Negative Constructions Research Articles

UNGRAMATICAL NEGATION CONTRUCTIONS ON THE STUDENTS’ INDONESIA-ENGLISH TRANSLATION

This study was to investigate negation constructions in STAKat Negeri Pontianak students’ Indonesia-English translation. The participants were 78 students of semester 2, 4 and 6 in STAKat Negeri Pontianak in academic year 2021. The descriptive method was applied in this study in order to describe and analyze the constructions in negation. The tool of data collection was translation tes by preparing sentences in Indonesia and asking the students to translate them into English. There were 5 for each sentence in Present tense, Past tense, Modal, Progressive tense and Perpect tense. Based on finding, the students faced difficulties in demontrating the formula of each tense. Many of them still make ungramatical negation. The percentages of those are 80% in present perfect tense, 60.8% in past tense (60.8%), 50% in present progressive tense, 40.8% in present tense, and 29% occurs in modal. The highest ungrammatical constructions of singular case are tenses. The tenses mistake in present tense is 26.3% out of 40.8%, past tense is 55.9% out of 60.8%, present perfect tense is 70% out of 80%, present progressive tense is 47% out of 50%, and modal is 23.7% out of 29% ungrammatical negation construction.

“Keep Your Wheels Off the Furniture”: The Marginalization of Street Skateboarding in the City of Melbourne’s “Skate Melbourne Plan”

The City of Melbourne’s Skate Melbourne Plan purports to be skateboarder-centered, focusing on developing skate spaces for skateboarders. Drawing on research analyzing street skateboarders’ production of space and the importance of public spaces to street skateboarding, we examine how the Skate Melbourne Plan recognizes and supports street skateboarders’ capacity to skate in city environments. We suggest that rather than developing street skateboarding in the Melbourne Central Business District (CBD), the Skate Melbourne Plan reproduces negative constructions of young people who engage in street skateboarding as deviant and delinquent, by marginalizing and delegitimizing street skateboarding in public spaces.

The Acquisition of Negation in Italian

The acquisition of negation in Child Italian has not yet been comprehensively addressed in the literature. This paper aims to provide a fine-grained picture of the acquisition process in this Romance language by considering production data and exploring three specific aspects of negation development: (a) the emergence and subsequent development of negators and negative constructions, (b) the acquisition of negative functions and their varying proportion of use and (c) the emergence of negative concord constructions. Using the CHILDES database, the longitudinal data of four monolingual Italian children for an observation period from 1;07 to 3;04 years of age were extracted, and the negative utterances attested in their speech production were analyzed for both the single- and the multiword utterance period. Results show a consistent and progressive form–function development of negation, mainly in line with previous cross-linguistic literature but with some language-related features. Minor differences across children are also attested, which are arguably related to their language development, as measured by their mean length of utterance (MLU) in the age intervals considered.

Negation Construction of Discourse "Rang/Jiao Ni Zai VP"

In modern Chinese, "Rang/Jiao Ni Zai VP" is a disambiguation structure, which is a discourse negation construction when it expresses negative meaning. By analyzing the syntactic features of "Rang/Jiao Ni Zai VP", the contribution of its components to the creation and development of the construction is summarized and analyzed. The formation mechanism is explored in terms of both internal conditions and external motives, and its discourse function in an interactive context. They are regarded as the function of negative stance expression, which complements the academic research on related constructions.

Towards a Typology of Negation in South Asian Languages

The present study is a preliminary typology of negation in South Asian languages, based on a database of 25 structural features for 39 languages from three language families and two language isolates. The documented features include the form of the negative marker, the relation of the negative construction to the corresponding affirmative form, whether there are different negative constructions used in different TAM categories, and whether these constructions are symmetric or asymmetric. This study also provides a first analysis of the distribution of these different negative-marking strategies throughout the subcontinent and suggests that a combination of both family bias and areal pressure are needed to account for many of the observed distributions. In some cases of language contact, the data also allows us to determine with some certainty the type of contact situation which has led to the negative-marking patterns documented in the database.

