Need For Treatment Research Articles

Sustainable sonoprocess for synthesizing γ-Ga2O3/In3Sn core–shell submicron particles via acoustic emulsification and oxidation of molten EGaInSn at room temperature

This study investigated the sustainable room-temperature synthesis of In3Sn/γ-Ga2O3 core–shell particles via an acoustic route using molten eutectic Ga–In–Sn alloy (EGaInSn). Sonication was used for the emulsification and oxidation steps. During the emulsification step, the sonication of molten EGaInSn in ethanol (EtOH) at 45 kHz facilitated the formation of the smallest EGaInSn particles (average diameter, Dav = 782 nm). In terms of EGaInSn particle size, 45 kHz sonication was suitable for emulsification of molten EGaInSn and ethanol system than 24 kHz sonication.During the oxidation step, the preferential oxidation of Ga in the EGaInSn particles occurred via sonication in a solution of EtOH and hydrazine monohydrate (N2H4·H2O). This selective oxidation of Ga on the surface of the EGaInSn particles resulted in the formation of In3Sn/γ-Ga2O3 core–shell particles via sonication at 45 kHz and room temperature.The entire process eliminated the need for dispersants and high-temperature treatments. Additionally, the process did not generate waste fluid containing counter anions, such as chloride anions. This sustainable sonochemical method offers a carbon–neutral approach for synthesizing functional nanocomposites with improved safety, simplicity, and energy efficiency.

Paediatric Crohn’s disease: histologic findings at initial presentation

BackgroundDiagnosing paediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) based on histology can present challenges. We evaluate the histological spectrum of treatment-naïve biopsies from children with CD and assess these findings’ diagnostic and predictive...

N-(4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethyl)-6-(4-Phenylbutoxy)Hexan-1-Amine (XOB): A Novel Phenylalkylamine Antagonist of Serotonin 2A Receptors and Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels.

Bipolar disorder impacts millions of patients in the United States but the mechanistic understanding of its pathophysiology and therapeutics is incomplete. Atypical antipsychotic serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptor antagonists, such as quetiapine and olanzapine, and mood-stabilizing voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blockers, such as lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and valproate, show therapeutic synergy and are often prescribed in combination for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Combination therapy is a complex task for clinicians and patients, often resulting in unexpected difficulties with dosing, drug tolerances, and decreased patient compliance. Thus, an unmet need for bipolar disorder treatment is to develop a therapeutic agent that targets both 5-HT2A receptors and VGSCs. Toward this goal, we developed a novel small molecule that simultaneously antagonizes 5-HT2A receptors and blocks sodium current. The new compound, N-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexan-1-amine (XOB) antagonizes 5-HT-stimulated, Gq-mediated, calcium flux at 5-HT2A receptors at low micromolar concentrations while displaying negligible affinity and activity at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors. At similar concentrations, XOB administration inhibits sodium current in heterologous cells and results in reduced action potential (AP) firing and VGSC-related AP properties in mouse prefrontal cortex layer V pyramidal neurons. Thus, XOB represents a new, proof-of-principle tool that can be used for future preclinical investigations and therapeutic development. This polypharmacology approach of developing a single molecule to act upon two targets, which are currently independently targeted by combination therapies, may lead to safer alternatives for the treatment of psychiatric disorders that are increasingly being found to benefit from the simultaneous targeting of multiple receptors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The authors synthesized a novel small molecule (XOB) that simultaneously antagonizes two key therapeutic targets of bipolar disorder, 5-HT2A receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels, in heterologous cells, and inhibits the intrinsic excitability of mouse prefrontal cortex layer V pyramidal neurons in brain slices. XOB represents a valuable new proof-of-principle tool for future preclinical investigations and provides a novel molecular approach to the pharmacological treatment of complex neuropsychiatric disease, which often requires a combination of therapeutics for sufficient patient benefit.

