Negative Control Group Research Articles

Effectiveness of a novel amine + zinc + fluoride toothpaste in reducing plaque and gingivitis: results of a six-month randomized controlled trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of a toothpaste containing amine compound, 0.5% zinc lactate, and 1400 ppm F (NaF) in comparison to a regular fluoride toothpaste containing 1450 ppm F as MFP/NaF (negative control). Plaque and gingivitis indices were determined over a 6-month period.Materials and methodsIn a randomized, double-blind, two-cell, parallel-group design on healthy adults from the Bangkok, Thailand area presenting with initial gingivitis (Löe-Silness gingival index ≥ 1) and visible plaque (Turesky Modification-Quigley-Hein index ≥ 1.5) were assigned test and negative control toothpastes and instructed to brush twice daily for two minutes.ResultsSite-level (N = 10,778) and subject-level (N = 92) data indicated that the test toothpaste increased the number of healthy sites and improved gum health as compared to the negative control toothpaste. For the test group, after 6 months, the average reduction for plaque, gingival index, and gingival severity was 31.2%, 32.3%, and 49.3%, respectively. Average reductions were greater in the test group than the negative control group across all measures.ConclusionsThe amine + zinc + fluoride toothpaste significantly improved measures of plaque (12× more effective) and gingivitis (5× more effective) in comparison to a standard fluoride toothpaste, suggesting that the novel formulation with antibacterial active ingredients amine and zinc facilitates more effective plaque removal, and promotes gingival health.Clinical relevanceThese results suggest that daily use of amine + zinc + fluoride toothpaste can provide a significant improvement in managing plaque accumulation and bleeding associated with gingival inflammation especially for patients experiencing gingivitis.Clinical trial registrationNCT06563518 (registration date: August 19, 2024).

Aqueous babassu extract limits IL-6 and TNF-α expression on indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats

In addition to previously been used with therapeutic purposes among traditional population in the northeast of Brazil, the pharmacologic properties of babassu (Orbignya Phalerata) have already been shown in many studies through the last thirty years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of babassu extract on prevent inflammatory response in Wistar rats’ gastric tissue, exposed to Indomethacin, against positive and negative control. The animals were distributed in three groups of five rats each. Group I received the babassu extract, Group II received omeprazole, as positive control, and Group III received distilled water, as negative control. Those three substances were administrated by intragastric gavage. 24 hours after the ulcer induction, with intragastric indomethacin, blood samples were collected, and total gastrectomy was performed. The gastric samples were rinsed with 0,9% saline, then gastric lavage and gastric tissue were systematic analyzed. The parameter for evaluation were presence or absence of Inflammation, Necrosis, Fibrosis, Reepithelization, Neocapillary and Ulcer extension on histologic analysis of the gastric sample, as well as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in gastric lavage and plasma. The histologic assessment has found significantly higher signals of tissue damage, in number, on distilled water group when compared with Babassu group and Omeprazole. The gastric lavage analysis has also shown significant statistically higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in gastric lavage(p=0,032) in negative control group than in both Babassu and Omeprazole groups. Finally, this study has found that Aqueous Babassu Extract has the property of prevent gastric damage tissue in rats exposed to indomethacin, such property was found to be equivalent to the Omeprazole property, the establish pharmaceutical treatment for preventing PUD.

Lathyrol affects the expression of AR and PSA and inhibits the malignant behavior of RCC cells

Abstract Objective To investigate how lathyrol affects aggressive behaviors and related proteins of the androgen receptor (AR) 786-O cells. Methods 786-O cells were cultured in vitro and divided into these groups at random: the dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) control group (A group), negative control group (B group), and experimental group (C group). Cells in A group were grown in DMSO working medium (contained RPMI 1640 medium and 1% DMSO), B group cells were cultured in nilutamide working medium (contained DMSO working medium and 325 μg/mL nilutamide), while those in C group were cultured in lathyrol working medium (contained DMSO working medium and 300 μg/mL lathyrol). Cell proliferation was measured via CCK-8 assays, and cell apoptosis was examined through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. Scratch tests and Transwell invasion tests were used to evaluate cell movement and penetration. The expression information about p-AR, AR, p-Akt, ki67, caspase3, cleaved-caspase3, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase9, cleaved-caspase9, and GAPDH proteins was investigated through western blotting. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify the 786-O cells’ secretion level of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) proteins. Results The negative control and experimental groups’ cells exhibited reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion and increased apoptosis after 24 h treatment. Furthermore, these two group cells exhibited a notable reduction in the status of Ki67, Bcl-2, MMP2, MMP9, and p-Akt (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the expressions of AR, p-AR, Bax, cleaved-caspase3, and cleaved-caspase9 (P < 0.05). There was no statistical distance in PSA, caspase3, and caspase9 expressions among the three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion In vitro, lathyrol and nilutamide exert notable anticancer effects by effectively suppressing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of 786-O cells while also inducing apoptosis.

