Needle Retention Research Articles

Researches status on time-effect of acupuncture

To summarize the research status and influencing factors of the time-effect of acupuncture and to explain and analyze the optimal effect timing of acupuncture, and provide reference for obtaining the best clinical therapeutic effect. Literature regarding the studies of the time-effect of acupuncture published from January 2000 to August 2018 was searched, concluded and analyzed in CNKI, WANFANG, VIP and PubMed databases. A total of 43 papers were included. The time-effect relationship of acupuncture was studied from various aspects: immediate effect, post-effect and total time-effect. The influencing factors of time-effect of acupuncture included needle retention time, acupoint types, number of acupoints and frequency of acupuncture treatment. Even though preliminary achievements have been made in the study of the time-effect of acupuncture, there are many limitations and deficiency. These studies are mostly isolated and unsystematic, and the observation time of needle retention time and post-effect is not long enough to observe the exact best induction period, half-life period and residual effect period of acupuncture.In the future, we should combine the existing research experience and achievements to formulate a more reasonable research plan and observe the entire period of acupuncture in a longitudinal direction.

Discussion on the duration of needle retention

Needle retention is an important step in the acupuncture procedure. How to optimize scientifically the duration of needle retention according to individual case has been considered in the medical circle. In this paper, by collecting the literatures on needle retention from the early Qin dynasty to the contemporary time, the evolution of the needle retention from a short duration to a long one with the productivity improvement was elaborated. On the base of the views of the medical scholars of all dynasties, it was concluded that the ultimate purpose of needle retention is to improve the effects of acupuncture on the premise of ensuring the safety of acupuncture. Hence, the clinical physician should optimize the duration of needle retention cautiously in compliance with the tolerance of patient so as to save the time cost of both physician and patient, avoid the occurrence of tolerable effect of acupuncture and reduce the potential safety hazard of acupuncture induced by the long duration of needle retention.

Preliminary optimization of acupuncture regimen at Nèiguān (PC 6) for gastroesophageal reflux disease

ObjectiveTo optimize preliminarily acupuncture regimen for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). MethodsA total of 80 patients of GERD were taken as the subjects in observation. The reflux disease questionnaire (RDQ) was adopted to assess the relevant indicators. The orthogonal design method was used to observe the effects on GERD in acupuncture regimen with difference combinations among 5 factors and 2 levels at Nèiguān (内关 PC 6), including reinforcing-reducing technique by rotating needle (A), time of rotating needle (B), supplementary acupoint (C), time of needle retention (D) and treatment interval (E). The primary and secondary functions among 5 factors (variance analysis), advantages and disadvantages between 2 levels (multiplicity comparison) and superiority combination of 5 factors and 2 levels were determined preliminarily. ResultsThe reinforcing-reducing technique by rotating needle and the supplementary acupoint are the primary factors of therapeutic effects. The time of rotating needle, treatment interval and time of needle retention were the secondary factors. ConclusionIn the observation of five factors and two levels, the optimal regimen of acupuncture for GERD includes reducing technique by rotating needle at PC 6, the time of rotating needle for 60 s, Zúsānlĭ (足三里 ST 36) and Tàichōng (太冲 LR 3) as the supplementary acupoints, needle retention for 30 min and treatment interval of 24 h.

Scalp-acupuncture improves neurological function by regulating expression of IL-10 mRNA, IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α of parahippocampal gyrus in cerebral ischemic rats

