Need For Regional Cooperation Research Articles

Integrated control strategies for ectoparasites in Scottish sheep flocks

Ectoparasite infestations of sheep can result in serious animal welfare and financial losses. Many of the veterinary medicines used in their control can be harmful to humans and other species. These undesirable side-effects mean that trade-offs may be necessary and make it difficult to determine ‘the best’ control strategy. This problem is common to many animal health/welfare concerns, and must be addressed if progress is to be made under the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain. This paper describes an approach to such cases using a disease model to identify the financially optimal ectoparasite control strategies at the farm level for Scottish conditions in a climate of changing control restrictions. Our approach takes a wider systems perspective than is usual in cost-benefit studies of animal disease. The findings demonstrate that both flock size and ectoparasite risk are determinants of optimal control strategies. In addition the benefits of livestock biosecurity practices (isolation and treatment of incoming stock) for the control of sheep scab are demonstrated. The importance of dip products for the effective control of ectoparasites is discussed and possible implications if these become unavailable or the cost of their usage increases. Interdependence between stakeholders is highlighted, indicating a need for regional co-operation between farmers and a more integrated approach to control of some farm animal diseases.

International Cooperation for Sustainable Coastal and Marine Management in East Asia

This article is concerned with sustainable development of coastal and marine areas in East Asia. It argues that coastal and marine environment is under serious onslaught from human activities in this most populous of world regions. While the basic processes affecting coastal and marine environment in the region are the same as elsewhere in the world, the rapid economic growth, urbanization and industrialization put specifically high stress on the environment in East Asia. Furthermore, many of the region's countries are major maritime nations that both depend on the ocean and have an impact on it. It is recognized that many development pressures are conflicting in the coastal and ocean space, and that the environment often loses out to economic considerations. Due to the transboundary nature of the oceanic environment, governance at global, regional and local levels is a must. The article highlights the main international mechanisms governing the use of oceans. It also introduces the main funding mechanism for supporting sustainable coastal and marine management in the developing countries, the Global Environment Facility. The main part of the paper highlights two major international projects aimed at protecting the marine and coastal environment in East Asia from ship-based and land-based sources of pollution, respectively. Lessons that can be learned from these projects include the need for regional cooperation while at the same time responding to the needs of the individual countries; the necessity of involving all sectors of the society, including national and local governments, the civil society and the private sector; and the importance of a sound scientific basis for decision-making and public education.

Ten years of Arabian oryx conservation breeding in Saudi Arabia – achievements and regional perspectives

The National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development was established in 1986 to oversee all wildlife conservation programmes in Saudi Arabia. The Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx is one of the flagship species of the Saudi Arabian reintroduction policy. It has been captive-bred since 1986 at the National Wildlife Research Center near Taif. With the creation of a network of protected areas in the former distribution range of the species, attention has shifted to the release of captive-bred oryx into Mahazat as-Sayd and 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid reserves. Similar programmes carried out in other countries of the Arabian Peninsula underline the need for regional co-operation and pan-Arabic public awareness programmes, in addition to captive-breeding and reintroduction projects.

Ten years of Arabian oryx conservation breeding in Saudi Arabia – achievements and regional perspectives

The National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development was established in 1986 to oversee all wildlife conservation programmes in Saudi Arabia. The Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx is one of the flagship species of the Saudi Arabian reintroduction policy. It has been captive-bred since 1986 at the National Wildlife Research Center near Taif. With the creation of a network of protected areas in the former distribution range of the species, attention has shifted to the release of captive-bred oryx into Mahazat as-Sayd and 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid reserves. Similar programmes carried out in other countries of the Arabian Peninsula underline the need for regional co-operation and pan-Arabic public awareness programmes, in addition to captive-breeding and reintroduction projects.

SPORTS WARS

Sports teams are integral to the battle between cities for image and economic development. Although interregional moves of teams receive more publicity, intraregional battles between center cities and their suburbs are common. The benefits created by teams affect all cities in a region. As such, providing incentives to encourage moves within a region will result in increased profits for teams and higher salaries for players. Further, if teams do not generate a concentration of benefits for an investor city, then all cities in a region would be well served by treating professional sports teams as regional assets that require regional cooperation. Through an analysis of the impact of professional sports teams on the economies of cities in the Dallas/Fort Worth region, the inability of investor cities to capture benefits is illustrated. The results illustrate the need for regional cooperation to reduce public sector fiscal risks and the subsidies given to teams.

Small Enterprises in ASEAN: Need for regional co-operation

Most conspicuously missing from the list of ASEAN co-operation programmes and institu tions to date is a programme for co-operation in the development of small enterprises and an institutional mechanism to encourage such co operation. No doubt suggestions for such co operation might have been made at the numer ous meetings of the Committee on Industry, Minerals and Energy (COIME), but for vari ous reasons these suggestions have neither been seriously considered nor adopted. Thus one finds that, although ASEAN co-operation has been instituted in various schemes and organizations, there is still no form of co operation in the development of small enter prises. Consequently, the outside observer may be pardoned for thinking that small enter prises are an insignificant element in the ASEAN economies or that such enterprises do not have any vital role to play in ASEAN economic co-operation. The truth is just the reverse. In fact, the major objective of this paper is to highlight the extent and importance of small enterprises in the ASEAN region and to explain how closer ASEAN co-operation can help to promote these enterprises for the benefit of the ASEAN economies. This paper will also examine some of the constraints facing ASEAN small enterprises and conclude with a plea for the establishment of an ASEAN Small Enterprise Centre to provide them with assis tance. The scope of discussion in this paper will cover the ASEAN countries, with the excep tion of Brunei because there is no known study of small enterprises in that country. Further more, the discussion will be confined to small enterprises in the manufacturing sector, be cause non-manufacturing small enterprises are quite different in their characteristics and prob lems. Moreover, the manufacturing sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in the ASEAN region, and all the ASEAN countries aspire to become industrialized by the year 2000.