Critical review of chronic toxicity testing approaches with the saltwater mysid (Americamysis bahia) used in pesticide registration.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has a conditional requirement for a chronic toxicity test with mysids (Americamysis bahia) for registration of pesticide products. Achieving performance acceptability criteria in control treatments for this study can be challenging because the current draft test guideline, which was published in 1996 under USEPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) 850.1350, Mysid Chronic Toxicity Test, provides limited information on study design and conduct. This critical review was undertaken to 1) identify areas of inconsistency in acceptability criteria between the 1996 draft OPPTS test guideline and ASTM International test guidance, 2) highlight areas that require additional clarification, 3) discuss areas that are impractical or have uncertain scientific relevance regarding the objectives of the test, and 4) provide recommendations for revision of the draft OPPTS test guideline. To achieve this, 116 final study reports from chronic mysid toxicity tests conducted over approximately the past 30 years were collected. From these reports, survival, growth, and reproduction data from negative and solvent control groups were compiled. Through investigation of trends in the data, it became apparent that no-observed-effect-concentrations (NOECs) were most commonly based on reproductive endpoints, followed by adult growth endpoints and adult survival. Notably, less than 1% of studies had a NOEC based solely on a second-generation measurement endpoint. Analysis of this comprehensive data set provided clarity on the establishment of acceptability criteria for the study and elements of the testing procedure that can be streamlined without loss of critical information, which resulted in a set of recommendations to improve future versions of the chronic mysid toxicity test guideline.

Efficiency of medical leech on experimentally induced incisional wound healing in rats.

This study was conducted in response to the increasing interest in understanding the effects of both modern and traditional complementary medicine on incisional wound healing. Herein, it was aimed to investigate the wound healing effects of medicinal leech therapy and leech saliva in an experimentally created incisional skin wound model. Fifteen rats underwent full-thickness incisions on their dorsal regions and were randomly assigned to five equal groups, as the Leech Saliva (LS) group, where wounds were treated topically with leech saliva once daily; Leech Therapy-1 (LT-1) group, where leech therapy was administered once at the beginning of the experiment; Leech Therapy-2 (LT-2) group, where leech therapy was applied twice, on days 0 and 3; Positive Control (PC) group, where wounds were treated daily with Phyto cream containing Triticum vulgare; and Negative Control (NC) group, where no treatment was given. Wound healing was assessed daily, and the experiment continued until complete healing was observed. At the conclusion, the wound size, appearance, and histological features were analyzed to compare healing progress across the groups. Medicinal leech therapy was observed to have a positive wound healing effect in the rat model.

Comparison of lung disorders following intratracheal instillation of polystyrene microplastics with different surface functional groups.

Microplastics have been detected in the atmosphere, raising concerns about their impact on the lungs. There have been reports on the effects of surface functional groups in evaluating the physicochemical properties of microplastics, but no reports have evaluated their chronic effects. We performed intratracheal installation in rats to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of microplastics with different surface functional groups on the lungs. Unmodified, NH2-modified, and COOH-modified polystyrene particles with a particle size of 1 μm were intratracheally instilled into the lungs of rats. Rats were dissected at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after exposure to analyze inflammatory cells and lung injury factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and to observe histopathological findings in the lungs. A significant increase in the number of inflammatory cells in BALF was observed up to 1 week after exposure to the NH2-based modified polystyrene compared to the negative control group. A significant increase was observed 3 days after exposure, and histopathological findings in the lungs also showed an influx of inflammatory cells into the alveolar space in the acute phase, but not in the chronic phase. In in vitro studies using RAW cell lines, NH2-based modified polystyrene also induced the highest oxidative stress compared to unmodified and COOH-based modified polystyrene. These results suggest that these polystyrenes do not have high pulmonary toxicity, although there are differences in toxicity due to differences in surface functional groups only in the acute phase.

