Neem Seeds Research Articles

Efficacy of Neem Seed Extract in the Control of Fusarium Oxysporum of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Explants in Tissue Culture and Micropropagation

In spite the most stringent use of sterile technique during plants micro propagation, the nutrient in which the plants tissue is cultivated, is a good source of medium for microbial growth. These microbes compete adversely with the tissue culture material for nutrients. The contaminated plants culture remains a persistent problem that results to losses ranging from small number of cultures to the catastrophic lost of the whole batches of culture media and tissue cultures. The study shows the number of ginger explants initiated revealed that 62.5% were contaminated with Fusarium oxysporum which signified that these isolates constitute the major contaminants in the micropropagation of ginger which originated from the field or green house, 16.7% were contaminated with other organisms, while 20.8% uncontaminated culture tubes. The neem seed extract of water and ethanol extract at concentration of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5mg/ml were compared against Benlate; a commercially available fungicide for their antifungal activities against mycelium growth of Fusarium oxysporum. The results shows that the concentrations at 2.5mg/ ml of both Benlate and ethanol neem seeds extracts were highly effective in inhibiting the mycelium growth of F. oxysporum of 56.0mm and 55.6mm respectively. This is significantly (P<0.05) higher than the water neem seed extracts across the concentration levels. The concentrations at 2.0mg/ml of Benlate and ethanol neem seeds extracts were significantly effective for inhibiting F. oxysporum than their corresponding water extracts with the highest inhibition of 28.0mm at 2.5mg/ml. The result thus, indicates ethanol neem seeds extracts at 2.5mg/ml could be used to inhibit mycelium growth of Fusarium oxysporum to substitute Benlate. The use of antibiotics to control latent bacterial contamination in tissue culture techniques has disadvantage, they are usually heat-labile and often phototoxic and only effective against bacteria not fungi. The addition of antibiotics to tissue culture medium causes reduction in vigour, chlorosis in propagated plantlets and capable of altering the behavior of culture medium. Therefore, the use of ethanol neem seed extracts also has an added advantage of been an organic material in the medium and effective with the occurring benefit of non toxicity to the growth of in- vitro cultures.

Investigating the performance of bio-based demulsifiers for the demulsification of Nigerian crude oils

Commercial demulsifiers used by Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) are not biodegradable, making it paramount to seek bio-demulsifiers that can be produced in Nigeria from Nigerian vegetable seed oils. In this study, three demulsifiers were produced from Nigerian vegetable seed oils namely; Neem seeds, Mahogany seeds and Calabash seeds in concentrations ranging from 0.5-2.5 mL/10 mL of emulsion. These demulsifiers were tested under the same condition as the common commercial ones used in NNPC for static, dynamic, thermal and basic sediment and water removal. They all performed very well except for the dynamic test, which had low performance. The calabash demulsifier had a high performance of 80% same as the commercial on static test followed by Neem with 75%. The dynamic test recorded low results with the Neem demulsifier at 45% as the highest among the bio-demulsifiers and the commercial demulsifier recorded at 78%. On thermal tests, Calabash tied with commercial demulsifier at 80% followed by Neem demulsifier with 75%. In the basic sediment and water test, the Neem demulsifier had 75% while the commercial had 78%. They are, therefore, good enough to replace commercial demulsifiers. Keywords: Bio-Based, Demulsifiers, Demulsification, Investigating, Performance, Nigerian Crude oils

Total Phenolics and In-vitro Antioxidant Activities in Methanol Extracts of Raw, Ripe and Overripe Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Seeds