To observe the effect of scalp-acupuncture intervention on the expression of Interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA, IL-6 mRNA and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - α in the parahippocampal gyrus of cerebral ischemia (CI) rats, so as to explore its molecular mechanisms underlying improvement of CI. A total of 64 male SD rats were randomized into normal control, model, medication and scalp-acupuncture groups (n＝16 rats in each group). The focal CI model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Intraperitoneal injection of Ammonium Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate (100 mg•kg－1•d－1) was administrated for rats in the medication group, once a day for 7 days. For rats of the scalp-acupuncture group, the acupuncture needles were rapidly inserted into bilateral Dingnieqianxiexian (MS6), followed by twirling the needles at 100 cycles/min for 1 min, once again every 10 min during 20 min' needle retention. The treatment was conducted once a day for 7 days. The neurologic deficit score (0－4 points, impaired consciousness, death, etc.) and neurological function score (motor, sensory and sensory tests, 0－10 points) were assessed according to Longa's (1989) and Schabitz's (2004) methods, respectively. The expression levels of IL-10 mRNA and IL-6 mRNA were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the expression of TNF-α was detected by immunohistochemistry. After modeling, the neurologic deficit and neurological function scores and the expression levels of IL-10 mRNA, IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α protein in the parahippocampus were significantly increased in the model group than in the normal control group (P<0.01). Following the intervention, the neurologic deficit and neurological function scores as well as IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α protein expression were significantly down-regulated in both scalp-acupuncture and medication groups (P<0.05), and the expression of IL-10 mRNA was obviously increased (P<0.05) relevant to the model group. Scalp-acupuncture can improve neurologic function in CI rats, which is related to its effects in up-regulating the expression of IL-10, then down-regulating the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α (reducing inflammatory response) in the parahippocampal gyrus.

Electro-acupuncture therapy to improve spatial learning and memory in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice through the inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway

Abstract Objective To determine whether electro-acupuncture (EA) therapy could improve the cognitive functions of amyloid precursor protein Swedish mutation (APPswe)/presenilin 1 deleted in exon 9 (PS1dE9) mice and examine whether EA treatment could attenuate neuroinflammation by targeting the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response factor 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway. Methods Twenty-seven double transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 mice were randomly allocated into three groups: an Alzheimer's disease model group (AD group), a medication group (M group) and an EA treatment group (EA group). Each group contained nine mice, and nine wild-type mice were used in a normal group (N group). The animals in the M group were treated with oral administrations of 0.92 mg/kg donepezil hydrochloride for 15 days. For animals in the EA group, EA treatments were used on the Yintang (GV 29) and Baihui (GV 20) acupoints for 20 minutes, and the Shuigou (GV 26) acupoint was pricked without needle retention following EA treatments. Following treatments, the spatial learning and memory of the mice were measured using the Morris water maze test. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and western blot. Results The escape latencies of the M and EA groups were significantly lower than those of the AD group (vs M, P = .002; vs EA, P Conclusion EA treatment enhanced the memory and learning abilities of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice by regulating the TLR4/MyD88 inflammatory signaling pathway.

Acupuncture for the treatment of lower limb diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review

To examine evidence for acupuncture interventions in the management of diabetes-related peripheral neuropathy (DPN) symptoms. Five electronic databases were searched up to June 2017 for studies that included participants with symptoms of DPN, used an acupuncture intervention, and reported before-and-after DPN-related outcome measures. Two reviewers independently performed the data extraction. The level of homogeneity was assessed, and studies were appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, the STRICTA guidelines for acupuncture reporting and the NICMAN scale for acupuncture quality. Ten studies with 432 participants were included: three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), two pilot RCTs, three uncontrolled clinical trials, one quasi-RCT and one prospective case series. Improvements in DPN pain symptoms were reported by all studies. Heterogeneity of outcome measures prevented a meta-analysis. Variations were found in needle retention time and point selection, as well as total number and frequency of treatments. Common acupuncture point selections were ST36 and SP6. Half of the studies used local point selection. Studies conducted outside China had better acupuncture reporting and quality according to the STRICTA checklist and NICMAN scales, respectively. Risk of bias was high or unclear in the majority of studies for all domains except attrition bias. Acupuncture for DPN appears to improve symptoms. However, the application of acupuncture varies greatly, and the quality of included studies was generally low. Available studies have varying methodologies and different outcome measures. Further, suitably powered studies using appropriate DPN outcome measures are required.