Effect of Electrical Heat Carrier Temperature on Bacterial Leakage of Endodontically Treated Teeth Using a Bioceramic Sealer.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of electrical heat carrier temperature on bacterial leakage of root canals obturated with the continuous wave of condensation (CWC) technique and a bioceramic sealer. This ex vivo experimental study was conducted on 92 extracted single-rooted teeth. The teeth were subjected to endodontic treatment and obturated with the Endoseal MTA bioceramic sealer by the CWC technique using two different temperature settings of the electrical heat carrier: 120°C (group G120, n = 41) and 200°C (group G200, n = 41). A positive and a negative control group were also considered (n = 5 each). Bacterial leakage was assessed over a 40-day period using a bacterial leakage model. The incidence of bacterial leakage was compared between the experimental groups using the log-rank test. The significance level was set at 0.05. The median survival rate was 39.0 (25.0) days in the G120 group and 34.0 (25.0) days in the G200 group. Despite a slightly higher survival rate in the G120 group, the difference between the two experimental groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.612). The tested temperatures of the electrical heat carrier (120°C and 200°C) did not have a significant effect on bacterial leakage of root canals obturated by the CWC technique and the Endoseal MTA bioceramic sealer.

Reconstruction of rabbit corneal epithelium using adipose and / or bone marrow stem cells.

One of the main causes of corneal blindness is corneal alkali burn, which can also result in serious side effects such as limbal stem cell deficit, corneal perforation, and permanent epithelial abnormalities. This study set out to investigate the therapeutic potential of ADMSCs and BMMSCs for the reconstruction of the corneal surface after chemical alkali burn. Twelve adult rabbits were divided equally into four groups. Each rabbit in the other groups had a chemical alkali burn applied to their right eye using 6mm-wide NaoH soaked filter paper, while the negative control group had no intervention. All groups except negative control group received topical and subconjunctival injections. Group I (Negative control) received no therapy, whereas Group II received an injection of phosphate-buffered saline as the positive control. Group III received 1mL of ADMSCs, while Group IV received 1mL of BMMSCs. After 4 weeks, the corneal tissue underwent morphological, histological, immunohistochemical examination and gene expression. The ocular tissue underwent histopathological examination revealed re-epithelialization and nearly normal architecture in the BMMSC-treated group. The injured cornea treated with ADMSCs showed partial repair of the anterior epithelium, in addition to inflammatory cells infiltration. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed that, compared to ADMSCs and positive control groups, the majority of the stromal cells in the cornea treated by BMMSCs exhibited robust positive expression of vimentin and Ki67. BMMSCs exhibited considerably higher levels of gene expression for corneal indicators, such as keratin 12 and connexin 43, in comparison to other groups. In treating a corneal chemical burn, this study shows that MSCs produced from bone marrow and adipose tissue effectively reduce tissue inflammation, enhance corneal tissue repair, and stimulate cell renewal, with BMMSCs showing better outcomes.

Identification of immune-associated genes with altered expression in the spleen of mice enriched with probiotic Lactobacillus species using RNA-seq profiling.

Probiotics are living microorganisms that can provide health benefits when consumed. Here, we investigated the effects of probiotics on gene expression in the spleen of mice using RNA-sequencing analysis between negative control and probiotic groups (including 4 Lactobacillus strains: Lactobacillus fermentum, L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. brevis). Mice exposed with probiotic in 4 weeks by intragastric administration. Then, spleen tissues of the control and probiotics groups were collected on days 14 and 28 for RNA sequencing. In total, 665, 186, and 81 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly expressed on day 14 vs control, day 28 vs control groups, and probiotics day 28 vs day 14 groups, respectively. On the other hand, 12 toll-like receptor genes underwent additional validation through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), affirming the increased alignment between qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq findings. In addition, the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes and gene ontology analyses revealed that the DEGs were predominantly enriched in defense responses to pathogens, including inflammatory bowel diseases, malaria, leukaemia virus 1, and herpes virus, as well as immune processes related to immune response and signal transduction. This study represents the first investigation into mice's gene expression in the spleen exposed to probiotics using Lactobacillus spp. isolated from a field strain in Vietnam. Our results provide valuable insights into the impacts and functions of probiotics on mammalian development, offering crucial information for the potential therapeutic use of probiotics in defending against pathogens in Vietnam. The findings from this study highlight the potential of probiotics in modulating gene expression in the spleen, which may have implications for immune function and overall health in mice.