Integration of photomagnetic bimodal imaging to monitor an autogenous exosome loaded platform: unveiling strong targeted retention effects for guiding the photothermal and magnetothermal therapy in a mouse prostate cancer model

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cancer among males, emphasizing the critical need for precise diagnosis and treatment to enhance patient prognosis. Recent studies have extensively utilized urine exosomes from patients with cancer for targeted delivery. This study aimed to employ highly sensitive magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and fluorescence molecular imaging (FMI) to monitor the targeted delivery of an exosome-loaded platform at the tumour site, offering insights into a potential combined photothermal and magnetic thermal therapy regime for PCa.ResultsMPI and FMI were utilized to monitor the in vivo retention performance of exosomes in a prostate tumour mouse model. The exosome-loaded platform exhibited robust homologous targeting ability during imaging (SPIONs@EXO-Dye:66·48%±3·85%; Dye-SPIONs: 34·57%±7·55%, **P<0·01), as verified by in vitro imaging and in vitro tissue Prussian blue staining.ConclusionsThe experimental data underscore the feasibility of using MPI for in vivo PCa imaging. Furthermore, the exosome-loaded platform may contribute to the precise diagnosis and treatment of PCa.Graphical

Design and Fabrication of Nano‐Particles with Customized Properties using Self‐Assembly of Block‐Copolymers

AbstractFunctional nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention as promising applications in various fields, including sensor, smart coating, drug delivery, and more. Here, a novel mechanism assisted by machine‐learning workflow is proposed to accurately predict phase diagram of NPs, which elegantly achieves tunability of shapes and internal structures of NPs using self‐assembly of block‐copolymers (BCP). Unlike most of previous studies, onion‐like and mesoporous NPs in neutral environment and hamburger‐like NPs in selective environment are obtained. Such novel phenomena are obtained only by tailoring the topology of a miktoarm star BCP chain architecture without the need for any further treatment. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the BCP chain architecture can be used as a new strategy for tuning the lamellar asymmetry of NPs. It is shown that the asymmetry between A and B lamellae in striped ellipsoidal and onion‐like particles increases as the volume fraction of the A‐block increases, beyond the level reached by linear BCPs. In addition, an extended region of onion‐like structure is found in the phase diagram of A‐selective environment, as well as the emergence of an inverse onion‐like structure in the B‐selective one. The findings provide a valuable insight into the design and fabrication of nanoscale materials with customized properties, opening up new possibilities for advanced applications in sensing, materials science, and beyond.

A Source Control Model for Treatment-Resistant Substance Use Disorder.

We propose applying the "source control" model of infectious disease treatment to the management of treatment-resistant substance use disorder (SUD). We believe that this conceptual framework complements other models for understanding SUD, fills a gap in our current understanding of treatment-resistant SUD, and advances the destigmatization of SUD by reinforcing SUD as a disease similar to other medical conditions. The model also harmonizes the need for multimodal treatment and novel interventions for both acute supportive care and long-term treatment of SUD. In this manuscript, we discuss the justification for, as well as the strengths and limitations of, the "source control" model for the management of treatment-resistant SUD. We also discuss the model's potential to direct innovative research questions and therapeutic interventions.

Exploring Plant-Based Compounds as Alternatives for Targeting Enterococcus faecalis in Endodontic Therapy: A Molecular Docking Approach

Endodontic infections pose significant challenges in dental practice due to their persistence and potential complications. Among the causative agents, Enterococcus faecalis stands out for its ability to form biofilms and develop resistance to conventional antibiotics, leading to treatment failures and recurrent infections. The urgent need for alternative treatments arises from the growing concern over antibiotic resistance and the limitations of current therapeutic options in combating E. faecalis-associated endodontic infections. Plant-based natural compounds offer a promising avenue for exploration, given their diverse bioactive properties and potential as sources of novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, molecular docking and dynamics simulations are employed to explore the interactions between SrtA, a key enzyme in E. faecalis, and plant-based natural compounds. Analysis of phytocompounds through molecular docking unveiled several candidates with binding energies surpassing that of the control drug, ampicillin, with pinocembrin emerging as the lead compound due to its strong interactions with key residues of SrtA. Comparative analysis with ampicillin underscored varying degrees of structural similarity among the study compounds. Molecular dynamics simulations provided deeper insights into the dynamic behavior and stability of protein–ligand complexes, with pinocembrin demonstrating minimal conformational changes and effective stabilization of the N-terminal region. Free energy landscape analysis supported pinocembrin’s stabilizing effects, further corroborated by hydrogen bond analysis. Additionally, physicochemical properties analysis highlighted the drug-likeness of pinocembrin and glabridin. Overall, this study elucidates the potential anti-bacterial properties of selected phytocompounds against E. faecalis infections, with pinocembrin emerging as a promising lead compound for further drug development efforts, offering new avenues for combating bacterial infections and advancing therapeutic interventions in endodontic practice.