A Comparative Analysis of Tense in the Standard Ígbò and the Ìmìlìkè Dialects

This paper examines the syntactic and semantic analytic descriptions of tense in the standard Ígbò and Ìmìlìkè dialect with emphasis on both the affirmative and negative constructions. The study was inspired by the dearth of scholarly work in this aspect of the Igbo language (Niger Congo: Nigeria). The theoretical framework of Bull’s (1963) analysis of Tense and Aspect is adopted. The analysis was justified with the use of concrete examples given from the standard Ígbò and the dialect. The findings reveal that in addition to the occurrence of tense in the standard Ígbò and Ìmìlìkè dialect, there is also a morphological opposition between the present and past tense in both dialects. However, it was observed that there exist tonal distinctions which occur in the derivation of the different tense systems in both dialects in the affirmative and negative constructions. It also reveals that lexical units interact with tone and the components of INFIL (Inflection) to derive either the affirmative or the negative construction appropriately.

Mapping the abject: Women's embodied experiences of premenstrual body dissatisfaction through body-mapping

Women's body shame and body dissatisfaction increase in the premenstrual phase of the cycle, associated with premenstrual distress. However, the meaning and consequences of premenstrual body dissatisfaction remain underexplored. The aim of this study was to explore how women who report premenstrual body dissatisfaction construct and experience their bodies, using qualitative arts-based methods. Four hundred and sixty women completed online open-ended survey questions and 16 women took part in body-mapping and an interview. Thematic analysis identified three major themes: construction of the premenstrual body as abject, manifested by positioning of the body and self as fat, leaking and dirty; self-policing and self-regulation through increased scrutinising and concealment of the premenstrual body; and resistance of cultural constructions of idealised femininity. These findings emphasise the need to acknowledge changes in body dissatisfaction across the menstrual cycle, and the implication for women's feelings about the self. Internalisation of negative constructions of the female body plays a role in women's experience of premenstrual change and distress. There is a need for further research to examine the role of body management behaviours in premenstrual body dissatisfaction and distress.

Visitors’ Feelings toward Moose and Coyote in a Wildlife Sanctuary: Transcendent Feelings of Animal Valuation Scale

Abstract Despite the importance of biodiversity, humans value some species more highly than others. Placing different levels of value on species can impact nonhuman animal welfare and conservation. Feelings are central to value recognition. It’s critical to better understand how to foster positive feelings toward different species. The purpose of this study was to test the Transcendent Feelings of Animal Valuation scale and evaluate the influence of a wildlife sanctuary visit on feelings toward moose and coyotes. The scale was piloted with 29 visitors and demonstrated good reliability. It was then administered to 100 visitors. At baseline, participants had a significantly stronger emotional valuation of moose compared to coyote, consistent with negative social constructions of coyotes. Both moose and coyote scores increased significantly from pre- to post-visit, suggesting that exposure to wildlife in a sanctuary setting can increase feelings of valuation toward diverse species. The experience may also influence wildlife stewardship.

Negation as involvement: Building intersubjectivity via the Hebrew lo tagid construction

This paper examines the contemporary use of a standard negation construction that has yet to be described in the literature, thereby contributing to pragmatic typology. The construction in question referred to here as the Hebrew lo tagid (NEG say.FUT.2.SG.MS) construction, consists of an optional affirmative clause or constituent and a negated prefixed verbum dicendi. Syntactically, the construction displays properties of a routinized chunk, and its verb component is semantically interpreted as a negator. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of corpus data reveal that the lo tagid construction rejects addressees' presuppositions like other negation structures. However, it tends to appear in a specialized discourse pattern of contrastive scalarity which correlates with the construction's general argumentative function of intensifying writers' stances. Examining the construction's analyzability, compositionality, and construal shows that its morpho-syntactic makeup distinctively shapes this argumentative function as an involvement strategy that triggers addressees' internal evaluations of the topic discussed. This research, then, extends previous accounts of how negation may be hearer-oriented.

“Immersed in World of Warcraft”: A Discursive Study of Identity Management Talk About Excessive Online Gaming

Online excessive gaming has been associated with negative player identity constructions depicting an abnormal life-style. Up-to-date, there is limited insight into player identity management talk about excessive online gaming. To address this gap, drawing from discursive and rhetorical psychology, we investigated naturally occurring talk of 134 players of World of Warcraft (WoW) -a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG)- from three publicly available websites and of five players from one focus group. The analysis illuminated participants’ dilemmatic and contradictory ways of constructing the player identity, while displaying immersion in the game. Participants invoke identity constructions like ‘nolifer’, ‘hardcore’ or ‘clean’ player, which they disavow or assign to themselves and to each other depending on the conversational context, while attending to concerns about (ab)normalcy. The study’s findings highlight a dynamic process of player identity construction in talk, occasioned by and exemplifying the contingencies of the discursive context.