Ascorbic acid and calcitriol as alternative preventive strategies for myocardial damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an in vivo study using diabetic and atherosclerotic rat models

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and genetic transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB). These phenomena may enhance the progression of atherosclerosis. Additionally, NF-κB can induce apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells and accelerate disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of calcitriol and ascorbic acid on NF-κβ expression in vivo in aortic and myocardial tissues of Wistar rats. METHODS: This randomized experimental study involved 24 male Wistar rats of the Rattus norvegicus strain, divided into four groups: NC (negative control), PC (positive control), AG (ascorbic acid group), and CG (calcitriol group). The study spanned 90 days, including a 30-day intervention period. Aortic and myocardial samples were processed into histological preparations and stained using immunohistochemical techniques. NF-κB expression was assessed using an intensity scoring method. RESULTS: The CG group demonstrated the lowest NF-κB immunoexpression in myocardial tissue (0.27 ± 0.08), followed by the AG (0.37 ± 0.05), NC (0.68 ± 0.08), and PC (1.13 ± 0.34) groups, with statistically significant 3sbetween the groups (p < 0.05). In aortic tissue, the CG group also exhibited the lowest NF-κB expression (0.30 ± 0.18), followed by the AG (0.50 ± 0.09), NC (0.97 ± 0.05), and PC (1.23 ± 0.38) groups, with statistically significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed in the immunohistochemical staining of the NF-κB antigen in myocardial and aortic tissue samples. Calcitriol administration was more effective than ascorbic acid in reducing NF-κB expression in both myocardial (p < 0.05) and aortic tissues (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both ascorbic acid and calcitriol reduce NF-κB expression in the aorta and myocardium, with calcitriol showing greater effectiveness than ascorbic acid. Keywords: Ascorbic acid, calcitriol, endothelial dysfunction, immunohistochemistry, antioxidant, NF-κB expression

Influence of photobiomodulation therapy on regenerative potential of non-vital mature permanent teeth in healthy canine dogs.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of photobiomodulation therapy on the regenerative potential of non-vital mature permanent teeth of healthy Canine dogs. 54 mature roots, obtained from 27 premolars, in dogs, were selected and divided into three equal groups where Group I received regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) using blood clot as a scaffold (positive control), Group II received similar treatment as Group I, followed by photobiomodulation therapy (study group) and Group III did not receive any intervention (negative control). Each group was further divided into three equal subgroups for the evaluation of the vascular area percentage and fibroblast count at 3 different intervals; 3, 10, and 15weeks. Statistical analysis was performed with R statistical analysis software version 4.1.3 RESULTS: Data analysis for vascular area percentages, revealed an insignificant increase in mean values at 3 and 10 weeks for both the positive control and study group, and all values were significantly lower than the negative control (p < 0.001). At 15 weeks, there was an insignificant difference between the study group and the negative control group, with mean values was 9.76 ± 2.25, and 11.97 ± 2.37, respectively. However, both values were significantly higher than the positive control group (2.47 ± 1.0), (p < 0.001). Regarding fibroblast count, there was a gradual increase in mean values recorded at different intervals, reaching its maximum at the 15th week period; they were 41.40 ± 1.14, 56.60 ± 6.11 and 44.67 ± 17.04 for positive control, study group, and negative control respectively, with insignificant differences between the study group and negative control. The results of this study support the revascularization of non-vital mature permanent teeth as an alternative treatment modality. Photobiomodulation could improve the construction of regenerated blood vessels and fibroblasts. However, further studies with longer flow-up periods and different animal models are recommended.