Novel insights into paclitaxel’s role on tumor-associated macrophages in enhancing PD-1 blockade in breast cancer treatment

BackgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses unique challenges due to its complex nature and the need for more effective treatments. Recent studies showed encouraging outcomes from combining paclitaxel (PTX) with programmed...

Examining alcohol use disorder treatment utilization in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations through the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations

AbstractThere is significant need for alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Furthermore, utilization among LGB individuals is below indicated treatment need due to interpersonal and structural barriers. A hierarchical logistic regression examined relationships among perceived public, interpersonal, and healthcare discrimination in relation to treatment utilization using secondary data from a subsample of the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions‐III. Findings indicate that increased public and interpersonal discrimination is associated with higher likelihood of healthcare discrimination. Healthcare discrimination predicted higher AUD treatment use. Clinical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Physical restraint and associated agitation.

Physical restraint of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) has an estimated prevalence of 50%. Many medical centres do not have specific protocols for physical restraint, and the decision of whether to physically restrain a patient is up to the nursing staff. Disadvantages of physical restraint include injuries, exacerbation of agitation and an increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To report prevalence and outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality of physical restraint in general ICU patients in an 800-bed secondary medical centre. This retrospective study included 647 patients admitted to a general ICU in an 800-bed secondary medical centre in Kfar Saba, Israel, between January and December 2020. Data included demographics, medical history, length of stay, need for mechanical ventilation, number of ventilation days, 28-day mortality, reason for admission, agitation rate assessed by Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) score, need for physical restraint and need for anti-psychotics. Among the patients, 40% (256 of 647) required physical restraint. Older adult patients had a greater likelihood of being physically restrained along with those admitted because of sepsis or acute respiratory failure. Among the study sample, 11% (71 of 647) required anti-psychotics. Patients who were restrained had longer duration of ventilation (5.9 ± 8.2 vs. 0.36 ± 1.4 days; p < .001) and higher 28-day mortality (0.26 ± 0.45 vs. 0.07 ± 0.25, Z = 6.86, p < .001). There was no difference in medical history, except for chronic drug abuse, which was more frequent in the restraint group (18 [6.9%] vs. 11 [2.8%], respectively; p = .019), as well as the use of anti-psychotic medications (24 [9.3%] vs. 19 [4.8%], respectively; p = .034) and anti-depressants (55 [21.2%] vs. 59 [14.8%], respectively; p = .042). The restraint group had higher disease severity scores, as reflected in requirements for vasopressor support (174 [67.2%] vs. 69 [17.3%], respectively; p < .001) and need for dialysis (39 [15.1%] vs. 19 [4.8%], respectively; p < .001); higher frequency of in-hospital anti-psychotic treatment (60 [23.2%] vs. 11 [2.8%], respectively; p < .001); a greater tendency for agitation events and more severe agitation scores (episodes of RASS above zero [1.7 ± 4.0 vs. 0.04 ± 0.27, respectively; p < .001] and maximum RASS score [0.19 ± 1.6 vs. 0.01 ± 0.54, respectively; p < .001]). Overall, advanced age, number of ventilation days and need for dialysis were associated with increased 28-day mortality. In the restraint group, advanced age, chronic use of diuretics and the use of dialysis during ICU admission were associated with increased mortality risk. Restrained patients tended to have higher morbidity and mortality during ICU and hospital stays, as well as a greater tendency for agitation events and more severe agitation scores, with an increased need for in-hospital anti-psychotic treatment. These findings regarding patient characteristics might be used to formulate treatment plans to reduce the rate of physical restraint in the ICU. Because restrained ICU patients tend to have higher morbidity and mortality, treatment plans should be formulated to reduce the rate of physical restraint in the ICU. NCT04771793.