The harvesting of fruits at different developmental stages until maturity may influence their antioxidant activities. Therefore, thepresent study aimed to investigate the changes in total phenolics, flavonoid contents, and in-vitro antioxidant activities in methanolseed extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss at different maturity stages (raw, ripe and overripe). All the tested biochemical parametersvaried significantly with maturity stages (p < 0.05%). Total phenolics [mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dw] and flavonoids contents[mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dw] were highest in ripe (33.7 and 0.28, respectively) followed by raw (19.4 and 0.16, respectively)and least in overripe seeds (12.9 and 0.15, respectively). 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities in methanol seed extracts [μM ascorbic acid equivalent(AAE)/g dw] varied between 83.6–106.5, 68–93.8 and 44.8–177.9, respectively. IC50 values (mg/mL) for overripe, raw and ripe seedmethanol extract were 0.60, 1.11, and 2.10, respectively. The study concludes that seeds of A. indica were rich in natural phenolics andalso possess significant antioxidant activities. Thus the present study suggested that fruit industries should harvest ripe fruit seeds ofA. indica to meet out the need of natural phenolics for health benefits of local people.

Impact of Different Drying Techniques on Neem Seeds Drying Kinetics and Oil Quality

Neem oil is a promising alternative for synthetic chemicals in food preservation and an active functional agent in food packaging. Drying studies were conducted on neem seeds using different drying methods, and the oil yield profile and nutritional content such as azadirachtin content, functional groups, and elemental composition were analysed. Tray drying at 60°C showed a faster drying rate with a minimum quality of the oil. The process parameters were statistically optimized by analysing the effect of drying methods and thickness (15 and 30 mm) on azadirachtin content and oil yield. Maximum oil yield and azadirachtin content of 42.1 and 0.053% were obtained in solar drying with 15 mm bed thickness. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that there is no change in the functional group when the neem seeds were dried, and the peak absorption wavenumber confirmed the presence of O-H stretching, C-H stretching, C-O stretching, C-H bending, O-H bending, C=O stretching, and N-H stretching. Sun- and solar-dried neem seeds showed maximum retention in elemental composition when compared to the tray-drying method.

Co-pyrolysis of Azadirachta indica non-edible seed and waste LDPE: Analysis of kinetic models using thermogravimetric analyser and prediction modeling with Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

Energy production from waste biomass seeds and plastic wastes must be done immediately, keeping the future in mind, as waste plastic and seeds have become a major source of attractiveness for producing liquid fuel in a pollution-free environment and disposing of waste plastic, which causes serious environmental issues. In this study, theoretical modeling was used to assess the pyrolysis feedstock potential of Azadirachta indica, or Neem non-edible seeds, and waste LDPE (low-density polyethylene) in a set ratio. Thereafter, the TG-DTG data was applied into artificial neural network (ANN). The Azadirachta indica seed-waste LDPE mixture was TG-DTG examined at three heating rates of 10, 20 and 30 °C/min. The thermodynamic parameters were also obtained at the same heating rates. A blend sample requires less energy to pyrolyze than an individual sample. When ANN prediction modeling was used to predict TG-DTG data, R2 was always found unity in training, validation, and testing, and MSE was minimised for all heating rates. Levenberg-Marquardt trained the ANN model. According to the findings of this study, combining Azadirachta indica seed with waste LDPE could be a workable alternative that would result in an improvement to the process as a whole.

Peningkatan Kualitas Desa Menciptakan Lingkungan yang Sehat, Tanggap, Asri, dan Bijak dalam Menjaga Lingkungan di Desa Muara Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

The purpose of this activity is to create a healthy, responsive, beautiful and wise environment in protecting the environment in Muara Kumpeh Village, Muaro Jambi Regency. The methods used include: 1) making observations; 2) submission of proposals; 3) collection of seeds; 4) distribution of seeds; and 5) planting on village land. The results of the dedication obtained were the handling of excess waste in Muara Kumpeh Village by recycling waste such as used bottles which were used as flower pots and also other waste. Reforestation of Muara Kumpeh Village by planting 1,500 productive and non-productive tree seedlings, namely 300 durian seeds, 300 avocado seeds, 300 sengkol seeds, 300 neem seeds, 150 teak seeds, 150 mahogany seeds. and also distributed it with the farmer groups of Muara Kumpeh Village to the community.

Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Properties of Neem Seed Protein Hydrolysates: The Effects of Hydrolytic Enzyme Type and Peptide Size

Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Properties of Neem Seed Protein Hydrolysates: The Effects of Hydrolytic Enzyme Type and Peptide Size

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. ) Seeds Harvested in Senegal

Objective: To make better understanding of the neem seed composition (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) particularly in Senegal by the extraction, the proportioning and the determination of the composition of its essential oil. Methods: The extraction of essential oil from neem seeds is carried out by hydro-distillation. The Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) were used for analysis and identification of components. Findings: The yield of essential oil from dry neem seeds (95.7% dry matter) is 0.076%. The major compounds identified are 5,6-dihydro-2,4,6-triethyl- (4H) 1-3,5-dithiazine (39.1%), cis 1,2,4-Trithiolane, 3, 5-diethyl (7.9%), 1-H-indole 2,3-dione (7.9%), trans 1,2,4-Trithiolane, 3,5-diethyl (6.2%), and ethyl thioisobutyrate (4%). The classification of compounds reveals that the essential oil of neem seeds is composed of sulfur and nitrogen compounds (40.1%), sulfur compounds (25.3%), and nitrogen compounds (15.1%), sesquiterpenes (7.4%), Fatty Acid Esters (FAE) (1.5%) and hydrocarbons (0.4%). This composition reveals that neem essential oil is mainly composed of non-terpene compounds. Novelty: The method of analysis by GC-MS although being the most widely implemented in the quantification and identification of volatile compounds is not applied in the case of neem seeds of African origin. Keywords: Chemical Composition; Essential Oil; Neem; Azadirachta indica; Seeds

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Neem Seed (Azadirachta indica) Extracts

In this study, the phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of neem seed oils (Azadirachta indica) was analyzed. The extract was extracted by solvent extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous solvents. The percentage yields of the extraction were 42.50%, 40.70%, 38.30% and 28.50% for the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous solvents respectively. The phytochemical screening of the samples revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids in neem seed extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration of the neem seed extract was determined on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The MIC for neem seed extract in methanolic extract on E. coli and S. aureus was the least at 6.25% concentration while the MIC on the fungi (A. niger) was at 50% concentration having a zone of inhibition of 7.67± 0.71mm. There was no growth inhibition in C. albicans. The neem seed extract was shown to possess an antioxidant activity using DPPH radical. There was a significant increase in the scavenging activity of the neem seed extract as the concentration increased from 6.25% to 100%. The blended quantity of the neem seed extract showed the highest scavenging activity of 54.19 ± 0.03%. The study shows the extracts of neem seed possess good bioactive agents, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and therefore they could be effectively used as a natural source of antioxidants and to be detected against gram-positive bacteria.

Turbidity removal through the application of powdered azadirachta indica (neem) seeds

Various natural products used for water treatment are becoming more popular due to their general safety, eco-friendly sludge production, ease of degradation, cost-effectiveness, and local availability. This research assessed the efficiency of powdered neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds in removing turbidity from the water. Batch experiments determined the optimum coagulant dose, pH level, mixing time, and mixing speed to reduce turbidity from kaolin-based synthetic turbid water. Powdered neem seeds with a pore size of about 0.45 mm were prepared and used in water treatment under optimum conditions. Results showed that a coagulant dose of 3 g of neem seeds/L, 13.2 pH level, 60 mins mixing time at 80 rpm mixing speed could reduce turbidity levels to 35 NTU from 250 NTU (86% removal). Findings suggest that powdered neem seeds can be a potential substitute for conventional chemical coagulants for drinking water treatment.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SHREDDED NEEM SEEDS (AzadirachtaIndica A. Juss) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA J. & SMITH (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) IN SORGHUM CULTIVATION IN MALI