The effects of Jin’s three-needle acupuncture therapy on EEG alpha rhythm of stroke patients

ABSTRACTBackground: In China, Jin’s three-needle acupuncture therapy has been widely used for stroke treatment. However, its mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Jin’s three-needle acupuncture therapy on stroke patients using multi-channel EEGs.Materials and methods: Fifty stroke patients participated and their EEG signals were recorded before, during, and after acupuncture.Results: Comparing with baseline before acupuncture, the alpha rhythm was significantly increased during the acupuncture needle retention stage and became stronger after removing the needles. The increase of alpha rhythm occurred when inserting and removing the needles, with its high amplitude remaining during retention and after removal of the needles. As the alpha rhythm was significantly correlated with patients’ movement and daily-living abilities, the alteration of alpha rhythm during and after acupuncture suggests a possible electrophysiological mechanism of the curative effect of acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation.Conclusion: From the electrophysiological study, Jin’s three-needle acupuncture therapy is efficient in stroke patients.

Scalp-acupuncture Improves Neurological Function by Regulating Expression of NF-κB p 65 mRNA, IκB mRNA and IL-1 β and TNF-α in Parahippocampal Gyrus of Cerebral Ischemia Rats

To observe the effect of scalp-acupuncture intervention on the expression of parahippocampal factor-κB p 65 mRNA (NF-κB p 65 mRNA), IκB mRNA, interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in rats with cerebral ischemia (CI), so as to investigate its molecular mechanisms underlying improving CI by reducing inflammatory response. A total of 64 SD rats were randomized into normal control, model, medication and scalp-acupuncture groups, with 16 rats in each group. The focal CI model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Intraperitoneal injection of Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate (100 mg•kg－1•d－1) was administrated for rats in the medication group, once a day for 7 days. For rats of the scalp-acupuncture group, the acupuncture needles were rapidly inserted into bilateral Dingnieqianxiexian (MS 6) and Dingniehouxiexian (MS 7), followed by twirling the needles at 200 cycles/min for 1 min, once again every 10 min during 30 min's needle retention. The treatment was conducted once a day for 7 days. The neurologic deficit score (0－5 points, impaired consciousness, death, etc.) and neurological function score (motor, sensory and sensory tests, 0－10 points) were assessed according to Longa's (1989) and Schäbitz's (2004) methods, respectively. The expression levels of NF-κB p 65 mRNA and IκB mRNA in the parahippocampus gyrus tissue were detected by fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and IL-1 β and TNF-α proteins in the parahippocampus gyrus tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry. After modeling, the neurologic deficit and neurological function scores and the expression levels of NF-κB p 65 mRNA, IL-1 β and TNF-α in the parahip-pocampus were significantly increased in the model group than in the normal group (P<0.01), while the expression of IκB mRNA was considerably down-regulated (P<0.01). Following treatment intervention, the neurologic deficit and neurological function scores as well as NF-κB p 65 mRNA, and IL-1 β and TNF-α protein expression were significantly decreased in both scalp-acupuncture and medication groups compared with the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the decreased expression of IκB mRNA was obviously increased (P<0.05)．. Scalp-acupuncture can improve neurologic function in cerebral ischemic rats, which is related with its effects in up-regulating the expression of IκB to inhibit the dissociation of NF-κB, then decreasing the expression of IL-1 β and TNF-α (reducing inflammatory response) in the parahippocampal gyrus tissue.

Ad hoc breeding of Abies bornmülleriana for Christmas tree production using a combination of DNA markers and quantitative genetics—a case study

Quasi-field trials (QFTs) using offspring from first-generation plus trees of Abies bornmulleriana were established on two sites in Denmark via DNA markers and parentage analysis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate an example of ad hoc breeding to make better genetic material available for Christmas tree production. Assessments of several important Christmas tree quality-associated phenotypic traits were made for all offspring individuals in delineated areas of the production stands, and moreover the best individuals in the whole production stands were identified. Postharvest needle retention was evaluated in the parent population in both 2016 and 2017. The results showed that by combining available methodology and pre-selected material, substantial genetic gain in relation to Christmas tree production in A. bornmulleriana could be achieved. Backward selection seems tempting due to its shorter time horizon for delivering improved genetic material. Postharvest needle retention evaluation can be a cheap but important last step in modifying the backward selection. We propose to combine the results based on QFTs with selective seed harvest and paternity tests to give the best possible starting point for production of clonal A. bornmulleriana plants using somatic embryogenesis (SE).