BOVINE COLLAGEN EFFECT IN MAINTAINING BLOOD SUGAR AND BODY WEIGHT STABILITY IN DIABETIC RATS

Diabetes causes degenerative processes to occur earlier, for example during hyperglycemia with increased levels of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) damaging the body's metabolism. Consuming anti-diabetic medications lowers blood sugar levels; however, hypoglycemia, which can be life-threatening, often occurs. Additionally, patients with diabetic experience uncontrolled weight loss or weight gain. This study aims to test the potential of bovine collagen in maintaining stable blood sugar levels and body weight in rats induced with diabetic. A total of 24 seven-month-old Wistar rats were divided into four groups: negative control group; positive control group induced with streptozotocin at 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) and given water as placebo; a group induced with streptozotocin at 50 mg/kg BW and treated with bovine collagen at a dose of 2x 400 mg/kg BW/day; and a third group of healthy rats receiving bovine collagen at the same dosage. All groups were treated for four weeks, during which body weight and blood sugar levels were monitored. The results indicated that diabetic rats treated with bovine collagen had better weight control compared to the positive control group in the first week (p = 0.033); however, in subsequent weeks, bovine collagen did not affect body weight. Blood sugar levels in the four groups of rats during the first, second, and third weeks showed that bovine collagen significantly reduced blood sugar levels in diabetic rats from the first to the third week (p &lt; 0.05). It is possible that additional doses or the administration of antioxidant flavonoids may be necessary from the second week onward to maintain weight stability.

Efficacy of advanced chelate technology-based 7-mineral supplementation in mitigating aflatoxin B1-induced impairments in broiler chicken performance and intestinal health.

Optimal levels and bioavailability of trace minerals (TM) in the broiler diet are important for improving performance and health status in the presence of dietary toxins. The study examines the effectiveness of advanced chelate technology-based 7-minerals (ACTM) in broilers fed aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diets, involving 768 chickens in eight treatments with six replicates, following a completely randomized design. Treatments contained (1) negative control (NC) group receiving a basal diet without AFB1 and containing recommended inorganic TM (ITM) levels (NC+ITM), (2) positive control (PC) group receiving a basal diet with 0.5mg AFB1/kg and recommended ITM levels (PC+ITM), (3) PC diet+toxin binder (ITM+TB), (4 and 5) PC diet with 50% and 100% ACTM instead of ITM (ACTM50 and ACTM100), (6 and 7) PC diet with 12.5% and 25% extra ACTM (ITM+ACTM12.5 and ITM+ACTM25), and (8) PC diet with 125% ITM levels (ITM125). The results showed that the ACTM100 and ITM+ACTM25 treatments resulted in higher average weight gain and European production efficiency index compared to the PC+ITM treatment, but lower than the NC+ITM treatment. Key indicators of gut health, such as ileal digestibility of crude fat and phosphorus, AMEn value, duodenal villus height to crypt depth ratio, villus surface area, and gene expression of junctional adhesion molecule 2 were significantly improved in the ACTM100, ITM+BT, and NC+ITM groups compared to the PC+ITM group. Additionally, jejunal occludin expression increased in the ACTM100, ITM+ACTM25, ITM+TB treatments, and the jejunal zonula occludens-1 expression increased significantly in the ACTM100 and ITM+ACTM25 groups. The results indicate that completely replacing ITM with ACTM or adding ACTM supplement to ITM diets at 25% extra commercial levels can improve growth performance, gut health, and nutrient digestibility in the presence of AFB1 challenge. These effects are comparable to diets containing a commercial toxin binder.

HMGB1 Box A gene therapy to alleviate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats

BackgroundPulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the destruction of normal lung tissue and then replacement by abnormal fibrous tissue, leading to an overall decrease in gas exchange function. The effective treatment for pulmonary fibrosis remains unknown. The upstream pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis may involve cellular senescence of the lung tissue. Previously, a new gene therapy technology using Box A of the HMGB1 plasmid (Box A) was used to reverse cellular senescence and cure liver fibrosis in aged rats.MethodsHere, we show that Box A is a promising medicine for the treatment of lung fibrosis. In a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model in the male Wistar rats, Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare groups of samples.ResultsBox A effectively lowered fibrous tissue deposits (from 18.74 ± 0.62 to 3.45 ± 1.19%) and senescent cells (from 3.74 ± 0.40% to 0.89 ± 0.18%) to levels comparable to those of the negative control group. Moreover, after eight weeks, Box A also increased the production of the surfactant protein C (from 3.60 ± 1.68% to 6.82 ± 0.65%).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that Box A is a promising therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis and other senescence-promoted fibrotic lesions.