As part of the alternative management of Spodoptera frugiperda and for food security, a test of the effectiveness of crushed neem in sorghum cultivation was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Center of Sotuba during the rainy season from 2020 to 2022. The objectives were: to identify an effective intervention threshold against Spodoptera frugiperda compatible with the use of crushed neem seeds; to determine an effective spraying frequency of neem seed grind and to determine the effect of neem seed grind on sorghum grain yield. A total randomization design with five treatments in five repetitions was carried out. A significant average reduction in the population of the lowest Spodoptera frugiperda larvae was recorded by 0.00 larva/plant, an average incidence of 5.0948% and an increase in the highest average grain yields of 1703 kg-1ha and of straw of 4410 kg-1ha in the sorghum plots under protection. The use of shredded neem seeds can be recommended for the management of Spodoptera frugiperda in sorghum cultivation in Mali.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seeds on the Streptozotocin-induced Wistar Rats

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seeds on the Streptozotocin-induced Wistar Rats

Evaluation of Lubricant properties of bio-lubricant formulations developed from Neem Seed Oil

Evaluation of Lubricant properties of bio-lubricant formulations developed from Neem Seed Oil

천연 진드기기피제 개발을 위한 블렌딩 에센셜오일의 진드기 기피효능에 관한 연구

In this study, an experiment was conducted to measure the tick repellent efficacy through the synergy effect according to the type and ratio of blending essential oil. The subjects were adults and nymphs of the Haemaphysalis longicornis, and the repellent efficacy was measured using the filter paper bioassay method. Based on the past research, citronella oil, geranium oil, vetiver oil, and neem oil were selected as a single treatment experiment since their repellent efficacy was confirmed. The first experiment revealed that the repellent efficacy of citronella oil and geranium oil were high. Afterwards, in order to investigate the synergy effect on tick repellent efficacy, experimental group was consisted of neem seed oil (carrier oil) that was blended with citronella and geranium oil, at a ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 17:3 (15%). Also, negative control group was composed of ethanol that was blended with citronella and geranium oil at the same ratio of experimental group. As a result, the blending of citronella and neem seeds showed higher repellent efficacy in all blending ratios than the blending of geranium and neem seeds. In adult ticks, blending ratio of citronella and neem seeds was 1:1 and 17:3, showed the most significant difference of repellent efficacy. In nymph ticks, when the blending ratio of citronella and neem seed was 1:1 and 17:3, the repellent efficacy was the same as that of the positive control commercial repellent. In conclusion, it was confirmed that both nymph and adults ticks showed higher repellent efficacy when blended than single treatment. In this study, the synergy effect of the blending of citronella and neem seeds on the tick repellent effect has a high potential to replace synthetic repellents.

Evaluation of selected botanicals for the management of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) on maize (Zea mays L.) grain under laboratory condition in Gabilay District, Somaliland

One of the most reliable crops in the research region is maize. However, a variety of post-harvest insect pests like Sitophilus zeamais and Angoumois grain moths pose a hazard to the cultivation and storage of maize. Hence, a laboratory experiment was conducted in Gabilay District Somaliland in 2021 to assess selected botanicals effectiveness against maize weevil. The treatments of consisted of six botanicals namely neem seed, neem leaves, garlic, lantana, ginger, and pepper tree leaves at 50 g/kg of each were evaluated. Malathion 5% dust at 0.05 g/kg as standard check and the control/untreated check/were included for comparison. The Experiment was designed in a Completely Randomized Design and replicated three times, All the botanical powders were more effective than the control by causing high insect mortality, by lowering grain damage, weight loss, and emergence of F1 progeny. Neem seed and Garlic showed 100% adult mortality, which had a similar effect to Malathion 5% dust. Neem seeds produced the lowest F1 offspring, followed by garlic. Neem seeds and garlic had the least amount of seed damage among the botanicals (0%) and (4%), respectively. The control/untreated check/resulted in the most seed damage (45%). Similarly, the highest weight loss among the botanicals was recorded on the control check, Ginger and Pepper tree 11%, 5%, and 4% respectively. The ability of seeds to germinate was unaffected by the botanicals. A conclusion, neem seed and garlic leaves are the most effective treatment against maize weevil.