Own experience on acupuncture sensation

To summarize professor SUN Xuequan's own experience on the acupuncture sensation. Professor SUN Xuequan puts forward his opinion through the sensation of acupuncture on himself, from the aspects of the expression, the material basis, the distinction and the clinical significance of acupuncture sensation, etc. Professor SUN thinks that the production and conduction direction of acupuncture sensation have their material basis and objectively exist, based on which, professor SUN puts forward the amount of acupuncture stimulation and the total amount of acupuncture stimulation. Professor SUN believes that the amount of acupuncture stimulation is the main basis for the individual reinforcing and reducing of acupuncture. The amount of acupuncture stimulation is related to the depth and intensity of acupuncture, the time of the needle retention, the number of needles, etc. The reinforcing and reducing of acupuncture are relative to the deficiency and excess of the disease, and they are the reaction of acupuncture for body. The tolerance degree of the individual to the stimulation of acupuncture is also the main factor affecting the reinforcing and reducing.

Influence of acupotomy loosing on IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients with elbow joint stiffness

ObjectiveTo compare differences of acupotomy loosing combined with medication treatment, electroacupuncture combined with medication treatment and simple medication treatment in effects on rheumatoid arthritis patients with elbow joint stiffness and investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the acupotomy loosing. MethodsA total of 60 cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with elbow joint stiffness were randomly assigned into the group receiving acupotomy loosing (group A), group with electroacupuncture (group B) and the one undergoing medication treatment (group C) with 20 cases for each group. Based on the medication treatment, all patients underwent continuous oral administration with Methotrexate (MTX), Leflunomide (LEF) and Bitongding capsules for 3 weeks. And no other treatments were given to group C. In addition to medications treatment, the electroacupuncture was performed in group B. The acupoints of Tiānzhù (天柱 BL 10), Dàzhuī (大椎 GV 14); Fēngchí (风池 GB 20), Qūchí (曲池 LI 11), Qūzé (曲泽 PC 3), Chĭzé (尺泽 LU 5), Shŏusānlĭ (手三里 LI 10), Xiăohăi (小海 SI 8), Shàohăi (少海 HT 3), Tiānjĭng (天井 TE 10), Qīnglĕngyuān (清冷渊 TE 11) and Hégŭ (合谷 LI 4) in the affected side were selected. A pair of electrodes were connected to LI 11 and LI 10, and another pair of electrodes were connected to PC 3 and LU 5, and the continuous wave with frequency of 2 Hz was designed, the needle retention for 30 min was performed, and the acupuncture was performed for 6 times per week with 3 weeks for one course, and there was one course totally. Besides the medication treatment, group A underwent the acupotomy loosing therapy. The tender point in lateral elbow joint, etc. were taken as the treatment point, and 6–8 treatment points being taken for each time, and longitudinal dredging and transverse exfoliation were conducted for 2–3 times with the acupotomy. The treatment was given for one time per week with three weeks for one course, and there was one course totally. The changes of maximum angle of active extension position, maximum angle of active flexion position and range of motion were observed, and levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in affected synovial fluid of elbow joint were tested before the treatment and 2 weeks after the treatment in the groups. Results① Compared with those before treatment, the maximum angle of active extension position were smaller, the maximum angle of active flexion position were larger and the range of motion were wider of the affected elbow joints of the patients in the 3 groups on the 2 weeks after the treatment. There were statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). Two weeks after the treatment, as compared with those in group C, the affected elbow joint for patients in the group B and group A was smaller in maximum angle of active extension position, larger in maximum angle of active flexion position and wider in range of motion and there were statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). Comparing with those in the group B, the affected elbow joint for patients in the group A was smaller in maximum angle of active extension position, larger in maximum angle of active flexion position and wider in range of motion and there were the statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). ② Compared with those before treatment, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were lower and the level of IL-10 was higher of the 3 groups on the 2 weeks after the treatment. There were the statistical significances for the differences (All P <0.05). For 2 weeks after the treatment, compared with those in the group C, group B and group A were lower in levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and higher in level of IL-10 and there were the statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). As compared with those in the group B, group A was lower in levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and higher in level of IL-10 and there were the statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). ConclusionsThe combination of acupotomy loosing can improve the maximum angle of active extension position, maximum angle of active flexion position and range of motion in affected elbow joint for RA patients with elbow joint stiffness, whose efficacy was superior to single basic treatment and electroacupuncture combined with basic treatment. Meanwhile, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6 can be decreased, and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 can be increased, playing a role in regulating the imbalance between proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines in RA patients, which may be one of mechanisms regarding treating RA and improving the range of motion for stiff joints.