Treatment of small as well as large declines in lung function enhances recovery to baseline in people with CF.

The benefit of antibiotic treatment of acute drops in FEV1 percent predicted (FEV1pp) has been clearly established, but data from the early 2000s showed inconsistent treatment. Further, there is no empirical evidence for what magnitude of drop is clinically significant. We used data from the CF Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR) from 2016 to 2019 to determine the association between treatment (any IV antibiotics, only oral or newly prescribed inhaled antibiotics, or no antibiotic therapy) following a decline of ≥5% from baseline FEV1pp and return to 100% baseline FEV1pp days using multivariable logistic regression including an interaction between the magnitude of decline and treatment category. Overall, 16,495 PWCF had a decline: 16.5% were treated with IV antibiotics, 25.0% non-IV antibiotics, and 58.5% received no antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment was more likely for those with lower lung function, history of a positive PA culture, older age and larger FEV1 decline (p < 0.001). Treatment with IV antibiotics or oral/inhaled antibiotics was associated with a higher odds of recovery to baseline compared to no treatment across all levels of decline, including declines of 5%-10%. A large proportion of acute drops in FEV1pp continue to be untreated, especially in younger patients and those with higher baseline lung function. Acute drops as small as 5% predicted are less likely to be recovered if antibiotic treatment is not prescribed. These findings suggest the need for more aggressive antimicrobial treatment of acute drops in FEV1, including those of a magnitude previously believed to be associated with self-recovery.

Adeno-associated virus delivered CXCL9 sensitizes glioblastoma to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade

There are numerous mechanisms by which glioblastoma cells evade immunological detection, underscoring the need for strategic combinatorial treatments to achieve appreciable therapeutic effects. However, developing combination therapies is difficult due to dose-limiting toxicities, blood-brain-barrier, and suppressive tumor microenvironment. Glioblastoma is notoriously devoid of lymphocytes driven in part by a paucity of lymphocyte trafficking factors necessary to prompt their recruitment and activation. Herein, we develop a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy that enables focal and stable reconstitution of the tumor microenvironment with C-X-C motif ligand 9 (CXCL9), a powerful call-and-receive chemokine for lymphocytes. By manipulating local chemokine directional guidance, AAV-CXCL9 increases tumor infiltration by cytotoxic lymphocytes, sensitizing glioblastoma to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade in female preclinical tumor models. These effects are accompanied by immunologic signatures evocative of an inflamed tumor microenvironment. These findings support AAV gene therapy as an adjuvant for reconditioning glioblastoma immunogenicity given its safety profile, tropism, modularity, and off-the-shelf capability.

Efficacy and Safety of 0.19-mg Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant in Postoperative Cystoid Macular Edema after Pars Plana Vitrectomy: the ILUCYD study

PurposeTo assess the efficacy and safety of 0.19-mg fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) intravitreal implant (Iluvien®) in treating chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema (PCME) after pars plana vitrectomy. DesignRetrospective multicentric case series in clinical settings. SubjectsPatients with chronic PCME who underwent vitrectomy in tertiary care centers in France. All eyes had a documented good response to the DEX implant prior to FAc implantation. MethodsReview of charts and OCT scans of patients treated with a FAc intravitreal implant. Main outcome measuresThe primary endpoints were the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT). Secondary endpoints were the intraocular pressure (IOP); proportion of patients maintaining a BCVA ≥20/40; need for additional non-study treatment; differences between eyes that underwent a single and multiple surgeries and OCT biomarkers of better BCVA. ResultsForty-nine eyes of 49 patients with a mean follow-up of 24.5 ± 3.9 months were included. The mean BCVA increased from 0.40 ± 0.26 logMAR at baseline to 0.32 ± 0.24 logMAR at month 24 (M24) (p=0.0035). The mean CRT decreased from 409.37 ± 139.43 μm at baseline to 340 ± 91 μm at M24 (p=0.0001). The mean IOP was 14.0 ± 4 mmHg at baseline and remained stable at 14.03 ± 4.1 mmHg at M24 (p=0.99). During the follow-up, the IOP exceeded 21 mmHg in 9 eyes. The IOP rise was controlled with topical therapy in all eyes except one, which required cyclophotocoagulation. The BCVA was ≥20/40 in 47% of eyes (95% CI: 34%-61%) at baseline and in 58% of eyes at M24 (95% CI: 41%-73%). At M18, the likelihood of achieving a BCVA ≥20/40 was higher in eyes with intact external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone. Additional dexamethasone implant (DEXi) was injected in 14 eyes (28.57%). The treatment burden of 2.45 ± 1.35 DEXi/year was decreased to 0.57 ± 0.60 DEXi/year after FAc implantation (p=0.001). ConclusionFAc implant improved the BCVA and reduced the CRT in eyes with chronic PCME after vitrectomy. The IOP rise could be anticipated by the previous response to corticosteroids. FAc implant in eyes with chronic PCME also allowed reducing the treatment burden.