Larvicide activity of ethanol extracts from Zodia (Evodia suaveolens S.) leaves and Cananga (Cananga odorata) flowers on Aedes aegypti larvae

Controlling Aedes aegypti population in Dengue management programs is often carried out using high doses of synthetic insecticides, such as temephos, that may lead to resistances. An alternative of natural ingredient such as Zodia (Evodia suaveolens S.) leaves, that containing evodiamine and Cananga (Cananga odorata) flower that containing linalool, appears to be a promising larvicide. This study aims to determine the effectivity of ethanol extracts from Zodia leaves and Cananga flowers on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. This experimental study using Aedes aegypti larvae at stage of III-IV. Each ingredient was extracted by the maceration method and then prepared at concentration of 2.5% and 5%. PEG 400 was also added as a diluent. Observations performed every 6 hours, for 24 hours. Data analysis using Kruskal Wallis test and Dunn's test. Within 24 hours, in each of study group, there was 100% larval mortality. The Kruskal Wallis test resulting p-value of &lt;0.05. From Dunn’s test, comparisons between each study group and the negative and positive control groups yielded p-values &lt;0.05 and 1.000, respectively. Thus, it can be said that ethanol extracts from Zodia leaves and Cananga flowers are as effective as temephos as larvicide on Aedes aegypti larvae

Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaf Extract Improves Histopathological Damages in Kidneys of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin dysfunction, leading to redox imbalance and increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). This oxidative stress condition can lead to kidney damage. While drugs like metformin are commonly used to treat diabetes, they can also cause damage to the kidney. Therefore, exploring natural alternatives, such as Ruellia tuberosa L. leaves, is important to minimize side effects and protect kidney function.Methods: This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and five replications. The negative control group received distilled water, while the positive control group was injected with alloxan (150 mg/kgBW) and treated with metformin (50 mg/kg BW). Treatment groups (P1, P2, and P3) received alloxan (150 mg/kg BW) and Ruellia tuberosa L. extract at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW, respectively. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and if the extract showed an effect on the kidney condition, post hoc analysis with the Mann-Whitney test was performed.Results: The results of the study showed that there was kidney damage characterized by glomerular necrosis, degeneration of tubular cells, and necrosis of renal tubular cells due to alloxan induction. However, giving Ruellia tuberosa L. extract at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kgBW can prevent kidney damage.Conclusion: The data analysis results indicate that the Ruellia tuberosa L. leaf extract can prevent kidney damage in alloxan-induced diabetic white rats, with the recommended effective dose of 800 mg/kgBW.Keywords: Alloxan, Degeneration, Diabetes, Necrosis, Tubules

The protective role of ethanolic extract of ginseng (Panax ginseng) against adverse physiological and histological alterations in the liver of female rabbits exposed to chlorine

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has garnered considerable attention due to its medicinal properties. This study aimed to assess the protective effects of ginseng ethanolic extract against chlorine-induced toxicity in female rabbits. .Methods: Thirty-two female rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: a negative control group receiving chlorine-free water, a positive control group receiving tap water with chlorine (0.05 ppm/L), a group exposed to chlorine (5 ppm/L) in water, and a group exposed to chlorine (5 ppm/L) along with ethanolic ginseng extract (200 mg/kg body weight). Treatment lasted for four weeks.Results: revealed that oral exposure to chlorine led to oxidative stress, evidenced by elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver enzymes (AST &amp; ALT), as well as suppressed blood parameters (PCV, HB, and RBC count), and histological liver alterations compared to the normal control group. Conversely, administration of ginseng extracts alongside chlorine for four weeks reduced MDA levels and liver enzyme activity while enhancing blood parameters, accompanied by decreased inflammatory histological changes.Conclusion: These findings suggest that ginseng extract possesses potent antioxidant activity, mitigating chlorine-induced toxicity and its associated pathophysiological consequences. Keywords: Ginseng; Chlorine; MDA; Liver enzymes; Blood parameters