Observation on therapeutic effect of combined acupuncture for stress gastric mucosal injury after traumatic brain injury

To observe the therapeutic effect of combined acupuncture combined with omeprazole on patients with craniocerebral trauma complicated with stress gastric mucosal injury. Patients with stress gastric mucosal injury after cerebral trauma admitted to neurology of Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University from June 2016 to July 2017 were enrolled, with the inclusion criteria within 24 hours after injury at admission, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) less than 12. Patients were divided into omeprazole group, acupuncture group and acupuncture plus omeprazole combined treatment group according to random number table method. All patients in the three groups were given symptomatic treatment in time after admission. After diagnosis, omeprazole group was injected intravenously omeprazole, 40 mg each time, one dose in 12 hours for 7 days; acupuncture group was acupunctured at bilateral Zusanli point and Zhongwan point, 20 minutes for needle retention, once a day for 7 days; combined treatment group was given acupuncture and omeprazole at the same time. The GCS score and the occult stool test were performed at admission and treatment of 7 days; the pH of gastric juice, the levels of serum neurotensin (NT) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were measured at admission and treatment 1, 3, 5, 7 days. At the same time, 10 healthy persons were selected as the control. Finally, 90 patients were selected, 30 in each group. GCS score at 7 days after treatment in omeprazole group, acupuncture group and combined treatment group were significantly higher than those at admission, but there was no statistical difference among the groups (9.46±2.81, 10.26±2.24, 10.52±2.50, F = 2.010, P = 0.141). For treatment of 7 days, the incidence of occult stool in the combined treatment group was significantly lower than that in the omeprazole group and acupuncture group (13.3% vs. 36.7%, 40.0%, both P < 0.05). The pH value of gastric excretion was increased gradually after treatment in the three groups. The pH value of gastric excretion in the combined treatment group was significantly higher than that in the omeprazole group and acupuncture group at 5 days of treatment (4.58±0.53 vs. 4.20±0.52, 4.28±0.43, both P < 0.05). The levels of serum NT in the three groups were both bi-directional: the level of NT at admission was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group, then decreased significantly, and the treatment of 3 days was significantly lower than that in the healthy control group and then rise gradually. The level of NT at treatment 5 days in the combined treatment group was significantly higher than that of the omeprazole group and the acupuncture group (ng/L: 45.88±8.03 vs. 36.15±11.54, 37.32±7.79, both P < 0.05), and had returned to normal level on the 7th day after treatment (ng/L: 56.88 ±12.54). The level of serum ET-1 in the three groups showed a bimodal change: the level of ET-1 at admission was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group. The treatment of 1 day to the normal range was gradually increased, and the peak of 5 days appeared again and then decreased slowly. The level of ET-1 at treatment of 7 days in the combined treatment group was significantly lower than that of the omeprazole group and acupuncture group (ng/L: 53.25±7.60 vs. 63.74±9.05, 65.50±12.73, both P < 0.05), and had been restored to normal. Combined acupuncture at points of Zusanli and Zhongwan for the treatment of stress gastric mucosal injury after traumatic brain injury, can reduce gastric acid secretion, promote the level of NT in serum, reduce the secretion of ET-1 level, help to repair the gastric mucosa, and the effect of combined with omeprazole is more significant.

