an immediate and significant positive impact on economic growth, inflation has a direct and consequential positive effect on economic growth, capital expenditure has a direct and indirect negative effect. Important to poverty, the human development index has an immediate and significant adverse impact on poverty, inflation has a direct and insignificant positive effect on poverty, and economic growth shows a direct and consequential positive impact on poverty

Associations between therapeutic working alliance, meaningful experiences, and affective distress

AbstractWe used structural equation modeling to test client meaningful experiences in counseling and the therapeutic working alliance (TWA) as predictors of affective distress, controlling for clients’ age, gender, race and ethnicity, and length of counseling relationship. In a sample of 306 adult clients engaging in counseling, we a found statistically significant relationship between client meaningful experiences in counseling and the TWA (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). There was a significant and negative direct effect from client meaningful experiences in counseling to affective distress (β = −0.45, p < 0.001). However, we did not find a significant direct effect of the TWA on affective distress (β = −0.00, p = 0.97). Implications for counselors, supervisors, and counselor educators are discussed.

Studies on Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

The present Experiment entitled “Studies on correlation and path coefficient analysis in Faba bean (Vicia faba L.)” was carried out at Genetics and Plant Breeding Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya. The experimental material constituted thirtynine germplasm lines including four check varieties viz., HFB-1, Vikrant, Rebya-40 and Giza-4. The experiment was carried out in Augmented Block Design with five blocks. The results of path coefficient analysis using simple correlation coefficient revealed that the highest positive direct contribution towards seed yield per plant was exhibited by harvest index (0.836) followed by plant height (0.708) and biological yield per plant (0.471). The days to maturity (-0.578), pod per plant (-0.502), pod fertility percent (-0.188), days to maturity (-0.086) and seed perpod (-0.024) were the characters having substantial negative direct effect on seed yield per plant. The traits indicated above as crucial direct and indirect yield components merit due consideration in formulating selection strategy in faba bean for selection of high yielding varieties.

The Protective Role of Group Activity Prior to COVID-19 Pandemic Quarantine on the Relation between Loneliness and Quality of Life during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Studies of aging have suggested that QoL is positively associated with active social contacts and supportive face to face social networks. However, social networks and contacts in later life decrease due to a variety of reasons; the narrowing of social networks contributes to increased social isolation and loneliness and leads to the deterioration of well-being and QoL among adult persons. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between loneliness feelings and QoL during the COVID-19 quarantine as potentially moderated by group physical activity prior to the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. A convenience sample of 99 older adults aged 60 and over was interviewed. Using bootstrapping, we tested the strength and significance of the conditional moderation effect of group physical activity prior to the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine on the relationship between loneliness feelings and QoL during the COVID-19 quarantine. the results demonstrated a direct negative effect between loneliness feelings and QoL during the COVID-19 pandemic and that the relationship was moderated by group physical activity prior to the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine (p = 0.000). the findings indicate that policy makers and professionals working with older adults should seek ways to attract older adults to participate in group physical activity and enjoy its long-term social benefits.

Government Support, Professional Support, and Vicarious Trauma in Social Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Roles of Compassion Fatigue and Professional Identity

Abstract COVID-19 has had a profound effect on frontline social workers as well as their clients, and mitigating the risk of recurrence warrants an investigation of the individual and contextual factors associated with social workers’ experience of helper-related trauma. In this study authors explore the effects of government support and professional support on social workers’ vicarious trauma and the mediating roles of compassion fatigue and professional identity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveying 388 social workers from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, during the pandemic, indicated that professional support was indirectly related to vicarious trauma while compassion fatigue played a fully mediating role. Government support had a negative direct effect on vicarious trauma, and professional identity played a partially mediating role. However, contrary to authors’ expectations, professional identity was positively rather than negatively related to vicarious trauma. These findings suggest, first, that coping strategies for compassion fatigue should be included in professional supervision and, second, that government should provide more substantive support to effectively reduce vicarious trauma among social workers during the pandemic.

Beyond the Scale: Investigating Adiponectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 as Metabolic Markers in Obese Adolescents with Metabolic Syndrome.