Evaluation of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Children with Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease

Evaluation of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Children with Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease

Medical abortion in Ghana: a non-randomized, non-inferiority study of access through pharmacies compared with clinics

ObjectivesTo compare self-reported clinical outcomes following medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol sourced from either a pharmacy or health clinic. Study design: We conducted a prospective, non-randomized, non-inferiority cohort study across four regions in Ghana, from high-volume pharmacies and health clinics. Participants seeking medical abortion (less than nine weeks’ gestation) who met usual medical abortion eligibility criteria were recruited. Data collection included baseline surveys, follow-up phone interviews, and self-reported assessments of medical abortion outcomes. The study aimed to enroll 2,000 medical abortion users (1,000 from each source). ResultsComplete outcome data was available and analyzed from 1,958 participants (of 2208 enrolled), with the adjusted risk difference of need for additional treatment to complete the abortion indicating non-inferiority of the pharmacy group compared to the clinic group [−2.3% (95% CI −5.3% to 0.7%)]. Both groups reported low rates of additional treatment (4.9%) and adhered similarly to the abortion regimen. Secondary outcomes showed no significant differences, with moderate acceptability in both groups (65.4% pharmacy, 52.3% facility). Adverse outcomes were rare: one ectopic pregnancy, one blood transfusion and no deaths or other major complications were reported. ConclusionsAccessing medical abortion pills directly from pharmacies without prior consultation from a provider demonstrated non-inferior self-reported clinical outcomes compared to seeking care from health clinics. The findings align with the growing global evidence supporting the safety and effectiveness of medical abortion self-care. ImplicationsThis study contributes data which support future registration of over-the-counter use of medical abortion drugs up to nine weeks’ gestation. Such measures could expand options for safe abortion care, especially in regions where unsafe abortion poses a substantial maternal health risk. Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03727308)

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors During Cancer Therapy: Benefits, Risks, and Ongoing Clinical Trials.

The goal of this paper is to summarize the data pertaining to the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) for the prevention of cardiotoxicity in patients receiving anthracyclines for cancer treatment. We discuss the potential efficacy of this class of medications, incorporating insights from existing literature and ongoing studies. SGLT2i are a class of medications which were initially developed for treatment of Type 2 diabetes and later extended to treat heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction regardless of diabetes status. There remains a need for effective and safe treatments to preventing cardiotoxicity in anthracycline-treated patients. It has been proposed that SGLT2i may provide protection against the cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines. Some of the proposed mechanisms include beneficial metabolic, neurohormonal, and hemodynamic effects, renal protection, as well as a decrease in inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and ion homeostasis. There is emerging evidence from basic science and observational studies that SGLT2i may play a role in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Randomized controlled trials are needed to conclusively determine the role of SGLT2 inhibitors as a cardioprotective therapy in patients receiving anthracyclines for the treatment of cancer.

Fecal microbiota live - jslm (Rebyota™/RBL) for management of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection.