Acupuncture Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea by Needling Acupoints of the Spleen Meridian with Positive Reactions：A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

To observe whether acupuncture of the tender-points of the Spleen Meridian can achieve a better therapeutic effect for primary dysmenorrhea (PD) patients, so as to verify the importance of examining meridian-acupoint reactions in clinical practice. A total of 72 PD patients were randomly assigned to tender-point group (observation group) and regular acupoint group (control group, n＝36 in each). For patients of the observation group, the tender-points around San-yinjiao (SP 6), Diji (SP 8) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) were needled, and for those of the control group, the regular SP 6, SP 8 and SP 9 were needled. After "Deqi", the filiform needles were manipulated with lifting-thrusting reducing technique for about 30 s, repeated once again every 10 min during 30 min's needle retention, and the treatment was conducted once daily for 3 days during every menstrual cycle, continuously for 3 months. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was rated for assessing the pain severity, and the COX menstrual symptom scale (CMSS) consists of 17 items and 5 grades/item (0－4 points) according to the severity of discomfort was rated before and after the treatment. After the treatment, the VAS and CMSS scores on the 1st days of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd menstrual cycles were significantly decreased in both control and observation groups in comparison with their own individual pre-acupuncture (P<0.05), suggesting a marked relief of both pain and discomforts after the treatment, and the therapeutic effect of the tender-point needling was significantly superior to that of the regular acupoint needling in relieving pain in the 2nd and 3rd menstrual cycles. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the discomfort severity (P>0.05). Acupuncture stimulation of the tender points around the SP 6, SP 8 and SP 9 has a stronger analgesic effect relevant to needling the regular acupoints in PD patients.

The effect of pharmacist centered medication reconciliations on transitions of care in type 2 diabetic patients – a focus on quality

To compare differences of acupotomy loosing combined with medication treatment, electroacupuncture combined with medication treatment and simple medication treatment in effects on rheumatoid arthritis patients with elbow joint stiffness and investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the acupotomy loosing.A total of 60 cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with elbow joint stiffness were randomly assigned into the group receiving acupotomy loosing (group A), group with electroacupuncture (group B) and the one undergoing medication treatment (group C) with 20 cases for each group. Based on the medication treatment, all patients underwent continuous oral administration with Methotrexate (MTX), Leflunomide (LEF) and Bitongding capsules for 3 weeks. And no other treatments were given to group C. In addition to medications treatment, the electroacupuncture was performed in group B. The acupoints of Tiānzhù (天柱 BL 10), Dàzhuī (大椎 GV 14); Fēngchí (风池 GB 20), Qūchí (曲池 LI 11), Qūzé (曲泽 PC 3), Chĭzé (尺泽 LU 5), Shŏusānlĭ (手三里 LI 10), Xiăohăi (小海 SI 8), Shàohăi (少海 HT 3), Tiānjĭng (天井 TE 10), Qīnglĕngyuān (清冷渊 TE 11) and Hégŭ (合谷 LI 4) in the affected side were selected. A pair of electrodes were connected to LI 11 and LI 10, and another pair of electrodes were connected to PC 3 and LU 5, and the continuous wave with frequency of 2 Hz was designed, the needle retention for 30 min was performed, and the acupuncture was performed for 6 times per week with 3 weeks for one course, and there was one course totally. Besides the medication treatment, group A underwent the acupotomy loosing therapy. The tender point in lateral elbow joint, etc. were taken as the treatment point, and 6–8 treatment points being taken for each time, and longitudinal dredging and transverse exfoliation were conducted for 2–3 times with the acupotomy. The treatment was given for one time per week with three weeks for one course, and there was one course totally. The changes of maximum angle of active extension position, maximum angle of active flexion position and range of motion were observed, and levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in affected synovial fluid of elbow joint were tested before the treatment and 2 weeks after the treatment in the groups.① Compared with those before treatment, the maximum angle of active extension position were smaller, the maximum angle of active flexion position were larger and the range of motion were wider of the affected elbow joints of the patients in the 3 groups on the 2 weeks after the treatment. There were statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). Two weeks after the treatment, as compared with those in group C, the affected elbow joint for patients in the group B and group A was smaller in maximum angle of active extension position, larger in maximum angle of active flexion position and wider in range of motion and there were statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). Comparing with those in the group B, the affected elbow joint for patients in the group A was smaller in maximum angle of active extension position, larger in maximum angle of active flexion position and wider in range of motion and there were the statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). ② Compared with those before treatment, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were lower and the level of IL-10 was higher of the 3 groups on the 2 weeks after the treatment. There were the statistical significances for the differences (All P <0.05). For 2 weeks after the treatment, compared with those in the group C, group B and group A were lower in levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and higher in level of IL-10 and there were the statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05). As compared with those in the group B, group A was lower in levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and higher in level of IL-10 and there were the statistical significances for the differences (All P < 0.05).The combination of acupotomy loosing can improve the maximum angle of active extension position, maximum angle of active flexion position and range of motion in affected elbow joint for RA patients with elbow joint stiffness, whose efficacy was superior to single basic treatment and electroacupuncture combined with basic treatment. Meanwhile, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6 can be decreased, and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 can be increased, playing a role in regulating the imbalance between proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines in RA patients, which may be one of mechanisms regarding treating RA and improving the range of motion for stiff joints.