The Effect of Cinnamon-Based Cookies on Blood Glucose and Antioxidant Levels of ST-Induced Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a significant public health concern as its global prevalence continues to rise. Non-pharmacological treatments may offer promising results for diabetic patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cinnamon-based cookies on blood glucose and antioxidant levels in diabetic rats. Methods: A randomized block design was used, involving five groups: a non-diabetic group, a positive control group receiving 0.6 mg/kg/day of glibenclamide, a negative control group receiving aqua dest, a group receiving cinnamon extract cookies (0.2 g/kg), and a group receiving powdered cinnamon cookies (0.6 g/kg). A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into these groups (n = 8 per group). Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The intervention lasted for 21 days, during which body weight and blood glucose levels were monitored on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. At the end of the intervention, the rats were sacrificed, and blood serum was collected via intracardiac puncture. Body weight was measured using a digital scale, while blood glucose levels were determined using a glucometer. The serum was then analyzed for SOD, MDA, and insulin levels using the ELISA method. Results: The study demonstrated that both types of cinnamon cookies significantly decreased blood glucose levels by day 3, with the cinnamon powder cookies achieving levels comparable to those of non-diabetic rats by day 7. Additionally, both types of cookies significantly improved SOD and insulin levels and reduced MDA levels in the rats. However, the body weight of the diabetic rats was not fully restored. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cinnamon could be utilized in food product development for blood glucose control, with cinnamon powder potentially offering more favorable results. conclusion: These findings suggest that cinnamon could be utilized in food product development for blood glucose control, with cinnamon powder potentially offering more favorable results.

Comparison of Anticancer Effects between Platinum Levetiracetam and Platinum Azidothymidine through the Expression of Biomarker Genes on Cancer Cell Lines

Background: The utilization of biomarkers is a way to assess the efficacy of recently created anticancer drugs. MiRNAs, telomerase, and Bcl-2 are extensively utilized as biomarkers for this purpose. This study aims to evaluate the comparison of the newly synthesized platinum compounds such as Platinum Azidothymidine (Pt-AZT) with Platinum Levetiracetam (Pt-Lev) on HepG2 cancer cell lines via the biomarkers. Methods: In this study, cells were divided into four groups: Group A (HDF cells) were the normal negative control group, group B were HepG2 untreated cancer cells, and groups C and D were treated cancer cells with Pt-AZT and Pt-Lev, respectively. After evaluating the LC50 for the drugs by MTT test, the relative gene expression of the biomarkers was determined by qPCR. Results: The results showed a significant decrease for antiapoptotic genes including miRNA-21 (5.1±0.014), telomerase (0.56±0.48), Bcl-2 (0.41±0.276) in group D, whereas in group C was more than group D for miRNA-21 (6.0±0.141), telomerase (3.49± 0.231), Bcl-2 (4.93±0.276) also there was a significant increase in miRNA-122 (33.97± 0.04) in group D, whereas in group C was (28.36±0.007) and so lower than group D. Most of the investigated groups showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05). In addition, there were widespread apoptotic regions in Pt-Lev treatment compared to Pt-AZT. Conclusion: The advantages of using Pt-Lev were more powerful anticancer effects on biomarkers through inhibition of antiapoptotic and stimulation proapoptotic factors and also lower side effects and lower drug resistance than Pt-AZT; therefore, it can be considered a more effective anti-cancer therapy.

Masquelet technique combined with concentrated growth factors for the reconstruction of rabbit mandibular marginal bone defect.

Both the Masquelet technique (MT) and concentrated growth factors (CGF) reduce early graft loss and improve bone regeneration. This study aims to explore the efficacy of combining MT with CGF for mandibular defect repair by characterizing the induced membrane and assessing in vivo osteogenesis. Three experimental groups were compared: negative control (NC), MT, and Masquelet combined with CGF (MTC). Four weeks after the first surgery, histopathology is used to identify the morphological structure of the induced membrane, evaluate the degree of vascularization, and the secretion levels of osteogenesis and angiogenesis-related growth factors. In vivo osteogenesis was assessed with a second autologous bone graft surgery 4 weeks later, and bone reconstruction was evaluated by micro-CT and histopathology. CGF significantly increased the induced membrane thickness, vascularization, and growth factor secretion levels. Quantitative micro-CT analysis showed that the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) at 4 weeks post-surgery was higher in the MTC group (23.30 ± 1.15%) compared to the MT group (16.50 ± 1.29%) and NC group (12.62 ± 1.23%) (P < 0.05). By 12 weeks, the difference in BV/TV between MTC (32.59 ± 0.11%) and MT (29.89 ± 0.49%) reduced, indicating consistent bone regeneration. Trabecular parameters were consistently higher in the MTC group, highlighting enhanced osteogenesis. Combining the Masquelet technique with CGF effectively reduces early bone graft absorption and promotes bone repair. These findings suggest potential benefits for oral and maxillofacial bone defect treatment, though further studies are needed to confirm long-term efficacy. Integrating Masquelet technique and CGF in mandibular reconstruction may improve clinical outcomes by enhancing bone regeneration and reducing graft failure.