ВІДМІННОСТІ В МОВЛЕННЄВІЙ ПОВЕДІНЦІ АМЕРИКАНЦІВ Й УКРАЇНЦІВ

The article deals with the differences in the speech behavior of Americans and Ukrainians, namely the reporting of bad news, expressions of sympathy, advice, and prohibition. Language as a social phenomenon reflects the features of social consciousness, cultural, psychological, and value orientations of a particular society. Language constructions leave a certain imprint on the reported information. The choice of construction is predetermined by the nature of the speaker’s worldview. American behavior is predicated on the presentation of a positive image of the self to the outside world. The leading characteristics of the American linguocultural space are a straightforward expression of opinions and a tendency towards a positive assessment of all life phenomena. The speech habits of Ukrainians, inherited from Soviet times, on the contrary, reflect a negative way of thinking. The hangover from the ​Soviet times is a large number of negative constructions. From generation to generation, people have faced a number of restrictions and prohibitions on a daily basis, which have gradually turned into speech clichés. In addition, the Ukrainian culture, in contrast to the American one, is characterized by less straightforwardness in communication. The examples given in the article illustrate the need to adapt the translation to the cultural norms of another language.

Negative constructions in theory and practice: Ukrainian-Belarusian parallels

In the article the material of monumental texts of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – the first half of the 17th century (business documents, artistic, polemical, chronicle, scientific and confessional literature) and the studied monuments of the Old Belarusian language are studied the diachronic aspect of the use of case forms (generic or accusative) in negative verb constructions; their functioning in modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages is analyzed.
 It has been revealed that in the monuments of the Ukrainian language of the specified period the accusative case in denial is inferior to the generic one. The use of certain syntactic models (parallel use of genitive and accusative forms in the pre- and postposition) was determined by the general style and place of writing the monuments. In studies of monuments of the Old Belarusian language in this position the genitive was fixed, and sometimes in negative constructions the accusative and the genitive were allowed at the same time.
 In the linguistics of the 20th – early 21st century philologists have repeatedly drawn attention to the peculiarities of the use of genitive and accusative cases in negative constructions both on the All-Slavic background and on the material of individual languages.
 Synchronously, it has been revealed that in the modern Ukrainian language the literary norm in negative constructions is the use of the genitive case instead of the accusative. However, there is no noticeable tendency to replace the accusative and the genitive in verbs with a negative participle not, as there are many cases of using the possessive case in literature and in everyday speech. On the other hand, there is no unanimity in the grammars of the modern Belarusian language on this issue: some scholars believe that both generic and possessive cases are possible in negative constructions, while others believe that only generic is possible. However, from a sample of analyzed works of Belarusian writers of the twentieth century, artistic and journalistic posts, as well as conversational style records, it can be argued that there are only a few cases of use of the accusative case, in particular in proverbs and sayings, and only the genitive is dominant in the negative constructions.

The grammatical representation of expletive negation

Expletive negation refers to constructions where a negator in the complement of certain lexical items does not change the polarity of the complement proposition. Jin & Koenig (2021) show that expletive negation occurs rather widely in languages of the world and in very similar environments. They propose a language production model of why such apparently illogical uses of negation arise in language after language. But their study does not address the grammatical status and representation of expletive negation. In this paper, we argue that expletive negation is part of the lexical knowledge speakers have of their language and that the negator in expletive negation constructions contributes a negation to a non-at-issue content associated with expletive negation triggers. We provide a Lexical Resource Semantics analysis of how triggers combine in a non-standard manner with the standard semantic content of their complements: the negation (and in some cases an additional modal operator) of the content of their complement is part of the trigger’s non-at-issue content while the scope of the negation is an argument of the trigger’s MAIN content. Finally, we suggest that the expletive use of the French negator ne includes a lexical constraint that requires it to modify a verb that reverse selects for an expletive negation trigger.