Acupuncture combined with cupping therapy for 30 cases of intractable hiccup

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with cupping therapy for intractable hiccup. MethodsThirty patients with intractable hiccup were treated by adopting acupuncture combined with cupping therapy. Acupuncture was performed at Cuánzhú (攒竹BL 2), Nèiguān (内关PC 6), Zhōngwăn (中脘CV 12) and Zúsānlĭ (足三里ST 36), with the time of needle retention for 30 min. Flash cupping was carried out on Fèishū (肺俞BL 13), Géshū (膈俞BL 17) and Wèishū (胃俞BL 21), with the time of cup retention for 8–10 min. The treatment was conducted once a day, and 10 treatments were considered as one course of treatment. Clinical efficacy was observed after one course treatment. ResultsAmong the 30 patients, 22 cases were cured, accounting for 73.33% (22/30), effective relief was found in 5 cases, accounting for 16.67% (5/30), and 3 cases had no improvement, accounting for 10.00% (3/30). The total effective rate was 90.00% (27/30). ConclusionThe clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with cupping therapy for intractable hiccup is satisfactory, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Seasonal changes in soil and tissue nutrition in balsam fir and influence on postharvest needle abscission

ABSTRACTPostharvest needle abscission in balsam fir varies based on time of harvest, but little is known about the effect of soil and tree nutrition on postharvest needle abscission. From April to November, 18 balsam fir samples were obtained each month and evaluated for postharvest needle abscission characteristics. Soil samples were collected simultaneously and evaluated for moisture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and mineral nutrition. Needle tissue samples were also evaluated for mineral nutrition. Many parameters were found to vary based on month throughout the study, but not all were associated with needle abscission. Soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, Ca, and Mn all had a significant (P < .01) positive relationship with needle retention; soil Al had a significant (P < .01) negative relationship with needle retention. Needle N, Ca, and Fe were also associated with needle abscission. The strongest positive relationship was found between needle Ca and needle retention (R2 > .50), suggesting that higher concentrations of tissue Ca were linked to superior needle retention in balsam fir. Overall, this study provides evidence that changes to soil management, such as the inclusion of organic matter and certain minerals, may improve needle retention in balsam fir.

Cupping, the Past and Present Application

Cupping is a therapy in which a cup is applied to the skin surface to cause local congestion through negative pressure. It has a long history in many places such as China, Greece, Egypt, and the Middle East. The ancient Chinese used animal horns as their cupping instrument, whereas in modern days there are a wide variety of choices ranging from bamboo cup to glass cup. Cupping is simple, inexpensive and yet has wide indications. Research has shown that it can promote blood circulation, stimulate nerve and muscle functions. In terms of application methods, fire cupping, liquid cupping and vaccum cupping were discussed. The five application techniques (flashing, retaining, moving, needle retention and bleeding) and precautions of cupping are also discussed in detail. Lastly, pathological reactions observed during the cupping process can be used to support Chinese Medicine diagnosis.