Valorization of neem seeds biomass to biofuel via non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis process: Investigation of catalytic activity of Co–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–Mo/Al2O3 for biofuel production

Biofuel production from neem seeds have been evaluated via non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis process. Co–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–Mo/Al2O3 industrial catalysts have been applied in upgrading process of pyrolysis oil to biofuel. The catalytic activity test revealed that these catalysts succeeded in converting fatty acids content of pyrolysis oil into low oxygen content compounds such as alcohols, alkanes, cyclic compounds, and esters via deoxygenation route. Enhancement of temperature and catalyst loading lead to increase of bio-gas production yield, significantly. The highest yield of pyrolysis oil (60.2%) was obtained at 450 °C, heating rate of 40 °C.min−1 via non-catalytic pyrolysis. Using 40% catalyst loading of Ni–Mo/Al2O3, the content of alcohol, cyclic and alkane compounds in the bio-oil were reached 12.65%, 21.74% and 15%, respectively. The highest selectivity using 40% catalyst loading of Co–Mo/Al2O3 catalyst at 450 °C was related to fatty acids (62.5%), esters (18.2%) and alkanes (6.25). It is inferred that the addition of Ni to Mo causes more progress of decarbonylation and decarboxylation reactions, and the addition of Co to Mo generates more ester compounds. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the effect of Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalyst through catalytic pyrolysis process was more severe than Co–Mo/Al2O3 catalyst.

Effectiveness of neem materials and biochar as nitrification inhibitors in reducing nitrate leaching in a compost-amended Ferric Luvisol

The nitrates produced after mineralization from compost may be prone to leaching, especially in tropical sandy soils, because of the increased rate of nitrification and the porous nature of such soils. This may result in low nitrogen (N) use efficiency and adverse environmental effects. Inorganic nitrification inhibitors are costly and mostly unavailable in Ghana. Research on simple but effective local materials for use as nitrification inhibitors is therefore a priority. Two such materials are neem materials and biochar. Neem materials can suppress nitrifying bacteria due to their antimicrobial properties. Biochar can hold ammonium in the soil, making it temporarily unavailable to nitrifying bacteria. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of neem materials and biochar as nitrification inhibitors and their influence on nitrate leaching. In preliminary studies: 1) pot incubation was conducted for 60 days to estimate the nitrification rate with manure, compost, and NH4Cl as the N source (150 kg N/ha) in one set and neem seeds, bark, and leaves (1.25 µg azadirachtin/g) in another set, using nitrate concentrations; and 2) the ammonium sorption and desorption capacities of sawdust, rice husk, and groundnut husk biochar were determined. In the main study, pot incubation with compost as the N source but treated with milled neem seeds or bark (1.25 µg azadirachtin/g) or sawdust biochar (20 t/ha) was conducted for 60 days, in which the nitrification inhibition was determined using nitrate concentrations. A leaching experiment in columns with similar treatments and maize sown was then conducted to quantify the nitrate in leachates. A high nitrification rate was recorded in compost-amended soil, almost half that of the standard (NH4Cl). The use of sawdust biochar, which showed the highest ammonium sorption and desorption capacity, resulted in 40% nitrification inhibition that lasted the entire incubation period. The use of neem seeds with an azadirachtin concentration of 3.92 mg/g resulted in a similar nitrification inhibition, but this only lasted 40 days. Inhibition caused by both materials resulted in about a 60% reduction in nitrate leached. Thus, neem seeds (498 kg/ha) and sawdust biochar (20 mt/ha) could be used to control nitrate leaching for short-duration and long-duration crops, respectively.

The Azadirachta indica (Neem) Seed Oil Reduced Chronic Redox-Homeostasis Imbalance in a Mice Experimental Model on Ochratoxine A-Induced Hepatotoxicity.