There is an unmet need for effective treatments of Clostridioides difficile infection, an emerging health crisis in the United States. The management of C. difficile infection should include treatment of active infection and a strategy to prevent recurrence. Current gold standard therapy includes oral antibiotics which predispose patients to gut dysbiosis and increase the risk of recurrent infection. Addressing dysbiosis via fecal microbiota transplantation is an active and promising area of research, but studies have lacked standardization which makes outcome and safety data difficult to interpret. Rebyota™, formerly known as RBX2660, is a live biotherapeutic product designed using a standardized protocol and manufacturing process that has been shown to be effective for preventing recurrent C. difficile infection.

Mental health services use among learning disabilities: data from a population-based study.

People with learning disabilities have complex challenges and needs that differ from people without these conditions. Accessing needed health and mental health care may be affected by level of independence and severity of learning challenges. Our study examined factors and associations which impact help seeking and satisfaction with mental health care in a Canadian nationally representative sample. Logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey- Mental Health (CCHS 2012) cross-sectional survey. We investigated the odds of distressed individuals (1) perceiving a need for mental health care, (2) seeking out professional mental health care, and (3) if their needs were met by mental health services. The presence of a learning disability was assessed as a moderator variable in all models. Distressed adults with learning disabilities did not perceive a need for mental health care as often as distressed adults without a learning disability (OR = 3.82;95%CI:1.64,8.93 vs. OR = 12.00;95%CI:9.19,15.67). Distressed adults with a learning disability weren't as likely to seek out mental health services, but were more satisfied with the mental health care they received as compared to adults without a learning disability. The findings suggest that adults with learning disabilities have unmet needs. They are less likely to perceive a need for treatment, or to seek treatment, when they are distressed. Future investigation is necessary to understand the factors that influence perceived need and treatment seeking in this under-served population.

Mental health services use among learning disabilities: data from a population-based study.

People with learning disabilities have complex challenges and needs that differ from people without these conditions. Accessing needed health and mental health care may be affected by level of independence and severity of learning challenges. Our study examined factors and associations which impact help seeking and satisfaction with mental health care in a Canadian nationally representative sample. Logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey- Mental Health (CCHS 2012) cross-sectional survey. We investigated the odds of distressed individuals (1) perceiving a need for mental health care, (2) seeking out professional mental health care, and (3) if their needs were met by mental health services. The presence of a learning disability was assessed as a moderator variable in all models. Distressed adults with learning disabilities did not perceive a need for mental health care as often as distressed adults without a learning disability (OR = 3.82;95%CI:1.64,8.93 vs. OR = 12.00;95%CI:9.19,15.67). Distressed adults with a learning disability weren't as likely to seek out mental health services, but were more satisfied with the mental health care they received as compared to adults without a learning disability. The findings suggest that adults with learning disabilities have unmet needs. They are less likely to perceive a need for treatment, or to seek treatment, when they are distressed. Future investigation is necessary to understand the factors that influence perceived need and treatment seeking in this under-served population.

Investigation of Oral Health in Children from Urban Slums of Nairobi, Kenya

For children living in the urban slums of Nairobi (Kenya), primary health conditions are not guaranteed, and oral diseases add further concern at social and institutional levels beyond the general poverty conditions. This study aims at determining the factors that influence the oral health status of children living in Nairobi slums. A cross-sectional study on school-aged subjects was conducted in June 2022 in three urban slum areas of Nairobi through a pediatric dental screening. The PI (Plaque Index), CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs), and dmft (decayed, missing, and filled teeth index—deciduous) were considered as primary outcomes of dental health. Multivariate statistical analysis, based on ordinal and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, was conducted to identify determinants of the oral outcomes in a wide set of potential predictors. A sample of 359 children aged 2–17 was examined. The PI was significantly associated with age, the type of bite, and the use of a toothbrush. The CPITN is influenced by different types of malocclusions, abnormal frenulum, dental trauma, and fluorosis. Dietary habits were found to significantly impact the susceptibility to dental caries. Fluorosis and a dental visit in the last year were highlighted as risk and protective factors, respectively, against higher rates of caries. The oral health features of children living in Nairobi slums are differently affected by socio-demographic conditions, dietary habits, dental characteristics, and oral care practices.