Adiponectin acts to prevent vascular dysfunction due to obesity by inhibiting ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expressions. We investigate adiponectin ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese adolescents. A cross-sectional study with healthy obese adolescents aged 13 to 18 years was conducted from October 2019 to January 2020. Statistical analysis conducted was a test of normality and homogeneity tests, ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis, independent sample T-test/Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation and determined as significant if p value <0.05. 125 obese adolescents were recruited. 42 (33.6%) were obese with MetS (we grouped as MetS) and 83 (66.4%) subjects without MetS (non-MetS group). VCAM-1 was significantly higher on boys with MetS compared to girls with MetS, and even girls with MetS had lower levels of VCAM-1 than boys with non-MetS. ICAM-1 was significantly higher in boys with low-level HDL-c (p < 0.05) and correlated weakly with HDL-c, while adiponectin levels were significantly lower in girls with central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. Path analysis showed that triglyceride had a direct effect on ICAM-1 but not VCAM-1 in both obese boys and girls. Adiponectin had a negative direct effect on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in girls. However, on boys, diastole blood pressure had a negative direct effect, which might be the role of sex hormones indirectly. VCAM-1 was significantly higher in boys than girls, which showed that boys had a higher risk of atherosclerosis. ICAM-1 showed no significant difference in both gender and metabolic states. Adiponectin showed a protective effect by lowering ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 directly on girls.

No evidence for direct thermal carryover effects on starvation tolerance in the obligate blood-feeder, Glossina morsitans morsitans.

Thermal stress during development can prime animals to cope better with similar conditions in later life. Alternatively, negative effects of thermal stress can persist across life stages and result in poorer quality adults (negative carryover effects). As mean temperatures increase due to climate change, evidence for such effects across diverse taxa is required. Using Glossina morsitans morsitans, a species of tsetse fly and vector of trypanosomiasis, we asked whether (i) adaptive developmental plasticity allows flies to survive for longer under food deprivation when pupal and adult temperatures are matched; or (ii) temperature stress during development persists into adulthood, resulting in a greater risk of death. We did not find any advantage of matched pupal and adult temperature in terms of improved starvation tolerance, and no direct negative carryover effects were observed. There was some evidence for indirect carryover effects-high pupal temperature produced flies of lower body mass, which, in turn, resulted in greater starvation risk. However, adult temperature had the largest impact on starvation tolerance by far: flies died 60% faster at 31°C than those experiencing 25°C, consequently reducing survival time from a median of 8 (interquartile range (IQR) 7-9) to 5 (IQR 5-5.25) days. This highlights differences in temperature sensitivity between life stages, as there was no direct effect of pupal temperature on starvation tolerance. Therefore, for some regions of sub-Saharan Africa, climate change may result in a higher mortality rate in emerging tsetse while they search for their first blood meal. This study reinforces existing evidence that responses to temperature are life stage specific and that plasticity may have limited capacity to buffer the effects of climate change.

Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Ash Gourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) Genotypes

The present investigation was carried out during kharif season, 2018-2019 on 37 genotypes of ash gourd in Randomized Block Design to study the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advances, correlation and path coefficient. Results revealed high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for seediness (44.197 and 44.09), fruit diameter (36.41 and 36.26), average fruits weight (32.308 and 32.27), number of lobes (21.73 and 21.63), peduncle length (25.72 and 25.651), petiole length (22.25 and 22.02), fruit length (25.82 and 25.68), seed width (24.84 and 24.62), number of fruit per plant (21.93 and 21.81), nodes at which first female flower appears (28.54 and 28.48), yield per plant (25.35 and 25.11) and yield per hectare (25.35 and 25.11), respectively. Whereas, high heritability (h2) coupled with genetic advance over mean (GAM) was registered highest in seediness (99.52% and 90.61%) followed by fruit diameter (99.23% and 74.41%), fruit length (98.87% and 52.60%), respectively. Fruit yield per plant showed highly significant positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients with avg fruit weight (0.708 and 0.709), vine length (0.359 and 0.368), fruit diameter (0.304 and 0.307), seed width (0.337 and 0.342), crop duration (0.370 and 0.356) and cotyledon length (0.295 and 0.305), respectively. The highest positive direct effects on fruit yield was exerted by average fruit weight (1.034) followed by number of fruit/plant (0.738) and vine length (0.062) whereas number of lobes (-0.087) shown highest negative direct effect followed by ovary length (-0.062) and cotyledon width (-0.059).

A Structural Equation Model of Subjective Happiness in Menopausal Middle-aged Women

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to build a structural model to explain subjective happiness in menopausal middle-aged women.Methods: A hypothesized model was established based on literature review. Emotional stress and family support were included as exogenous variables whereas active coping, resilience, and subjective happiness were included as endogenous variables. This study was conducted using data from 228 middle-aged menopausal women living in the Republic of Korea that fit the structural equation model. The data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 and Amos 20.0 programs.Results: Emotional stress was revealed as the most influential factor affecting subjective happiness. Emotional stress had a negative direct, indirect, and total effect on subjective happiness. Family support had positive indirect and total effects, and resilience had positive direct and total effects on subjective happiness.Conclusion: To enhance subjective happiness of menopausal middle-aged women, nursing interventions, which reduce emotional stress and improve resilience, should be provided. Family-level nursing intervention should be also developed to promote family support.