Liver damage severity depends on both the dose and the exposure duration. Oxidative stress may increase the Ochratoxine-A (OTA) hepatotoxicity and many antioxidants may counteract toxic liver function. The present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of Azadirachta indica A (A. indica; neem oil) seed oil to reduce acute oxidative disorders and residual OTA toxicity in a 28-day experimental model. The activity of antioxidant and hepatic enzymes, cytokines and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers –MDA, GSPx, Hydroxiproline, GST, PCC, AGEs, PGC-1, and STIR-1 were analyzed by ELISA. The free radicals ROS and RNS levels were measured by EPR. The protective effects were studied in BALB/C mice treated with A. indica seed oil (170 mg/kg), alone and in combination with OTA (1.25 mg/kg), by gavage daily for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, mice treated with OTA showed changes in liver and antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress parameters in the liver and blood. A. indica oil significantly reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation compared to the OTA group. In addition, the hepatic histological evaluation showed significant adipose tissue accumulation in OTA-treated tissues, while treatment with 170 mg/kg A. indica oil showed moderate adipose tissue accumulation.

Preliminary Studies on Bio-efficacy of Different Botanical Extracts against Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) Causing Collar Rot of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the world’s third most important pulse crop. Collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is an important devasting disease of chickpea in areas where seedling is exposed to high temperature and high moisture in the soil, affected seedlings turn yellow, which can be easily pulled out, which causes considerable damage to the plant stand. Botanical’s control is very important aspects to minimize cost of cultivation and also to avoid environment pollution and health hazards. Thus, botanicals extracts were tested for their efficacy against S. rolfsii for manage the disease. Methods: Present investigation was undertaken for bio-efficacy of aqueous botanical extracts of different non-host plants viz., neem seeds kernel extract (NSKE), neem leaves extract (NLE), tulsi leaves extract (TLE), datura leaves extract (DLE), aak leaves extract (ALE), lantana leaves extract (LLE), kaner leaves extract (KLE) and gajargass leaves extract (GLE) were evaluated in vitro at three concentrations viz., 5, 10 and 15% against S. rolfsii causing collar rot of chickpea, by using poisoned food technique. Most effective in vitro evaluate botanical extracts further tested for their efficacy against management of the disease under pot experiment in net house. Result: The result revealed that all the botanical extracts are significantly inhibited the growth of test organism at all the concentrations tested after 96 h of inoculation. The NSKE recorded significantly superior in inhibiting mycelial growth up to 47.22 and 59.44% at 10 and 15% concentration, respectively with a mean of 46.85%, followed by tulsi leaves extract with 43.61 and 56.11% at 10 and 15% concentration respectively with a mean of 43.61%. While, at 5% concentration both extracts at par statistically to each other. Lantana leaves extract is found statistically at par with tulsi leaf extract at all concentrations least inhibition was observed in kaner leaves extract under in vitro condition. Under pot experiments all the treatments proved significantly superior when compared with inoculated control. NSKE @ 15% concentration was found significantly superior to control the disease, when applied through seed treatment and integration of seed treatment and post emergence seedling drenching at 7 DAG.

Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of Neem Seed Oil Using Ferric Sulphate Doped With Poultry Droppings as a Bifunctional Catalyst

The use of organic waste materials conjugated with inorganic sources as a bifunctional catalyst for one-step biodiesel production is currently under-utilized. In this study, a bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production was developed from poultry droppings doped with ferric sulphate (FSPD). Its catalytic activity was investigated in simultaneous esterification and transesterification of neem seed oil (NSO) using methanol. Response Surface Methodology was employed in modelling and optimizing the reaction conditions. The characterization of the catalyst was done using Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffractometer. Fe (46.08 wt. %), S (22.31 wt. %), and Ca (11.82 wt. %) were the major elements present in the FSPD and the other results revealed that it is bifunctionally active. A biodiesel yield of 97.21% and acid value (AV) of 0.5 mg KOH/g were obtained at the optimum conditions of 21:1 methanol/oil ratio, 5 wt. %, catalyst loading and reaction temperature of 65°C after 180 min. The biodiesel produced using FSPD catalyst meets both the ASTM D6751 and the EN 14214 biodiesel standards. Reusability investigation of the FSPD showed remarkable stability up to the third reuse cycle with a slight decrease in biodiesel yield and a corresponding increase in acid value from 97.21% to 90.05% and 0.5–0.81 mg KOH/g respectively. The utilization of FSPD as a bifunctional catalyst is significant for improving the biodiesel output of high FFA oil and overall biodiesel production time.