Фреймовый анализ как метод построения медиакартины города

The article is written in the framework of cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis and frame theory. A frame is defined as a deep conceptual structure containing information about the world. The transmission of this information is achieved through language, such as words, sentences, texts. This process is known as frame activation. The relation between close notions of frame and concept is discussed. With the help of linguistic analysis of media texts there proposed a typology of six contextual macro frames constituting the media picture of a single city. The classification can be characterized as thematic. Our interest lies in the positioning of the city in the federal media which is the data for our study. It permits to outline a general city image among wide audience. In the course of our work, we compiled a specialpurpose corpus of 9,500 selected news texts from the past twenty years, which helped us to obtain a fairly consistent media picture. The research clarifies that the positioning of a city in the media represents an accentuated ideological communication with a hidden and not strong speech influence where framing is realized as a means of constructing the reality. Framing of social issues is carried out through a wide range of linguistic tools: lexical units with positive or negative connotations, set expressions, metaphors, epithets, syntactical constructions, various expressive and stylistic means. A frame conveys characteristics of a problem, possible reasons, predominant assessment and possible solutions. Framing of the urban social problems results in constructing certain meaning systems and images which are described in this paper. Apart from relevance for linguistics, frame analysis of urban environment is viewed as promising studies to improve journalism as a social institution.

Chinese sentiment classification based on Word2vec and vector arithmetic in human–robot conversation

With the aim of enhancing human–chatbot interactions, this paper presents a novel sentiment classification framework that recognizes both semantics emotion terms and emojis. Underpinned by Word2vec and vector arithmetic, a deep model learns the vectors of emotion words and emojis from a large-scale corpus of conversations. The vectors are then assembled into a dictionary, evaluated with an improved k-means similarity calculation, and assigned to a category of emotions. To accommodate negative grammar constructions, e.g., “not happy” as opposed to “unhappy”, a separate module combines the vectors of negatives and emotion words using vector addition. The final sentiment classification results are derived by calculating the similarity between an utterance and the emotion categories. Experiments show this strategy results in multi-emotion and polarity classifications between 3 and 4% more precise than the next best performing baseline classifier.

From ‘sick nation’ to ‘superpower’: Anti-corruption knowledge and discourse and the construction of Indonesian national identity (1997–2019)

Anti-corruption knowledge and discourse emerged in the mid-1990s promoted by powerful international actors and organizations, mostly targeting countries in the ‘Third World’. In this paper, we seek to decolonize this knowledge and show how it influences the construction of national identity of former colonies. Our case is a country with a reputation as one of the most corrupt in the world: Indonesia. Long celebrated in the West for its economic growth and political stability, in 1997 the Asian Financial Crisis forced Indonesia to accept financial aid from the International Monetary Fund accompanied by harsh conditions that resulted in domestic turmoil. Using discourse-historical method, we trace how national identity was constructed in The Jakarta Post from 1997 through two decades of Western-influenced corruption-related reform. Our findings show how acceptance of Western anti-corruption discourse and knowledge early on contributed to highly negative internal constructions of Indonesian national identity, but over time, this gave way both to more positive self-presentations as well as greater critique and contestation of this knowledge. Moreover, alternative rationales for anti-corruption were asserted that drew from shared understandings of Islam and Indonesia’s independence. Overall, we show how this type of internationally dominant management and organizational knowledge (MOK) colonized how Indonesia was imagined but that contestation was possible, enabled by improvements in economic circumstances. We conclude by arguing that to understand the colonizing effects of MOK, it is necessary to look at the impact of management knowledge beyond the boundaries of organizations, including at the level of national identities.

On Noble and Inherited Virtues: Discussions of the Semitic Race in the Levant and Egypt, 1876–1918

This article examines new notions about race, ethnicity and language current in modern movements of Arabic literary and cultural revival. I argue that the Arab print market before World War I adopted the racial category of the Semite as highly relevant to Arab ethnicity and language, but the philological and literary significations of the term subverted the negative constructions affiliated with the Semitic races in Western race theories. Combining elements from the study of linguistics, religion, and political philosophy, Arabic journals, books, and works of historical fiction, created a Semitic and Arab universe, populated by grand historical figures and mesmerizing literary and cultural artifacts. Such publications advanced the notion that the Arab races belonged to Semitic cultures and civilizations whose achievements should be a source of pride and rejuvenation. These printed products also conveyed the idea that the Arabic language and Arab ethnicity can create ecumenical and pluralistic conversations. Motivated by the desire to find a rational explanation to phenomena they identified with cultural and literary decline, Arab authors also hoped to reconstruct the modes with which their Semitic and Arab ancestors dealt with questions relating to community and civilization. By publishing scientific articles on philology, literature, and linguistics, the print media illustrated that Arabic itself was a language capable of expressing complex scientific concepts and arguments.