Analysis of the Registration Information on Interventions of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Trials in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.

Purpose To analyze and compare the clinical registration information about acupuncture and moxibustion for intervention characteristics. Methods Clinical trials from the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization in acupuncture and moxibustion were comprehensively collected from 2013 to 2015; data were independently screened and extracted by two retrievers, and relevant data involving either basic descriptions or intervention characteristics were analyzed. Results 425 acupuncture and moxibustion registered clinical trials were included; 88.00% (374/425) were designed as controlled studies, among which 38.59% (164/425) had sham acupuncture as the control group. The most common diseases were pain-related at approximately 19.29% (82/425) of trials. Reports on the intervention information in these acupuncture and moxibustion clinical studies were not sufficiently presented; these reports included the reporting of names of points (39.8%), the method of needle stimulation (32.5%), needle type (29.6%), needle retention time (34.1%), the number of treatment sessions (22.4%), and the frequency and duration of treatment sessions (38.1%). Conclusion The registration information for the clinical trials of acupuncture and moxibustion was quite low according to this investigational study. Steps should be taken to improve the quality of acupuncture and moxibustion registration information.

Mechanical Shaking and Baling of Balsam Fir Trees Influence Postharvest Needle Senescence and Abscission

This study investigated the influence of both shaking duration and number of trees per bale on postharvest needle characteristics such as percentage needle loss, needle retention duration and explored the physiological roles of endogenous ethylene and volatile terpene compounds (VTCs). To accomplish these objectives, 25 six-year-old trees were detached and exposed to a range of shaking durations (0 to 60 sec.), and 30 six-year-old detached trees were exposed to baling treatments from 0 to 5 trees. Response variables measured were percent needle loss, needle retention duration, average water use, ethylene and volatile terpene compound evolution. Trees shaken for 60 seconds lost 16% less needle compared to control, which was consistent with the decrease in percent needle loss with increasing shaking duration. Baled trees lost 13% more needles compared to control, but percent needle loss was observed to decrease with increasing number of trees in a bale. These trends corresponded with increasing ethylene and VTC evolutions, where the longer the shaking duration or larger number of trees in a bale, the higher the ethylene and VTC evolutions. One can therefore draw inference that mechanical perturbation as a result of shaking and baling induce biosynthesis and regulation of ethylene and VTC in balsam fir trees in an effort to regulate postharvest needle abscission.

Acupuncture in Oncology: The Effectiveness of Acupuncture May Not Depend on Needle Retention Duration.

Background. Guidelines surrounding optimum needle retention duration in acupuncture have not been established, despite a growing evidence base for acupuncture over recent decades. This retrospective study explored the effect of varying acupuncture needle retention durations in cancer patients. Method. Patients received either 2 (n = 35), 10 (n = 53), or 20 minutes (n = 54) of acupuncture once a week for 6 weeks. Outcomes of anxiety and depression, stress, fatigue, and quality of life (QOL), with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Fatigue, and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life, were measured at baseline and at 6 weeks following the intervention. Results. The mean age of participants was 58 years (n = 152). The majority were female, diagnosed with breast cancer. Depression, stress, fatigue, and QOL were significantly improved in all 3 groups at 6 weeks postintervention. No significant differences in all outcomes were found between the 3 groups (≤2 vs 10 minutes vs 20 minutes). There were no differences with the satisfaction of the acupuncture services and perceived efficacy of acupuncture among the 3 groups. More than 95% of participants indicated that they would recommend acupuncture to other cancer patients, friends, and their family members. Conclusion. The efficacy of acupuncture may not only depend on needle retention duration, but may also be associated with multiple factors. Considering the limitations of this study design, robust randomized controlled studies are warranted to confirm the findings.