Adolescent condom use in Southern Africa: narrative systematic review and conceptual model of multilevel barriers and facilitators

BackgroundAdolescent HIV and pregnancy rates in Southern Africa are amongst the highest in the world. Despite decades of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programming targeting adolescents, recent trends suggest there is a continued need for interventions targeting condom use for this age group.MethodsThis review synthesises evidence from qualitative studies that describe the determinants of condom use among adolescents in Southern Africa. We conducted systematic searches in four databases. Data were extracted, appraised for quality and analysed using a ‘best-fit’ framework synthesis approach.ResultsWe coded deductively findings from 23 original studies using an a priori framework and subsequently conducted thematic analysis. Synthesised findings produced six key themes relating to: 1) pervasive unequal gender norms and restrictive masculinities favouring male sexual decision-making and stigmatising condom use in committed relationships; 2) other social norms reflecting negative constructions of adolescent sexuality and non-traditional family planning; 3) economic and political barriers including poverty and a lack of policy support for condom use; 4) service-level barriers including a lack of youth-friendly SRH services and comprehensive sex education in schools; 5) interpersonal barriers and facilitators including unequal power dynamics in sexual partnerships, peer influences and encouraging condoning condom use, and inadequate communication about SRH from parents/caregivers; and 6) negative attitudes and beliefs about condoms and condom use among adolescents. A conceptual model was generated to describe determinants of condom use, illustrating individual-, interpersonal- and structural-level barriers and facilitating factors.ConclusionSRH programming targeting barriers and facilitators of condom use at multiple levels is recommended in Southern Africa. We present a multilevel integrated model of barriers and facilitators to guide adolescent SRH decision-making, programme planning and evaluation. Given the existence of multilevel barriers and facilitators, interventions should, likewise, take a multilevel approach that incorporates locally relevant understanding of the individual-, interpersonal- and structural-level barriers and facilitators to condom use among adolescents in the region.

“Castration or Decapitation?” A Feminist Reading of Two Stories by Angela Carter

This article examines two stories by Angela Carter, “The Bloody Chamber” (1979) and “The Executioner’s Beautiful Daughter” (1974) to account for Carter’s unique and ambivalent dismantling of patriarchal myths. Carter conflates two patriarchal tropes, castration and decapitation, to figure the oppression of women while allowing for an avenue of resistance. Using the French version of feminism, the work of Hélène Cixous in particular, the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Lacan, and the postmodern critique of Linda Hutcheon, the article contends that Carter uses the trope of decapitation to link beheading to loss of agency and thus to serve her project of exposing violent patriarchal and sexual structures. She utilizes decapitation to interrogate female inferiority and project its castrating impact on those women who are threatened with this punishment. Decapitation, however, becomes a means of undermining patriarchal logic from within since Carter reverses its targets and logic just as she does with castration. Carter’s act of conflating castration and decapitation and unsettling their connotations revises power structures and challenges attributing castration to men and decapitation to women, offering a postmodern critique of patriarchal fixities, oppressive boundaries, and negative gender constructions imposed on women.

\u201cIt's Not Just in My Head, and It's Not Just Irrelevant\u201d: Autistic Negotiations of Menopausal Transitions

Physical and psychological changes during menopause can be especially tumultuous for autistic people: difficulties with sensory sensitivity and daily functioning may be exacerbated. Through individual interviews, we examined the language used by seven peri- or post-menopausal autistic people to construct their experiences, and to consider the implications for their wellbeing and identities. Our analysis, which utilised thematic decomposition, yielded three discursive themes. The theme “Uncertainty about Changes” addressed how limited awareness and understanding of menopause combined with difficulties recognising internal states. However, with “Growing Self-Awareness and Self-Care”, some participants made conscious efforts to resist negative societal constructions of both autism and menopause. The theme “Navigating Support Options” addressed the interpersonal and systemic barriers participants faced when seeking support. There is a need for accessible information for autistic people experiencing menopause, and greater professional awareness.